Identifying Claims Review
Summary
TLDRThis tutorial video educates viewers on identifying and differentiating between three types of claims: claims of fact, value, and policy. It clarifies that claims of fact are verifiable statements, claims of value express subjective judgments, and claims of policy suggest desired conditions for the future. The video guides on how to support these claims with evidence and emphasizes the difference between arguable claims and simple facts.
Takeaways
- 📌 A claim is an arguable statement, not a basic fact that can be easily verified.
- 📌 There are three types of claims: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy.
- 📌 Claims of fact assert the existence of a condition and rely on factual information; they can be objectively proven.
- 📌 Claims of value express a judgment on whether something is right or wrong, good or bad, and are inherently subjective.
- 📌 Claims of policy propose what conditions should exist in the future and rely on supporting claims of fact and value.
- 📌 To identify a claim of fact, look for active verbs and assertions of conditions that have, do, or will exist.
- 📌 Claims of value often use linking verbs and require establishing reasonable standards for judgment.
- 📌 Distinguishing between claims of fact and value can be challenging; focus on how claims are supported and proven.
- 📌 Facts can be easily verified and are not arguable, while claims of fact are interpretations that need to be proven as valid.
- 📌 Proving a claim of policy involves showing that current conditions are less desirable and that the suggested change would improve them.
- 📌 The script emphasizes the importance of understanding the nature of claims for effective reasoning and argumentation.
Q & A
What is the main purpose of the tutorial video?
-The main purpose of the tutorial video is to help viewers review the process of identifying specific types of claims in preparation for the claims and reasoning retest.
What is the fundamental difference between a claim and a basic fact?
-A claim is an arguable statement, whereas a basic fact is easily verifiable information that cannot be easily disputed.
Why is the statement 'The United States is in an economic recession' considered a claim?
-It is considered a claim because the definition of a recession can vary, and economists may disagree on what qualifies as a recession, making it a debatable statement.
What is the difference between a claim of fact and a statement of fact?
-A claim of fact is an arguable inference based on facts, while a statement of fact is a verifiable piece of information that does not require argument.
What are the three types of claims discussed in the video?
-The three types of claims discussed are claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy.
How can you identify a claim of fact?
-A claim of fact asserts a condition that has existed, exists, or will exist, relies on factual information for support, and can be objectively proven using active verbs.
What is the key difference between claims of fact and claims of value?
-Claims of fact can be objectively proven and are based on factual information, while claims of value are subjective, based on personal judgments and cannot be objectively proven.
Why are claims of value often phrased using linking verbs?
-Claims of value often use linking verbs to express a judgment or an evaluation of something as being right, wrong, good, or bad, which is inherently subjective.
How does a claim of policy differ from claims of fact and value?
-A claim of policy asserts what conditions should exist in the future and relies on supporting claims of fact and value. It deals with what ought to be rather than what is or what is judged.
What is the process of proving a claim of policy?
-Proving a claim of policy involves demonstrating that current conditions are less desirable than they would be with the suggested change, and providing evidence to support that the proposed change would create more desirable conditions.
Why is it important to differentiate between claims of fact and claims of value when preparing for the retest?
-Differentiating between claims of fact and claims of value is important because it helps in understanding the nature of the argument being made and the type of evidence or reasoning required to support or refute the claim.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Claim Identification
This paragraph introduces the tutorial video aimed at teaching viewers how to identify different types of claims in preparation for a claims and reasoning retest. It emphasizes the importance of understanding what constitutes a claim, distinguishing it from a basic fact, and the necessity to pause or rewind the video for note-taking or review. The paragraph sets the stage for the main topics: the definition of a claim, the three types of claims, and methods for their identification.
🔍 Identifying Claims of Fact
This section delves into the specifics of identifying claims of fact, which are arguable statements based on factual information and can be objectively proven. It explains that claims of fact assert the existence of a condition and rely on evidence to support the assertion. The paragraph provides examples to illustrate the concept, such as the relationship between stiffer penalties for drunk driving and a decrease in traffic fatalities. It also clarifies the difference between facts and claims of fact, noting that while facts can be easily verified, claims of fact are interpretations that require evidence to prove their validity.
💬 Understanding Claims of Value
The paragraph focuses on claims of value, which are subjective judgments about actions, beliefs, or conditions being right, wrong, good, or bad. It contrasts these with claims of fact, highlighting that claims of value rely on personal standards of judgment and cannot be objectively proven. The paragraph uses examples like drunk driving being considered selfish to show how claims of value are based on personal interpretations and moral standards. It also discusses the challenge of differentiating between claims of fact and claims of value, emphasizing the importance of examining how claims are phrased and supported.
