IMAT Biology Lesson 6.13 | Anatomy and Physiology | Immune System Part II
Summary
TLDRThis video from Med School EU delves into the intricacies of the immune system, focusing on the innate and adaptive responses to infection. It explains the roles of macrophages and neutrophils as first responders, the inflammatory response, and the activation of the adaptive immune system by dendritic cells. The video also highlights the lymphatic system's role and the production of specialized antibodies by plasma cells, concluding with a comparison of innate and adaptive immunity, emphasizing their differences in speed, specificity, and memory.
Takeaways
- 🛡️ The immune system is complex and consists of two main parts: the innate and the adaptive immune system.
- 👨⚕️ The innate immune system is the first line of defense and includes cells like macrophages and neutrophils that perform phagocytosis.
- 🚨 Histamine is released by damaged cells and acts as an alarm to recruit immune cells to the site of infection, promoting inflammation.
- 🔬 Macrophages are considered the 'captains' of the innate immune system, controlling the immune response and directing other cells.
- 💥 Neutrophils are aggressive 'warriors' that engulf bacteria and undergo apoptosis to prevent further damage, forming pus as they die.
- 📈 The body produces and destroys about a hundred billion neutrophils daily, highlighting the scale of the immune response.
- 🔄 Inflammation is a universal response to damage or perceived threats, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, heat, and loss of function.
- 🚫 Inflammatory responses are limited in certain delicate areas like the brain and spinal cord to prevent damage to nerve cells.
- 🔗 Dendritic cells bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems by capturing antigens and presenting them to T cells in the lymphatic system.
- 🔬 The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and nodes that transport large proteins and fats, and is integral to the adaptive immune response.
- 🛠️ Helper T cells activated by dendritic cells enhance the activity of phagocytes and promote a more specific immune response against pathogens.
Q & A
What is the main focus of the video script provided?
-The video script focuses on explaining the immune system, particularly the innate and adaptive immune responses, using a hypothetical example of how the body responds to an infection.
What are the first responders of the innate immune system?
-The first responders of the innate immune system are phagocytes, specifically macrophages and neutrophils, which are responsible for identifying and engulfing pathogens.
How do neutrophils identify harmful bacteria?
-Neutrophils identify harmful bacteria through glycoproteins on the bacterial cells that correspond to what the neutrophils are looking for, unlike the glycoproteins on healthy cells.
What role does histamine play in the immune response?
-Histamine is an inflammatory chemical released by healthy cells that have been killed due to an injury or infection. It promotes inflammation in the affected area, signaling an alarm for immune cells to respond.
What is the function of macrophages in controlling the immune response?
-Macrophages act as the captains of the innate immune system, telling other cells what to do, activating neutrophils, and regulating the immune response to prevent further damage by ordering neutrophils to undergo apoptosis when necessary.
How do neutrophils contribute to the inflammatory response?
-Neutrophils, when activated, engulf several bacteria and, once exhausted, undergo apoptosis, forming pus. This process contributes to the inflammatory response by increasing the presence of white blood cells at the site of infection.
What is the role of the dendritic cell in the immune system?
-The dendritic cell captures snapshots of the battlefield by taking parts of the bacteria or their glycoproteins and delivers them to the adaptive immune cells, specifically T cells, activating them and bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses.
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system in the immune response?
-The lymphatic system serves as a network of vessels and nodes that transport lymph, a fluid containing immune cells and proteins, throughout the body. It helps in the circulation of immune cells and the removal of interstitial fluid.
How do helper T cells contribute to the adaptive immune response?
-Helper T cells, once activated by dendritic cells, arrive at the site of injury and use cytokines to activate phagocytes, enhancing their ability to fight off pathogens and promoting a more effective immune response.
What is the significance of memory T cells and memory B cells in the adaptive immune response?
-Memory T cells and memory B cells are crucial for long-term immunity. They remember previous infections and can respond more quickly and effectively to the same pathogen if encountered again, preventing or reducing the severity of future infections.
How does the specificity of the immune response differ between innate and adaptive immunity?
-Innate immunity is unspecific, providing a broad response to various pathogens, while adaptive immunity is highly specific, with immune cells and antibodies tailored to target specific antigens of the pathogens encountered.
