American Pageant Chapter 2 APUSH Review (Period 2)

Jocz Productions

25 May 201514:23

Summary

TLDRThis video script explores the history of the Southern Colonies from 1588 to 1733, highlighting the unique challenges and developments of English colonization in North America. It delves into the establishment of Jamestown as the first permanent English colony, the rise of the tobacco industry, and the transition to a plantation system reliant on indentured servants and, eventually, African slave labor. The script also touches on the political and social tensions that shaped the colonies, including Bacon's Rebellion and the establishment of religious freedom in Maryland. The narrative concludes with the founding of Georgia as a buffer against foreign threats and its eventual shift to a plantation-based economy.

Takeaways

🇬🇧 England was a latecomer to colonization, only gaining the power to challenge other countries post-Spanish Armada defeat in 1588.
🏰 English colonization was influenced by its Protestant identity, contrasting with the Catholicism of Spain.
🤝 Colonies were established through various systems including joint-stock companies, proprietorships, and royal colonies.
🚢 The first English attempt at colonization, the Colony of Roanoke under Sir Walter Raleigh, ended with a deserted settlement.
🌳 The Chesapeake Bay region, including Virginia and Maryland, was key to the early success of English colonization in North America.
🏘️ Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the first permanent English settlement in North America, driven by the motive of wealth.
🚨 John Smith's introduction of military discipline and the 'no work, no eat' policy helped stabilize Jamestown.
🌱 Tobacco cultivation introduced by John Rolfe provided a cash crop and led to the rise of the plantation system in Virginia.
👨‍🌾 Indentured servants were the early labor force in Virginia, but many did not outlive their contracts.
🏛️ The House of Burgesses, established in 1619, was an early form of representative government unique to British colonies.
🔥 Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 highlighted tensions between the wealthy and the poor, and led to the transition to racial slavery.
📜 Maryland, a proprietorship, was unique for offering religious freedom to Christians, particularly Catholics, in 1649.
🌱 North Carolina was characterized by small tobacco farming with less reliance on slavery compared to South Carolina.
🌾 South Carolina developed a plantation economy based on rice, with a significant reliance on African slave labor.
🏝️ The Caribbean colonies, like Barbados and Jamaica, had close economic ties with South Carolina, both relying on cash crops and slave labor.
🛡️ Georgia was the last to be established in 1733, initially as a buffer colony and penal colony, but later adopting a plantation-based slave economy.

Q & A

What was the significance of the year 1588 in relation to English colonization?
-The year 1588 marked the defeat of the Spanish Armada by England, which positioned England as a powerful nation capable of challenging other countries, particularly Spain, and beginning the process of establishing colonies.
How did the religious differences between England and Spain influence their colonization efforts?
-England, being a Protestant country, had different motivations and approaches to colonization compared to largely Catholic Spain, which was part of the broader context of the Protestant Reformation.
What are the three types of colonies mentioned in the script and how were they financed and managed?
-The three types of colonies were joint stock companies, where stockholders invested and shared profits or losses; proprietorships, where land was given by the king to individuals or groups; and royal colonies, which were directly financed and ruled by the monarchy.
Why did England's first attempt at colonization, the colony of Roanoke, fail?
-The colony of Roanoke failed because when individuals returned in 1590, they found the colony deserted with all the men and women gone, likely due to a combination of factors including disease, conflict with Native Americans, and lack of resources.
What was the role of the Virginia Company of London in the establishment of Jamestown?
-The Virginia Company of London was a joint stock company that financed the establishment of Jamestown in 1607. It was set up under a corporate structure where the investors shared in the potential profits and losses of the colony.
How did John Smith's leadership contribute to the survival of Jamestown?
-John Smith introduced military discipline and implemented a policy of 'no work, no eat,' which helped stabilize the colony by ensuring that only those who contributed to the community's survival were fed.
What crop introduced by John Rolfe became the economic backbone of the Jamestown colony?
-John Rolfe introduced the cultivation of tobacco, which provided the colony with a profitable cash crop and led to the rise of the plantation system.
What was the 'headright' system and how did it affect land distribution in colonial Virginia?
-The headright system granted land to individuals who paid for someone's passage to the colony. This led to the wealthy acquiring more land, as they could afford to pay for more indentured servants' journeys, thus increasing their land holdings.
What was the significance of the House of Burgesses in the development of colonial government?
-Established in 1619, the House of Burgesses was an early form of representative government and the first of its kind in what would become the United States, marking the beginning of a tradition of self-rule within British colonies.
How did the relationship between the colonists and the Powhatan tribe evolve over time?
-The relationship between the colonists and the Powhatan tribe was initially hostile, with tensions increasing as settlers moved west into Native American lands. This led to the Anglo-Powhatan Wars from 1610 to 1646, which ended with the defeat of the Powhatan Confederacy due to factors such as disease, disorganization, and the English's disregard for their well-being.
What factors contributed to the transition from indentured servitude to chattel slavery in colonial Virginia?
-The transition to chattel slavery was influenced by several factors, including the outliving of contracts by indentured servants and their subsequent demands on the colony, as well as the need for a more stable and controlled labor force, which led to the increased reliance on African slave labor.
What was the purpose of the Maryland colony and how did it differ from Virginia?
-Maryland was a proprietorship colony given to Lord Baltimore by the king. It was unique in that it was established not only for economic reasons, like the cultivation of tobacco, but also for religious freedom, particularly to provide a refuge for Catholics seeking to escape hostility in England.
How did the economic and social structures of South Carolina differ from those of North Carolina?
-South Carolina was characterized by large plantations and a reliance on African slave labor, with a focus on cash crops like rice. In contrast, North Carolina had a more small-scale farming economy, with less reliance on slavery and a focus on tobacco farming by smaller farmers.
What was the original purpose of the Georgia colony and how did it change over time?
-Georgia was originally established in 1733 as a buffer colony against Spanish and French threats and as a penal colony for debtors. It initially banned slavery and the sale of rum. However, due to a lack of settlers and the need for better defense against threats, these restrictions were eventually dropped, and Georgia became a royal colony with a plantation-based slave economy.