🛠️ Exploring Claims of Policy
This part of the script introduces claims of policy, which propose that certain conditions should exist in the future and are based on what ought to be. It explains that these claims rely on supporting claims of fact and value, and their proof involves demonstrating that suggested changes would lead to more desirable conditions. Examples provided include advocating for stricter penalties for drunk drivers and more rigorous exit assessments in schools to prepare students for college. The paragraph concludes by summarizing the three types of claims: claims of fact, which can be objectively proven; claims of value, which are subjective; and claims of policy, which propose future conditions.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Claim
💡Fact
💡Arguable Statement
💡Claim of Fact
💡Inference
💡Active Verbs
💡Claim of Value
💡Linking Verbs
💡Standards of Judgment
💡Claim of Policy
Highlights
A claim must be an arguable statement, not a basic fact, and should be debatable.
The distinction between a claim and a basic fact is crucial for understanding claims in reasoning.
Claims of fact assert the existence of a condition and rely on factual information for support.
Claims of fact can be objectively proven with sufficient evidence.
Active verbs are often used in claims of fact, indicating an action or occurrence.
Claims of value express personal judgments about what is right, wrong, good, or bad.
Proving a claim of value involves establishing reasonable standards of judgment that readers will accept.
Claims of value are subjective and cannot be objectively proven, unlike claims of fact.
Linking verbs are often used in claims of value to express a state of being or a judgment.
Claims of policy assert what should exist in the future and rely on supporting claims of fact and value.
Proving a claim of policy requires showing that current conditions are less desirable than proposed changes.
The tutorial provides examples to differentiate between claims of fact, value, and policy.
The importance of distinguishing between claims of fact and facts themselves is emphasized.
Students often struggle with differentiating between claims of fact and claims of value.
The tutorial offers a side-by-side comparison of claims of fact and claims of value for clarity.
Harry Potter series examples illustrate the difference between claims of value and claims of fact.
The tutorial concludes with a recap of the three types of claims and their characteristics.
Transcripts
hello and welcome to another tutorial
video this video is designed to help you
review identifying specific types of
claims in preparation for the claims and
reasoning retest
please remember that while viewing this
video you may pause rewind the video at
any time to take notes or just to review
what you have learned in this video we
will cover what makes a claim a claim
what are the three types of claims and
how do I identify the three types of
claims those are the main things you
need to know for the retest identifying
claims first of all a claim must be an
arguable statement not a basic fact a
claim cannot be just a basic fact it is
not just a piece of information that can
be easily verified as true it must be
arguable the United States is in an
economic recession this is a claim
because some can define recession
differently in fact many economists do
disagree on what or what does not
qualify as a recession so this is a
debatable statement the United States
operates under a free market economy
this is not really a claim although
there are some people who might debate
that the United States isn't technically
a free-market economy that a free a true
free market economy would lack any kind
of government interference those people
are really just arguing semantics this
is this is widely regarded by many
people as fact and yet again only those
who wish to bicker about semantics could
debate this so this is not a not a claim
be careful though of facts that contain
claims last week the Federal Reserve
Chairman announced that the United
States was emerging from the economic
recession is this a fact or a claim well
it's just a fact it's not a claim at all
because it's not asserting it's not
making an arguable statement I can't
argue with the fact that the Federal
Reserve Chairman said this it's a fact
he I could look it up I could probably
just go to a new site and determine
he did say this so this is not a claim
this is just a statement that as is
telling me what this guy asserted it's
not asserting anything by itself
yeah just informing me of what someone
else asserted so when you're identifying
claims there are three different types
of claims that you can make claims of
fact claims of value and claims of
policy let's start with the claim of
fact to identify a claim of fact you
need to look at several things first of
all a claim of fact will be a claim that
asserts that a condition has existed
does currently exist or will exist a
claim of fact relies on factual
information for support in general
claims of facts are our opinions drawn
by inference and proving a claim of fact
often involves the proving the inference
you have made is in fact a reasonable
inference this is the big one claims a
fact can be objectively proven if you
have have enough evidence you can
objectively prove a claim of fact
finally look for this look for active
verbs claims of fact often are phrased
using active verbs let's take a look at
some examples stiffer penalties for
drunk driving have led to fewer traffic
fatalities this particular claim asserts
that a relationship exists between
traffic fatalities and whatever these
new drunk driving laws are that have
stiffer penalties although this claim
may be true it is actually an
interpretation of traffic statistics and
the enactment of this new law the
relationship between them that the
traffic statistics are caused by the
enactment of the new law that is
inferred from the data someone could
potentially argue that the inference is
weak so therefore this is arguable this
is a claim and it's a claim of fact it's
a claim of fact made mainly because it
can be proven objectively to support
this claim you would need to provide
evidence that demonstrates this
relationship exists as you say it does