Outlines
🧬 Introduction to the Immune System: Part 2
In this video, Andre continues the discussion on the immune system, focusing on the innate and adaptive immune responses. He emphasizes the importance of understanding the first video for a complete grasp of the topic. The video will use a hypothetical scenario to explain how the body responds to bacterial or viral infections, highlighting the roles of macrophages, neutrophils, and histamine.
🛡️ Innate Immune Response: First Line of Defense
Andre explains the initial activation of the innate immune system, focusing on macrophages and neutrophils. He describes how these cells respond to a skin-piercing event, identifying and attacking bacteria through phagocytosis. The role of histamine in signaling inflammation is also discussed, along with the behavior of neutrophils and macrophages during an infection.
⚔️ Macrophages and Neutrophils: The Battlefield Commanders
The video distinguishes between macrophages and neutrophils. Macrophages act as captains, controlling the immune response and signaling neutrophils to action. Neutrophils, as the frontline warriors, engage in phagocytosis and apoptosis to fight infections. The section also covers the process of inflammation and its symptoms as part of the body's defense mechanism.
🧠 Specialized Areas: Limited Inflammation
Andre explains that inflammation is generally universal in the body but limited in delicate areas like the brain, spinal cord, eyes, and testicles to prevent irreversible damage. He describes how cells dying unnaturally trigger inflammation, highlighting the role of mast cells, histamine, cytokines, and the dilation of blood vessels in the inflammatory response.
🌐 Linking Innate and Adaptive Immunity
The video introduces the dendritic cell as a crucial link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Dendritic cells capture antigens from pathogens and present them to T cells in the lymphatic system, initiating the adaptive immune response. Andre briefly explains the lymphatic system's role in transporting these antigens and supporting the immune response.
🦠 Adaptive Immune Response: The Second Wave
Andre describes the activation of T cells by dendritic cells, emphasizing the role of helper T cells in enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils. The production of specific antibodies by B cells and the formation of memory cells are explained as key components of the adaptive immune response, which provides long-term immunity against pathogens.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Innate Immune System
💡Adaptive Immune System
💡Macrophages
💡Neutrophils
💡Histamine
💡Inflammation
💡Dendritic Cells
💡Lymphatic System
💡T Cells
💡Antibodies
💡Memory Cells
Highlights
Introduction to the second part of the immune system series on Med School EU, emphasizing the complexity of the immune system.
Explanation of the innate and adaptive immune systems, using a hypothetical infection scenario to illustrate their responses.
Discussion on the role of the innate immune system as first responders, particularly macrophages and neutrophils in phagocytosis.
Description of how neutrophils patrol and identify harmful bacteria through glycoproteins, leading to phagocytosis.
Release of histamine by damaged cells to promote inflammation as part of the innate immune response.
Role of macrophages as the 'captains' of the innate immune system, controlling the immune response and directing other cells.
Life cycle of neutrophils, highlighting their rapid death and birth rates in maintaining the body's health.
Inflammatory response triggered by the innate immune system, including symptoms like pain, redness, and swelling.
Exclusion of certain delicate body areas from significant inflammation to protect vital structures like the brain and eyes.
Factors promoting inflammation, such as unnatural cell death and release of histamine and cytokines by mast cells.
Mechanism of the lymphatic system in transporting large proteins and fats, and its role in the immune response.
Introduction of dendritic cells as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, presenting antigens to T cells.
Activation of the adaptive immune response through T cells, particularly helper T cells, enhancing the activity of phagocytes.
Explanation of antibodies' structure, function, and their specificity in binding to antigens.
Transformation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells, producing specialized antibodies for a specific pathogen.
Summary of the innate and adaptive immune systems, comparing their response speed, memory, specificity, and activation.
Conclusion of the lecture on the immune system, moving on to the topic of excretion.