Outlines

00:00

🏰 English Colonization and the Chesapeake Region

This paragraph introduces the historical context of English colonization in the Southern Colonies between 1588 and 1733. It highlights England's late start in colonization, influenced by the Protestant Reformation and the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The video discusses different types of colonies, including joint stock companies, proprietorships, and royal colonies. The first unsuccessful attempt at colonization by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587 and the establishment of the first permanent English colony at Jamestown in 1607 under the Virginia Company of London are also covered. The settlers' initial struggles with disease and starvation, the introduction of military discipline by John Smith, and the economic salvation brought by John Rolfe's cultivation of tobacco are detailed. The rise of the plantation system and the labor force, initially indentured servants, are also explained, along with the headright system that contributed to wealth disparity.

05:01

🚫 Tensions, Land Disputes, and the Transition to Slavery

This paragraph delves into the environmental and social challenges faced by the Virginia colony, particularly the detrimental effects of tobacco cultivation on the land and the subsequent need for more land and labor. The paragraph outlines the westward expansion of the colonists, the ensuing tensions with Native Americans, and the Anglo-Powhatan Wars from 1610 to 1646. It also discusses the pivotal event of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, which exposed class and regional tensions and led to the transition from indentured servitude to racialized chattel slavery. The paragraph explains how indentured servants began to demand more after their contracts ended, prompting the shift to African slave labor, and how this change was solidified after the rebellion.

10:03

🌱 Development of the Southern Colonies and the Emergence of Georgia

The final paragraph provides an overview of the development of the Southern Colonies, focusing on the economic and social structures that emerged. It describes Maryland as a proprietorship colony with a unique religious tolerance act, the rise of tobacco and rice plantations in the region, and the establishment of South Carolina's aristocratic elite. The paragraph also touches on the differences between North Carolina's small farming economy and South Carolina's large plantations, the influence of the Caribbean's cash crop economy on the region, and the establishment of Georgia in 1733 as a buffer colony. It discusses the original intent to create a penal colony, the restrictions on slavery and rum, and the eventual shift to a plantation-based slave economy after the restrictions were lifted in 1752.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Southern Colonies

The term 'Southern Colonies' refers to the British colonies in what is now the southern part of the United States, from 1588 to 1733. These colonies were significant for their economic and social development, which was distinct from that of the northern colonies. In the video, the Southern Colonies are characterized by their focus on cash crops, plantation systems, and the use of slave labor, with Virginia and Maryland being key examples.

💡English Colonization

English Colonization denotes the process by which England established and maintained control over territories in the New World. The video emphasizes that England began this process later than other European powers, notably after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, which marked a shift in England's power and ability to challenge other colonial powers, especially Spain.