you need to prove that it is in fact the
stiffer penalties that have led to fewer
traffic fatalities once you prove that
relationship exists then your claim is
reasonable and there's really little
dispute anyone could bring up to this
therefore it can be proved that that's
what I mean by it can be proven
objectively is that once you've proven
this relationship that's it it's proven
and it's very reasonable at that point
yeah there's no there's no subjectivity
open to any dispute here's another one
fewer and fewer graduating seniors are
prepared for college writing and math
classes okay this particular claim
asserts that smaller occurrences of
college preparation exist if we're
trying to fit it into that
that claims a fact have to be something
that a cert something that exists phrase
although once again this may be true
it's actually an interpretation of great
statistics and college dropout rates
over time this downward trend of fewer
and fewer students being prepared for
college writing and math classes is
interpreted from some data so it's it's
definitely a claim and not a fact
someone could could argue potentially
that since more and more students are
going to college that the number of
incoming freshmen who are unprepared is
simply a product of the law of averages
you know maybe it's not necessarily that
a larger proportion are less prepared
but maybe just because more and more
people are going to college in the first
place that's why so many more now or are
unprepared still this can be proven
objectively once again to support this
you would need to provide evidence that
incoming college freshmen on average are
not as prepared for their classes as
they used to be if this trend is clearly
demonstrated then your claim is
reasonable and there's no subjectivity
open to dispute so since this claim can
be proven objectively since it asserts
that something exists this lack of
preparation it's a claim of fact be
careful that you do not confuse claims
of fact with facts themselves claims of
factors
still arguable statements remember
they're just asserted as facts when in
fact they're not technically facts are
still arguable a fact is a statement
that can be verified very easily a claim
of fact is an inference an
interpretation of facts and it's all
about proving that your interpretation
is valid that that is the goal of
arguing a claim of fact so let's take a
look at this traffic fatalities have
decreased over the past 10 months well
this is easily verifiable I just need to
find the statistics look at the trend
and if that trend is going down then
they have decreased so that is a fact
more incoming college freshmen in 2011
required remediation than did in 2010
well that's a fact I can just look at
the statistics I'm sure the Department
of Education keeps on this sort of thing
and if the number is lower or excuse me
the number is higher in 2011 than it was
in 2010 and that's just easily verified
so those two statements are facts now
let's talk about claims of value the
difference between claims of value and
claims of fact are some things that many
many students are struggling with so
let's try and break this down I identify
a claim of value you need to understand
that a claim of value asserts that some
action belief or condition is right or
wrong good or bad desirable or
undesirable etc basically what I'm
saying is that a claim of fact relies on
providing reasonable standards of
judgment for support because claiming
that something is right or wrong good or
bad desirable undesirable requires that
you first established a standard for
which you have judged this good or bad
or judged this undesirable or desirable
in general claims of value make
judgments they express your approval or
disapproval of standards taste and/or
morality okay so they're they're based
on on standards as I've said but also
based on personal tastes and individual
morality proving a claim of value
involves arriving at reasonable
standards of judgment that readers will
accept and you got to understand claims
of value unlike claims of fat
claims of value cannot be proven
objectively they are always going to be
subjective in nature even if even if you
prove your claim to be reasonable
finally claims of value are oftentimes
phrased using linking verbs not not all
the time just like claims a fact aren't
always you phrased using active verbs
but this can kind of cue you in to
really examine it closely let's take a
look at some examples drunk driving is
one of the most selfish things a person
can do okay this asserts that the act of
drunk driving is selfish or wrong and as
it's being interpreted although it may
be widely accepted this is a personal
judgement what is selfish and what is
not is a personal judgement and by
calling it selfish or you're implying
disapproval you're expressing a certain
disapproval yeah selfishness is a matter
of personal judgment that's what makes
this a claim of values calling something
selfish well that's a matter of personal
judgment someone could potentially I
don't know who the heck would someone
could potentially argue that driving
oneself home without asking a designated
driver to do it is the opposite of
selfish that's a really obtuse wave of
arguing this but someone could
potentially argue that this is a
subjective statement it cannot be
objectively proven because we don't all
have the same definitions of what is and
is not selfish to support this you would
need food to provide some reasonable
standards on which selfishness can be
judged if the act of drunk driving falls
within these standards that you have
established then your claim is
reasonable however those who do not
agree with the standards you use to
judge selfishness will never agree with
this claim they will never see it as
reasonable that makes this a claim of
value it's it's it's always going to be
somewhat subjective in nature even if
you prove it reasonable there's still
someone who can disagree with the
standards on which you you judged this
let's take a look at another one schools
are doing everything they can to prepare
graduating seniors for college asserts
that what schools are doing is
sufficient or good
although it may be widely accepted this
is once again a personal judgment that
