Urochordata & Cephalochordata
Summary
TLDRProto chordates, an informal group including subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata, are closely related to vertebrates despite being invertebrates. Urochordata, known for sessile tunicates and the predatory Didemnum, are filter feeders with some forming massive colonies. Cephalochordata, represented by amphioxus, have fish-like bodies. Both reproduce asexually and sexually, avoiding self-fertilization for genetic diversity. Tunicates, like the edible sea pineapple, feature in Asian cuisine, while Didemnum is invasive in the US, impacting ecosystems.
Takeaways
- đ Protochordates are an informal group closely related to vertebrates, despite being invertebrates.
- đ Subphylum Urochordata includes tunicates, which are sessile filter feeders, while Cephalochordata includes the amphioxus, which have fish-like bodies.
- đż Tunicates can reproduce both sexually and asexually, with the latter often occurring through budding.
- đ There is a predatory tunicate species that feeds on small marine animals using a hood-like mouth.
- đ Colonial tunicates, known as pyrosomas, can form massive structures up to 60 feet long.
- â ïž Invasive tunicate species have impacted ecosystems in the United States by suffocating native species with dense coverings on the ocean floor.
- đŁ The sea pineapple, an edible tunicate, is part of Korean and Japanese cuisine and is known for its combination of four tastes.
- đ„ Pirarucu, or 'pure' in Spanish, is a type of tunicate used in Chilean and Peruvian cuisine, noted for its slightly bitter, soapy flavor.
- đ€ Lance lips, often mistaken for small fish, are fried in Southeast Asian cuisine.
- đŹ All protochordates exhibit the core characteristics of the phylum Chordata at some life stage, with amphioxus being the only ones to show all traits as adults.
- 𧏠Both urochordates and cephalochordates are considered close relatives to vertebrates, providing insights into the common ancestry of the cranium.
Q & A
What is the significance of the term 'proto chordates'?
-Proto chordates is an informal group that includes the subphyla Echinodermata and Cephalochordata, suggesting their close relation to vertebrates despite being invertebrates.
What are the two subphyla included in the proto chordates group?
-The two subphyla included in the proto chordates group are Echinodermata and Cephalochordata.
What types of organisms are part of the subphylum Echinodermata?
-The subphylum Echinodermata includes organisms such as sea squirts, tunicates, and their larvae.
What is the common name for the subphylum Cephalochordata?
-The subphylum Cephalochordata is commonly known as amphioxus or lancelets.
How do tunicates differ from amphioxus in terms of habitat and behavior?
-Tunicates are sessile, meaning they are attached to a substrate, while amphioxus have fish-like bodies that they use to burrow in the sand.
What is the primary feeding method of most tunicates?
-Most tunicates are filter feeders, collecting small organic particles from the surrounding water.
What is unique about the predatory tunicate species?
-The predatory tunicate species is unique as it feeds on small marine animals with a mouth like a hood.
How do colonies of tunicates known as Pyrosoma ohms form and what is their impact on the environment?
-Colonies of Pyrosoma ohms form by budding, a form of asexual reproduction, and can create massive structures up to 60 feet long, which can suffocate native species by creating a dense covering along the ocean floor and surrounding surfaces.
What is the reproductive strategy of tunicates?
-Tunicates can reproduce both sexually and asexually, with the latter typically occurring through budding and the former involving the release of sperm and eggs into the surrounding water for external fertilization.
Why do tunicates generally avoid self-fertilization?
-Tunicates generally avoid self-fertilization to promote genetic variability, which is important for the health and adaptability of the species.
What is the culinary significance of the sea pineapple and how is it typically prepared?
-The sea pineapple, an edible tunicate, is part of the culinary palate in Korea and Japan, usually served raw, boiled, or pickled, and is known for combining the four tastes of sweetness, saltiness, acidity, and sourness.
How is the tunicate known as 'pirarucu' used in Chilean and Peruvian cuisine?
-The tunicate known as 'pirarucu' or 'piye' in Spanish is used in the cuisine of Chile and Peru, where it can be eaten raw or cooked and is said to have a slightly bitter, soapy flavor.
What is the common mistake made when referring to 'lance lips' in Southeast Asian cuisine?
-The common mistake made when referring to 'lance lips' in Southeast Asian cuisine is that they are often wrongly called small fish, despite being a type of tunicate.
Why are the proto chordates considered important in the study of vertebrate evolution?
-Proto chordates are considered important in the study of vertebrate evolution because they exhibit the four core chordate characteristics at some stage in their life, providing clues to the common ancestry of the craniates.