💡Joint Stock Companies

Joint Stock Companies were business entities where shareholders invested in a venture, sharing both potential profits and losses. The script mentions the Virginia Company of London as an example, which was established to support the Jamestown colony. This type of company was a significant method of financing colonization efforts and is central to understanding the economic motivations behind the Southern Colonies.

💡Proprietorship

A Proprietorship colony was a type of colony where land was granted by the king to an individual or group, who then had the responsibility to develop and govern it. The script uses Maryland as an example of a proprietorship, granted to Lord Baltimore, and highlights the unique aspect of Maryland being a haven for religious freedom, particularly for Catholics.

💡Jamestown

Jamestown represents the first successful permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607. The video describes its establishment under the Virginia Company of London and the challenges faced by the settlers, including disease, starvation, and conflict with the native population. Jamestown's survival and development are pivotal to the narrative of the Southern Colonies.

💡Tobacco

Tobacco was a cash crop that played a crucial role in the economy of the Southern Colonies, particularly in Virginia. The script explains how tobacco cultivation led to the rise of the plantation system and the need for a cheap labor force, which eventually transitioned from indentured servants to enslaved Africans.

💡Indentured Servants

Indentured Servants were individuals who agreed to work for a set period, usually four to seven years, in exchange for passage to the colonies. The script describes their role as the early labor force in Virginia and how the headright system incentivized their immigration, but also highlights the harsh reality that many did not survive their contracts.

💡House of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses was an elected legislative body established in 1619 in colonial Virginia, marking the beginning of representative government in British North America. The video emphasizes its significance as a unique development in the British colonies, contrasting with French and Spanish colonies, and notes that it was dominated by wealthy planters.

💡Powhatan Confederacy

The Powhatan Confederacy refers to a group of Native American tribes in the region of the Chesapeake Bay, led by Chief Powhatan. The script discusses the hostile relationship and conflicts, known as the Anglo-Powhatan Wars, between the Powhatan Confederacy and the English settlers, which were a significant aspect of the early colonial history.

💡Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion was a civil uprising in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colonial government of Virginia, primarily over issues of land, political power, and relations with Native Americans. The video describes the rebellion as a pivotal event that led to a transition towards racialized chattel slavery and exposed class and regional tensions within the colony.

💡Georgia

Georgia, established in 1733, was the last of the Southern Colonies and was initially intended to serve as a buffer against Spanish and French threats. The script explains its unique beginning as a penal colony for debtors, its ban on slavery and rum sales, and how it eventually became a royal colony with a plantation-based slave economy, similar to South Carolina.

Highlights

England began colonization after defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588, marking a shift in power dynamics.

English colonization differed due to England being a Protestant country, unlike Catholic Spain.

Colonies were categorized into joint stock companies, proprietorships, and royal colonies, each with distinct funding and governance.

The first English attempt at colonization, the Colony of Roanoke, ended in mystery with the disappearance of all settlers.

Jamestown, established in 1607, became the first permanent English colony in North America, driven by the motive of wealth.

Jamestown settlers initially suffered from disease and starvation, highlighting the harsh conditions of the New World.

John Smith's introduction of military discipline and the 'you don't work, you don't eat' policy helped stabilize Jamestown.

The cultivation of tobacco by John Rolfe provided a profitable cash crop for the struggling colony.

The plantation system emerged in colonial Virginia, leading to the need for a cheap labor force.

Indentured servants served as the early labor force in Virginia, with the headright system granting land to those who paid for their passage.

The House of Burgesses, established in 1619, marked the beginning of representative government in the British colonies.

Tobacco cultivation led to land and labor scarcity, increasing tensions with Native Americans as settlers moved west.

The Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646) were a series of conflicts between colonists and the Powhatan tribe.

Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 was a significant uprising against colonial governance, leading to a transition to racial slavery.

Maryland, a proprietorship colony, was unique for its religious tolerance act, though it was limited to Christians.

North Carolina and South Carolina developed distinct economies, with South Carolina focusing on large rice plantations and North Carolina on smaller tobacco farms.

Georgia, the last colony established in 1733, initially banned slavery and rum sales but later transitioned to a plantation-based slave economy.

The Southern Colonies' economic reliance on cash crops and slave labor was influenced by the Caribbean's similar economic model.