expresses approval of something what
school should be responsible for doing
is a matter of personal judgment
everyone seems to have an opinion on
what are the responsibilities of a
school really is someone could argue
that schools are responsible for doing
more than they actually are okay or
could argue the opposite that schools
are not doing nearly enough
once again this this claim is subjective
in nature it cannot be objectively
proven to support this claim you would
need to provide reasonable standards on
which the responsibilities of schools
can actually be judged if what if
according to your evidence what schools
are currently doing falls within these
standards then your claim is reasonable
however those who do not agree with the
standards you have set to judge what
school should there should not be doing
guess what they'll never truly find your
claim reasonable and so that makes this
subjective in nature
so since identifying claims of fact and
claims of value is one of the most
difficult things that students students
have to have to do on the test let's
practice but first let's take a look at
claims a fact and claims of value just
in recap differentiating between claims
of facts and claims of value can be
tricky students have said you know don't
all claims assert that something exists
don't all claims rely on a certain level
of inferencing don't all claims rely on
personal judgments so what happens is
students start using these using this to
justify calling anything a claim of fact
anything a claim of value which you
really just can't do you have to examine
how the claims are worded you have to
examine how the claims are or can be
supported and how the claims are proven
reasonable that's what determines
whether or not it is fact or value don't
don't dig right down to the very core of
this thing and say well since
everything's relative can't everything
be a claim of value no don't don't do
that to yourself let's look at these
side
by side perhaps this will help a claim
of fact asserts that a condition has
existed exists or will exist while a
claim of value asserts that some action
belief or condition is right or wrong
good or bad desirable or undesirable etc
a claim of fact relies on factual
information for support a claim of value
relies on providing reasonable standards
of judgment for support a claim of fact
is an opinion drawn by inference a claim
of value is a judgment that expresses
approval or disapproval of standards
taste and/or morality a claim of fact
can be objectively proven a claim of
value is subjective in nature can and
cannot be objectively proven a claim of
fact proving a claim of fact involves
proving the inference that you have made
is reason fact reasonable proving a
claim of value involves arriving at a
reasonable standard of judgment that
readers will accept finally claims of
fact are often phrased uses using active
verbs when claims of value are often
phrased using linking verbs let's take a
look at a couple for practice in the
Harry Potter series Harry was a positive
role model for children that word
positive should really clue you in this
is a claim of value what constitutes a
positive role model is highly subjective
I would if I was gonna argue this I
would have to establish a standard for
what makes a role-model positive and
then prove Harry meets that standard
even then once I had proven this there
are still some individuals who would
never agree with my claim because they
don't agree with what positive role
model is they would never agree with the
standard for judging a positive role
model that I set in the Harry Potter
series Harry's journey teaches children
perseverance in the face of overwhelming
odds this is a claim of fact unlike the
last one this one can actually be
objectively proven so this is a claim of
fact because I have inferred this
particular claim from events in the
novel based on what Harry does
throughout the the novel series I've
inferred that he
he demonstrates perseverance to prove
this I would just have to cite events
from the novel in which Harry
demonstrates perseverance and since
perseverance is a concept that isn't
highly subjective it's pretty clear what
what persevering is you know the
definition is very basic that means I
could objectively prove this let's talk
about claims of policy the third type of
claim the claim of policy asserts that
certain conditions should exist so
unlike claims of fact claims of value
claims a policy deal with what should be
what ought to be in the future it relies
on supporting claims of fact and claims
of value in general claims of policy
contain auxiliaries like should ought or
must proving a claim of policy involves
proving that current conditions are less
desirable than what they would be with
the suggested change let's take a look
at an example of a claim of policy even
stricter penalties should be handed out
to drunk drivers this particular claim
asserts that stricter penalties should
exist to support this you would need to
prove that current conditions are less
desirable than they would be under this
new system of stricter penalties I would
need to prove provide evidence to
support that stricter penalties would
create those more desirable conditions
there's another one schools should use
more rigorous exit assessments to ensure
that students are prepared for college
this assertion this claim asserts that
more rigorous assessments should exist
dealing with the future to support this
claim you would need to provide or to
you would need to prove that current
conditions are less desirable than they
would be under this new system of more
rigorous assessment I would need to
provide evidence to support that more
rigorous assessments would create those
more desirable conditions
all right let's recap as we come to the
end of this tutorial video there are
three types of claims claims of fact
claims of value
of policy claims a fact assert that
something exists and can be objectively
proven claims of value make a personal
judgment that even when supported with
evidence is still subjective and claims
of policy assert what should exist in
the future
that's it for this tutorial video thank
you for watching and good luck on your
retest
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