Transcripts
[Music]
hello everybody my name is andre and
welcome back to med school eu
in today's video we are going to talk
about the immune system once again
because the immune system is so complex
and we're going to have to do two videos
on it so this is the second part if you
haven't watched the first part please be
sure to do that because in the first
part i talk about the cells of the
immune system which will be
crucial to know for this part of the
course
now in part two of the immune system
that we're going to talk about today
we will discuss primarily the innate and
the adaptive immune system so we're
going to compare the two with a
hypothetical example of what would
happen
and how would the body respond to an
infection
by bacteria or viruses or other
pathogens so let's begin
now i'm going to go over this immune
response in terms of a chronological
order of what would happen and how the
body would react in case of an infection
so the first thing that gets activated
and the first responders are the innate
immune system and i discussed this
briefly in the first
video however in this one i'm just going
to go into a little bit more detail and
just a disclaimer that for the imac
course and in terms of just high school
knowledge you are not obligated to know
most of these details they will be
listed here but i read a book recently
on the innate uh immune system and the
adaptive immune system
and how they interchange and i thought
it was really fascinating so i'm going
to share that with you today and i will
be pointing out the parts that you do
need to know for the imad exam
so starting off with the innate immune
system they are going to be the first
responders we talked about macrophages
and neutrophils so the response would be
from phagocytes
and phagocytes are of course cells that
do phagocytosis
the ones who that we described
in great detail in the first video were
the macrophages and the neutrophils
so let's talk about those in more
detail now if we're talking about our
scenario here we've got a nail piercing
through the skin so these are the skin
cells on the surface
and then
because the nail of course it's got
bacteria on it it's got probably viruses
on it all kinds of pathogens and once it
pierces through the skin
it's going to the the bacteria are going
to enter
the the body
and the the first responders that are
going to be macrophages and neutrophils
so these would be
are neutrophils that are simply flowing
underneath the skin they are remember
that
the neutrophils are pretty much patrol
cells they are there to us they're
scavengers they're they're patrolling
around and they're looking for
things to eat things that are
going to be harmful for the body and
they're able to identify that through
glycoproteins so they're going to look
at healthy cells and the glycoproteins
will not correspond to what they should
be attacking
however the glycoproteins of the
bacteria that are presented on the
bacterial
cells
they are going to be correspondent to
the neutral what the neutrophils are
looking for and as you can see here the
bacteria are just being are eaten alive
by these neutrophils
and of course the macrophages that will
be around will join the fight as well
now all of these little yellow dots that
i have presented here
they would be typically much much
smaller than the bacteria so this is not
an accurate depiction of them however
these molecules
are going to be released by the healthy
cells that were just killed due to the
piercing
of the of the nail
and they would release chemicals called
histamine
now many of you may know that histamine
is an inflammatory chemical so it
promotes inflammation
of that specific area this is why we
take antihistamine drugs when we have an
allergic reaction or we have seasonal
allergies typically you're given
antihistamine drugs so that the
histamine doesn't spread around the body
and you don't have these reactions going
on however when you do have danger when
cells are dying all of these
healthy cells
have have died because of the
piercing of the nail
inside
the body
they are going to release the histamines
the histamines are basically going to
sound an alarm it's like
an alarm is being
is being uh brought up by
these healthy cells that something's
going on there's a breach and
this needs to be fixed this needs to be
cleaned up we need our fighters here to
the front lines and the fighters are
neutrophils and macrophages they are the
first responders as mentioned
and they are part of the innate immune
system
so let's distinguish neutrophils and
macrophages we're going to begin with
the macrophages that are considered to
be the captains of the innate immune
system because they tell other cells
what to do they tell the neutrophils to
activate
and they activate other cells around
them
and basically telling them
uh what to do they can increase or slow
down the immune response
at the battlefield to prevent further
damage so if this has all been cleaned
up and the macrophages can sense that
there's less histamine being released
and they can sense that the battle is
being won
because the bacteria are now being
destroyed then the macrophages will
pause the immune response and they will
slow it down they will order the
neutrophils to do apoptosis so
self-destruction they're gonna kill
themselves in order to stop further
damage because when the neutrophils come
in they are these crazy warriors that
are gonna just wreak havoc on the
battlefield and they're going to destroy
healthy cells and they're going to
destroy
the the harmful bacteria as well
so the macrophages are responsible for
controlling
how much innate immune response is
happening now the neutrophils are
nothing as special they are just crazy
suicidal warriors their only purpose is
to float around find bacteria and eat
the bacteria or
pathogens or viruses or or what not