Outlines
đ Proto Chordates and Their Characteristics
Proto chordates are an informal group that includes two subphyla, Eurychordata and Cephalochordata, which are closely related to vertebrates. Eurychordata encompasses tunicates like ascidians, sea squirts, and their larvae, while Cephalochordata includes the lancelet, also known as amphioxus. Tunicates are sessile filter feeders, but there is a predatory species that feeds on small marine animals. Lancelets have fish-like bodies and burrow in sand. Both groups exhibit the four core characteristics of chordates at some stage in their life, providing insights into the common ancestry of all chordates.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄProto chordates
đĄEchinodermata
đĄCephalochordata
đĄAscidiacea
đĄPredatory tunicate
đĄColonial tunicates
đĄHermaphroditic
đĄAsexual reproduction
đĄSexual reproduction
đĄEdible tunicates
đĄChordata
Highlights
Proto chordates are an informal group including the subphyla Echinodermata and Cephalochordata, indicating a close relation to vertebrates.
Subphylum Echinodermata includes sea squirts and tunicates, while Cephalochordata includes the lancelet, also known as amphioxus or lampreys.
Tunicates are sessile, whereas amphioxus have fish-like bodies used for burrowing in sand.
Most tunicates are filter feeders, collecting small organic particles from the surrounding water.
There is a predatory tunicate species that feeds on small marine mammals with a mouth-like hood.
Colonial tunicates, known as pyrosomas, can form structures up to 60 feet long.
Invasive tunicate species have impacted ecosystems in the United States by suffocating native species with dense ocean floor coverings.
Tunicates can reproduce both sexually and asexually, with hermaphroditic colonies forming through budding.
Sexual reproduction in tunicates involves releasing both sperm and eggs into the surrounding water for fertilization.
Tunicates generally do not self-fertilize, leading to greater genetic variability.
Amphioxus reproduces only sexually, with a spawning process similar to that of fish, where fertilization occurs in surrounding waters.
The sea pineapple is an edible tunicate enjoyed in Korean and Japanese cuisine, combining sweetness, saltiness, acidity, and sourness.
Pirarucu, called 'pure' in Spanish, is a tunicate found in Chilean and Peruvian cuisine, known for its slightly bitter, soapy flavor.
Lance lips are a part of Southeast Asian cuisine, typically fried in a batter and often mistakenly referred to as small fish.
Urochordata and Cephalochordata are part of the phylum Chordata, exhibiting the four core chordate characteristics at some life stage.
Tunicates have a characteristic tadpole-like larvae, and lancelets are the only chordates to exhibit all four traits in their adult form.
Both urochordates and cephalochordates are considered close relatives to vertebrates, providing insights into the common ancestry of the cranium.
Transcripts
proto chordates are an informal group
that includes the subphyla euro Chordata
and cephalic or Dada they are grouped
together to suggest their close relation
to vertebra although both subphyla are
invertebrates subphylum euro Chordata
includes the Citians sea squirts and
tunicates larvae seein's
and fali ACN's encephalo Chordata
includes the Braccio stella also known
as amphioxus or lampsilis tunicates are
sessile while amphioxus have fish-like
bodies that they use to burrow in the
sand
most tunicates are filter feeders
collecting small organic particles from
the surrounding water there is one
species of tuna kitt known as the
predatory tuna kit that feeds on small
marine mammals with a mouth like hood
colonial two deacons known as Pyro's
ohms can form together to create massive
structures up to 60 feet long
certain invasive species have found
their way to the United States the
colonies create a dense covering along
the ocean floor and surrounding surfaces
suffocating native species that are
essential to ecosystems tunicates are
able to reproduce both a sexually and
sexually and they are with few
exceptions hermaphroditic colonies
typically formed through budding a form
of asexual reproduction an alternative
to budding is a sexual means of
reproduction in which both sperm and
eggs are released into the surrounding
water to fertilize tunicates as a rule
do not self fertilize and therefore this
mode of reproduction produces greater
genetic variability plantlets reproduce
only sexually in a very similar spawning
process as the Yi recordings in which
fertilization takes place in the
surrounding waters the sea pineapple is
an edible acid' en that is part of the
culinary palate in Korea and Japan it is
usually served raw boiled or pickled and
is said to combine the four tastes
sweetness saltiness acidity and sourness
pirate chilensis called puree in Spanish
is a tunic it found in the cuisine of
Chile and Peru it can be eaten raw or
cooked and is said to have a slightly
bitter soapy flavor Lance lips are found
among Southeast Asian cuisine typically
fried in a batter there generally and
wrongly referred to as small fish gyro
Chordata encephalo Chordata are a part
of the greater phylum Chordata because
they exhibit the four core date
characteristics at some stage in their
life tunicates have a characteristic
tadpole
larvae and landslides are the only core
date to exhibit all four chordate traits
in the adult form both the uro chordates
and cephalic chordates are thought to be
very close relatives to the vertebrates
and give many clues to the common
ancestry of the cranium
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