IMAT Biology Lesson 6.1 | Anatomy and Physiology | Animal Tissues Part I
Summary
TLDRIn this educational video, Andy from Med School EU explores the physiology of animals and humans, focusing on the four primary types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. He delves into the functions, locations, and specific roles of each tissue type, highlighting the importance of epithelial tissue in protection, absorption, and sensation, and connective tissue in support, binding, storage, and immune response.
Takeaways
- 📚 The video is an educational lecture on the physiology of animals and humans, focusing on the different types of tissues in the human body.
- 🔍 The classification of biological systems is reviewed, starting from cells to tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally the entire organism.
- 🧬 Four primary types of tissues are discussed: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues, each with specific functions and locations in the body.
- 💪 Epithelial tissue's main function is physical protection, but it also plays roles in absorption, sensation, and secretion.
- 👤 Different types of epithelial tissues include simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified, and pseudostratified columnar, each with unique characteristics and locations.
- 🧠 Merkel cells in the skin are responsible for receiving sensations of touch and passing them on to the nerves.
- 🦴 Connective tissue has various functions including support, binding, storage, transport, protection, and immune response.
- 🦾 There are four major types of connective tissue: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood, each with specific roles in the body.
- 🧬 Mesenchyme is an embryological connective tissue that develops into other types of connective tissue and is considered the beginning of all connective tissues.
- 🦴 Cartilage comes in three types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, each with distinct properties and locations in the body.
- 🦴 Bone anatomy is detailed, including the epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line, red bone marrow, periosteum, and the roles of fibroblasts and osteoclasts in bone repair and growth.
Q & A
What is the main topic of the video script?
-The main topic of the video script is the physiology of animals and humans, specifically focusing on the different types of animal tissues.
How many primary types of tissues are discussed in the script?
-The script discusses four primary types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
What is the fundamental function of epithelial tissue?
-The fundamental function of epithelial tissue is physical protection, both internally and externally, from mechanical, chemical, and physical injury, as well as dehydration.
What are the different types of epithelial tissues mentioned in the script?
-The different types of epithelial tissues mentioned are simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified, and pseudostratified columnar.
What is the primary function of simple squamous epithelium?
-The primary function of simple squamous epithelium is to allow the movement of molecules across the cell, and it is typically found in the alveoli and the inner lining of blood vessels.
What is the main function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
-The main function of simple cuboidal epithelium is to absorb fluids across both surfaces of the tissue, such as in the nephron of the kidney.
What is the primary function of simple columnar epithelium?
-The primary function of simple columnar epithelium is absorption and secretion, which is prominent in the digestive system.
What are the four major types of connective tissue?
-The four major types of connective tissue are connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.
What is the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
-Fibroblasts in connective tissue produce protein fibers and ground substance, including collagen, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers, which provide support and protection to cells.
What are the three types of cartilage mentioned in the script?
-The three types of cartilage mentioned are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.
What is the primary function of the periosteum in bone anatomy?
-The periosteum is the outer surface of the bone and plays a role in the growth and repair of the bone by providing a source of cells and nutrients.
What are the functions of red bone marrow?
-The functions of red bone marrow include the production of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells, as it contains stem cells that differentiate into various blood cells.
What is the role of fibroblasts and osteoclasts in bone repair?
-Fibroblasts and osteoclasts play a crucial role in bone repair. Fibroblasts lay down bone tissue, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue, maintaining a balance that is essential for the healing and remodeling of bones.
Outlines
📘 Introduction to Animal Tissues and Human Physiology
Andy introduces the topic of animal tissues and physiology, marking it as the final section of the biology curriculum. The video is divided into two parts due to the extensive nature of the subject. The focus is on the four primary types of tissues found in humans and animals: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Andy emphasizes the importance of understanding these tissues for future medical professionals and provides an overview of the classification of biological systems, from cells to the entire organism.
🔬 Exploring Epithelial Tissue: Functions and Types
This paragraph delves into the specifics of epithelial tissue, highlighting its primary role in physical protection. It outlines the different types of epithelial tissues, including simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and stratified, each with unique functions and locations within the body. The paragraph also discusses the secondary functions of epithelial tissues, such as absorption, sensation, and secretion. Special attention is given to the skin, describing the structure of the epidermis and the roles of various cells within it, such as keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells, and melanocytes.
🦴 Connective Tissue: Diversity and Functions
The focus shifts to connective tissue, which comes in four main types: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood. The paragraph introduces mesenchyme as the embryological connective tissue that develops into other types. The functions of connective tissue are explored, including support, binding, storage, transportation, protection, and immune response. The discussion then narrows down to connective tissue proper, which is divided into loose and dense types, with areolar tissue being a widespread example that encompasses various cells and fibers, including fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers.