and so
when they are activated by the
macrophages or by the histamines
they
they would go ahead and
engulf several bacteria and as soon as
they reach their maximum so they are
exhausted from
engulfing the bacteria they would do
apoptosis they would kill themselves and
form pus we talked about this
in the previous video so there's some
some
crazy numbers
just to show you the scale of of what's
happening daily when a person is healthy
is we have about a hundred billion
neutrophils that die
on a daily basis and we have one billion
per kilogram of body mass that are born
daily so
you can decide what that means for you
but as you can see neutrophils rapidly
die and they rapidly
are born
now another thing to mention about the
macrophages is that they are generally
are going around the body and they're
going to be patrolling
they're going to be eating dead cells
and when they are activated they're also
vicious fighters just like the
neutrophils their lifespan is longer
than than the neutrophil
however
they would still be depleted of energy
and as soon as they are
that they have used their maximum
capacity of dna to immune response then
they would also perform apoptosis and
they would also
do self destruction
now these two cells the neutrophil and
the macrophages are going to be involved
in
creating an inflammatory response and
that is something that we're going to
talk about next
however i just wanted to bring that up
here because there's going to be
multiple factors that cause
inflammation in the body one of them is
the histamine molecule being released so
histamine is of course inflammatory
chemical gonna cause inflammation
then we got the neutrophils and the
macrophages if they see that the battle
is not going in their favor
and of course there's a big mess there's
uh something big going on
then they're going to call for an
inflammatory response which is a
universal response of the immune system
to any threat or any damage whether it's
real or perceived so a lot of the times
when you know you have a perceived
threat of a cut or wound
there's going to be inflammation in that
area because of the way
our our bodies work
now some of the symptoms of inflammation
is pain redness swelling heat and loss
of function
and the purpose of inflammatory response
is to restrict infection to an area and
stop the spread
so we're going to talk about um what
happens and what is an immune response
in terms of the
cellular level now an important part to
mention
is that
the inflammatory response is universal
throughout the body except in several
areas where
inflammation is very very limited and if
not completely absent because they're
very delicate structures so things like
the brain the spinal cord
parts of the eyes and the testicles if
you happen to have those
they would
would exclude that area from
inflammation because inflammation is
very damaging
uh to the the cells and of course we
cannot recover our nerve cells
so if if the brain cells are are going
to die due to inflammation
then it cannot be recovered therefore
the inflammation there
is
it exists it happens in some places but
it is very very
mild compared to inflammation for
example like on your skin let's talk
about some factors
that would promote inflammation and
cause inflammation to happen within an
area and
the first one is cells dying
in unnatural ways
so what's incredible about the immune
system is it's able to tell in itself
are able to tell
if the healthy cells the regular healthy
cells are dying a natural death from
just being old
or
they are dying unnaturally from damage
or an infection and so when they when
they do die from damage or an infection
they release chemicals like i mentioned
histamine is is the most prominent one
that will cause inflammation to occur
in the area now we also have mast cells
that typically lie
right underneath the skin and they are
they're found all over the body and
these mast cells release histamine and
cytokines
so they also would release these yellow
tiny little histamines but they would
also have cytokines now because of the
release of the histamines the
neutrophils and the macrophages coming
along and the mast cells releasing their
cytokines
the blood vessels within the area are
now going to dilate they're going to
increase the blood flow and they're
going to be more permeable now what this
means is that other cells other white
blood cells so these are going to be
white blood cells like other neutrophils
they are going to seep through the
endothelium and they're going to go on
to the area
in order to to fight now what this also
does is it increases the fluids
in the tissues so the tissue fluid the
volume of it is now going to increase
and it basically just floods the area
with a huge tsunami of extracellular
fluid
that seeps through from from the blood
and that's why we get the swelling we
get the redness we get the heat because
there's so much pressure being built up
in the area and it is very an
uncomfortable environment for the
pathogens so the bacteria or the virus
it is uncomfortable it's unnatural and
is very difficult to survive such an
onslaught of of an attack by the innate
immune system and that's why most of our
cuts and and most of our infections just
end right there because the neutrophils
the macrophages and the inflammatory
response is going to be able to
combat this in a in a timely manner
however if we do have
an infection that is more serious so the
bacteria are able to combat the
neutrophils and the macrophages
and maybe the neutrophils are not able
to detect them
whatever happens to be but it is a more
serious infection maybe the viral load
is is extremely high
that the innate immune system is not
able to handle it
and so what happens then
the next thing that occurs we got to
talk about more cells of the immune
response and
the cell that we're going to talk about
is the dendritic cell
the dendritic cell is one of the
connections that occurs between the
innate and the adaptive response so what
did dendritic cell do is that it
captures snapshots of the battlefield
and it takes parts of the enemy so the
the bacteria or or the glycoproteins of
the bacteria
and it delivers it to the adaptive
immune cells using the lymphatic
system and lymphatic system we haven't
talked too much about yet but we will
discuss it in this video now the
dendritic cell is quite fascinating and
there's so much detail in terms of how
these things work but i'm not going to
get much into it since it's not part of
our course but i just wanted to create a
connection between the innate immune
system
and the adaptive immune system and that
connection is typically done through the
dendritic
cell the dendritic cell brings these
snapshots of the battlefield to
the t cells and that's its drop and it
finds these t cells within the lymph
nodes or other organs like the spleen or
the tonsils of
the lymphatic system and now we're gonna
discuss
that in greater detail but in general
you you should know that the dendritic
cell will leave the site of battle
and it's going to enter the lymphatic
system and it's going to circulate all
around continuously looking for the
correct t cell that will match the
pathogens antigen
so it's going to have antigens
of the pathogen
and the t cells are going to have have
antibodies or the b cells will have its
antibodies
and it's going to look for the right
match within the lymphatic system and
once this happens
basically just clicks and it activates
the t cells to do their job and that's
how the adaptive immune response is
activated in a nutshell there's a lot
more detail to it there's there's so
much
physiology involved in it but this is as
far as we're going to go
in terms of this course so let's talk a
little bit about lymphatic system it is
basically just a collection of these
cities which would be the lymph nodes
and these highways
that is the tubes that connect these
lymph nodes that go all around the body
and what's interesting about the
lymphatic system is it's much slower of
course the lymph it moves around much
slower than the the blood because blood
has a heart to pump
pump things around but how lymphatic
system moves is it's got these valves
as you can see these valves are going to
be contracting and they're going to be
pushing the fluid in the direction that
it's supposed to go
now what's the purpose of the lymphatic
system well
it is uh wide enough to allow proteins
to be passed around so the lymphatic
system is spread all around the body
and as you can see here in the thoracic
duct and lymphatic vessels from the
villi of the small intestine we talked
about
the the villi
and how they're composed and how they're
able to collect
all these
macro molecules now the fat and the
large proteins are going to settle in
the lymphatic vessels and they're going
to be carried all around
the body until they reach the major
veins and some of those would be
the subclavian vein
so it's going to dump its contents into
the subclavian vein which is wide enough
to carry those large
proteins and as you can see this is just
a one-way
valves so the fluid can enter in inside
that is collected from the extracellular
fluid that fluid can go inside the lymph
and it becomes a fluid called lymph
which is just exactly the same as the
extracellular fluid except it is in
these compartments
and it's going to be it's going to be
able to carry
the large proteins and
the fat all around the body
to
the large veins where then it could be
circulated or used by the organs now
we're going to talk about the adaptive
immune response so our t cells which are
part of the adaptive immunity
have been activated by the dendritic
cell that travel through
the
lymph
and now of course there's different
kinds of t cells and they do different
things but we're going to talk a little
about a little bit about the helper t
cell
which is now going to be activated by
the dendritic cell and is going to
arrive at the site
of injury and so this is our helper t
cell and what this helper t cell does is
it activates the phagocytes
using cytokines
so it arrives at the site of injury and
it it's basically going to make the
macrophages and the neutrophils fight
harder it's going to give them this
little touch and it's going to
basically command them
to fight longer fight harder and
kill more viciously so
it's going to promote
doing more damage more inflammation in
the area and it's not a specific
response at this point these
antigens
that are on the t cell they're not going
to be extremely specific to
the
pathogen that we have they are going to
be specific for it because the dendritic
cell did find a close enough match but
they're not going to be 100
efficient and we will discuss the the
other b cells that will produce um
antibodies that are
extremely specific
for the pathogen that we're fighting but
at this point it's just a general
response so it's going to promote uh the
phagocytes to fight harder using
cytokines once again
and then uh there's going to be a
a large army of these
antibodies that are going to arrive at
the injury site as well as part of the
adaptive immune response and they're
going to help the immune cells so the
neutrophils and the macrophages to
detect the enemies
by being attached to them they're
basically going to be like markers
displaying this is the bacteria this is
the enemy go and kill it so anybody's
have a role of just
going all around the bacteria and
attaching all around them so it's easy
for the neutrophils and the macrophages
to find the enemies we're gonna go
through a little bit of the labeling
because this is something you should
know for the imat test you should know
what the parts of
the antibodies are