🛡️ Connective Tissue Defense and Cartilage Variations
This section continues the discussion on connective tissue, emphasizing its role in immune defense with cells like lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells. It then transitions into a detailed look at cartilage, describing its three types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Each type is distinguished by its composition and function, with hyaline cartilage being a precursor to the skeletal system, elastic cartilage providing flexibility, and fibrocartilage absorbing shock and resisting compression. The importance of understanding cartilage's limited blood supply and its implications for repair and nutrition is also highlighted.
🦴 Bone Anatomy and the Role of Cells in Bone Repair
The final paragraph of the script concludes with an exploration of bone anatomy, identifying key structures such as the epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line, red and yellow bone marrow, and periosteum. It explains the growth process at the epiphyseal line and the function of red bone marrow in blood cell production. The paragraph also discusses the role of fibroblasts and osteoclasts in bone repair and growth, emphasizing the balance needed between bone formation and resorption. The importance of calcium regulation by these cells and its impact on overall bone health is also noted.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Epithelial Tissue
💡Connective Tissue
💡Simple Squamous Epithelium
💡Stratified Squamous Epithelium
💡Fibroblasts
💡Cartilage
💡Bone
💡Merkel Cells
💡Langerhans Cells
💡Melanocytes
💡Mesenchyme
Highlights
Introduction to the physiology of animals and humans, marking the last topic in the biology section.
Classification of biological systems from cells to tissues, organs, organ systems, and the entire organism.
Skin as an example of an organ composed of various tissues and its role in physical protection.
Four primary types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue's primary function of physical protection for both internal and external body surfaces.
Differentiation between simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and stratified epithelial tissues based on cell shape and layering.
Function of simple squamous epithelium in allowing molecule movement, exemplified by alveoli and blood vessels.
Role of simple cuboidal epithelium in fluid absorption, as seen in the nephron of the kidney.
Simple columnar epithelium's function in absorption and secretion, particularly in the digestive system.
Stratified squamous epithelium's importance in skin protection and its composition of dead and live keratinocytes.
The immune function of Langerhans cells in skin tissue and their response to pathogens.
Merkel cells' role in receiving touch sensations and relaying them to the nervous system.
Melanocytes as pigment cells responsible for skin color and their function in protection.
Overview of connective tissue types, including connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.
Function of connective tissue in support, binding, storage, transport, protection, and immune response.
Description of areolar tissue as a widespread, least specialized form of connective tissue surrounding capillaries.
Importance of fibroblasts in producing collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers for structural support.
Role of immune cells like lymphocytes and macrophages in the defensive response within connective tissue.
Differentiation between hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage based on their structural composition and functions.
Unique properties of cartilage regarding its limited blood supply and its challenges in self-repair.
Bone anatomy lesson focusing on structures such as the epiphyseal plate, periosteum, and bone marrow.
Explanation of the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone repair and calcium regulation.
Transcripts
[Music]
hi everybody this is andy welcome to med
school eu and today we've got a very
exciting day because it's it's another
wonderful day
teaching biology and
it's a special day because we finally
get to learn about the physiology of
animals and humans and it's also our
last topic in this dreadful biology
section
so today we are going to talk about
the animal tissues i'm going to break
down this first topic into two parts
because it is a lengthy topic and we're
going to cover it in two separate videos
and this is a really exciting uh last
topic as it does it discusses the
physiology of humans which is something
that we will be doing for our entire
career as
medical doctors all right so first let's
uh do our classification of systems this
is uh something very basic you should
have learned in middle school
however i think
a lot of times some of the very basic
concepts are the ones that we get wrong
on the exam
so
we must
know that there are there's a
classification of systems beginning with
cells
then going
over to tissues
then the organs organ systems and
then the entire organism for example
skin there is a
skin has various tissues it has various
cells
and skin is an organ
so there could be some tricky wording
some tricky questions but just uh go
through several examples of types of
questions with systems and you should
get the general grasp of what is
classified as a cell what is classified
as a tissue of cells
and so on so uh primarily today we are
going to discuss the types
of tissues i'm going to go over some
examples of those
so first of all
we have four different types of tissues
we've got epithelial tissue
connective tissue muscle tissue and
nervous tissue and
those are the fro the four primary types
of tissues
in the human body and animals as well
so we are going to discuss each one in
detail and we are going to go over
how each one works where they are
located and what's their main function
so first let's begin with epithelial
tissue and
an example of epithelial tissue is going
to be the the skin the most fundamental
function of epithelial tissue is going
to be physical
protection so in physical tissue it's
not going to be just skin protecting
from the outside but it is it protects
both these surfaces exposed internally
and externally
from
mechanical and chemical and physical
injury or even injury due to uh
dehydration so all of those things the
whole purpose of epithelial tissue is
for physical
protection so first we're going to label