and
what they're responsible for these long
chains right here are going to be called
heavy chains
they're heavy polypeptide chain these
are just proteins but in general
these longer ones are going to be called
heavy polypeptide chains
now the tips here of the
antibodies
these are going to be antigen binding
sites
so this is where the bacteria would be
bind binding to
on the side of the antibodies these
smaller ones right here
are going to be called light chains
now because the antigen binding sites
are going to be different for pretty
much every bacteria that the body is
going to encounter so the antibodies are
going to be specific for the antigen
that they are going to bind to and
antigens could be there's millions of
different
varieties of antigen that
could happen and therefore these regions
the red ones i pointed out they're going
to be variable regions and what that
means is that they could be changed
based on the demand
of the antigen that they're binding to
so they could become specific to the
antigen and bind
very precisely and another important
aspect to point out here is these bonds
that are right in the middle and the
bonds here that connect the light and
the heavy chains
these bonds are called disulfide bonds
and these disulfide bonds create
something called a hinge region
hinge region promotes flexibility for
the antibody to open up further and to
be able to attach to the antigen
in the precise manner now there's
several several things that could
happen once these things arrive at the
battlefield so if the battle is won the
helper t cells become memory t cells and
there are gonna stop the immune response
to prevent further damage and then
they're gonna promote healing but if
further stimulation is needed the t
cells are going to activate b cells so b
cell
activation leads to production
of plasma cells now these are the plasma
cells
and the purpose of plasma cells is to
produce specialized antibodies
so these antibodies are specifically
made
for the pathogens
antigens that we have encountered so
it's specifically brought up and
specifically
made just to respond to that
pathogen that we are fighting
and these uh antibodies are going to be
way more efficient than the ones we've
gotten at the beginning of the adaptive
immune response
because they're coming off the plasma
cells that were originally b cells
and in the end the b cells are then
going to become memory b cells and that
is how typically the battle
would be won so i wanted to go over a
quick summary of the innate and the
adaptive immunity and
their similarities and the differences
in terms of these
six features so the response speed of
the innate immune system is going to be
immediate as we saw with the response
speed of our of the nail cutting through
the innate immune system was right there
immediately
catching the bacteria that have entered
now in terms of the adaptive immunity
it's going to be prolonged it's not
going to be
responsive right away it's going to take
several days
two weeks so again talking about the
kinetics
this is going to be a fast response
within minutes
uh two hours
it's going to produce swelling uh
inflammation all of all of those
symptoms that's part of the innate
immunity however production of
specialized b cells and all of those
things they're gonna take days
two weeks now the innate immunity is
short-lived typically we're gonna have
a short response of the innate immunity
in terms of swelling and that that
immediate
uh first responder
effects and adaptive immunity
is going to be
long the duration because it's going to
produce these memory t cells and memory
b cells
which will then be able to activate much
sooner when a similar infection comes
along
for next time for example you caught the
flu you're probably not going to have
the flu for another several years
before
before your immunity is going to go away
so for example if you've had the flu or
any other seasonal virus
you've had covid you're not going to
catch covet immediately again why is
that because of the adaptive immunity
that creates t cells and memory b cells
that will then be able to respond to the
same pathogen
much quicker and you will probably not
even notice whether you had contact with
the flu or you had contact with covet
because you already have natural
adaptive immunity that has produced
those memory t cells in those memory b
cells
and they are able to combat it without
you experiencing any severe symptoms now
in terms of memory innate immunity of
course does not constitute memory
uh the adaptive immunity
provides uh
t cells memory t cells and memory b
cells now in terms of activity uh the
innate immunity is going to be
always ready but the adaptive immunity
is normally
silent
so it's going to be
normally dormant until
it is needed until it is activated and
there is a reason why active activation
of the adaptive immunity takes this long
is is because the body always wants to
conserve energy and of course the body
does not want to cause more harm than
good we don't want our adaptive immunity
to turn on because it causes lots of
harm to the area
and it causes lots more inflammation
than needed therefore
it is very difficult to activate
adaptive immunity and our body has made
sure
to only activate adaptive immunity when
it is really needed when the innate
immunity cannot handle
the task
and in terms of specificity the innate
immunity is unspecific and adaptive
immunity is highly specific so this is
the complete summary this is something
you should also know
in terms of the imat exam uh i would
encourage you to memorize this chart so
you know the difference between innate
and adaptive
immunity so this concludes our lecture
on the immune
system we're now done with the immune
system and we're going to move on to
excretion
[Music]
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