a couple of layers of
of tissues so this uh this thin one
right here that is squished this is
most notably going to be skin or inner
linings of the kidney for example or
inner lining of
the stomach but here we're just going to
label types of epithelial tissues that
we have so this one is called simple
squamous and most notably the simple
squamous is located on the skin
now the next one is simple cuboidal so
these are all going to be just simple
this is going to be cuboidal
simple cuboidal and this one's going to
be simple columnar and this last one is
going to be stratified so it's not
simple it's
stratified and why it's squamous because
we always look at the top
few layers here to distinguish whether
it's squamous or cuboidal or
columnar as you can see here this is
stratified cuboidal because the top
layer is a cuboidal shape
and this last one is called
pseudostratified culinary before we go
into the details of what each one of
these does and their their main
functions where they're located we're
going to go over the rest of the
functions of epitheli of the epithelial
tissue so physical protection is
definitely the main function but it also
functions in absorption absorption and
sensations
and secretions so now let's discuss all
of these terms and where they're located
and their specific functions so simple
squamous
is just a single layer of squamous
epithelium
it is very delicate and it is
specialized to allow movement of
molecules across
the cell so this is a specialized
and it's single layered
and most prominently you would see this
in the alveoli
and why the alveoli well it has to be
very thin in order for molecules like
oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass
through
without any trouble
and that's going to be done through this
simple
squamous it's it's typically found in
the inner lining of blood vessels as
well
so that's called the endothelium
um it's found in the alveoli as i
mentioned and it's also found in the
abdominal cavity next one is the simple
cuboid and the primary function of
simple cuboid is going to be to absorb
fluids
and this happens across both ways of its
surface
and the most prominent example of this
would be the nephron in the kidney
because the nephron
is
our filtering organ of of the blood and
it absorbs lots of fluids when it
travels across the membrane now simple
columnar this elongated one would uh
most probably prominently exist in a
digestive system because its primary
function is going to be absorption
and secretion so to absorb and
stratified squamous is going to be
just layers of simple squamous and most
predominantly this would be
on the skin so its function would be
protection
and we are also going to discuss the
epidermis and just the skin
uh the tissue and the types of cells
that exist in uh in skin tissue
so first it's
important to label the top part here as
these are not live cells
they are dead cells and they're called
these are keratinocytes
so label these as
dead so these are
uh dead cells that are on the surfaces
of our skin that are there for
uh protection now of course just
underneath here the ones with the
nucleus are going to be live
keratinocytes
now this one right here this cell that
kind of protrudes everywhere this is
called the landerhond cell and their
and their main function is to
maintain immunity they would basically
decide the immune response that will be
used in case there's a pathogen that
comes through
the dead and the live keratinocytes
now this one right here also labeled at
the basal
layer this one's going to be called the
merkle cell
mercol
and the importance of merkle cells as
they
receive the sensations of touch so if
something was to touch the epidermis
something was to touch the skin the
merkle cells are the ones that are going
to receive that sensation and pass it on
to the nerves
and this last one here on the side is
going to be a milano site
milano
site
now again these labels are going to
change
based on the diagram that you look at
but the most important thing about is is
knowing the type of cells that exist
exactly where they exist so the merkle
cells exist on the basal layer which is
the layer just underneath the epidermis
you need to know keratinocytes exist on
the very top with the dead keratinocytes
protecting us
the landerhond cells are going to be the
cells that kind of mesh around and
they're going to be producing
the immune response in case there is an
attack by a pathogen and melanocytes are
the pigment cells so pigment
pigment cells so they're the cells that
are responsible
for the color of our skin next we are
going to discuss connective tissue
and there's four different types of
connective tissue there's connective
tissue proper which we're gonna label
and look at the diagram
there's cartilage
bone and blood
so cartilage and bone they're also
called supporting connective tissue
so these are the four major types of
of connective tissue in our bodies
mesenchyme so there's something called
mesenchyme
mesenchyme is basically a cell it's the
embryological connective tissue it's a
cell that eventually develops into all
uh these types of
cartilage bone blood connective tissue
proper
mesenchyme is the beginning of all that
it's the embryological stem cell
basically so the functions of connective
tissue
are to support
bind
so they bind to surfaces
store
so
storage
transport again
blood does transportation
protection it's also in protection bone
cartilage
all associated with protection
and
the more specialized would be the immune
protection function so first let's
discuss connective tissue
proper and connective tissue proper is
divided into two types there's loose
there's loose
and there's dense
all right so we are first going to
discuss the areolar tissue which is part
of the loose
connective tissue proper
so i know these terms are confusing for
now but just just stick with me i'm
going to explain what these are and the
purpose of them and then everything's
going to be
loud and clear
so this the image right here is
basically our areolar tissue
it's a
tissue that is sometimes thought of as a
prototype
for for that loose connective tissue
because it is a sample of all the
different types of cells and fibers
found in connective tissue so
connective tissue is made up of all
different kinds of cells and fibers and
it's kind of like a mesh of everything
here we're going to label a lot of these
structures and we're going to go over
a little bit about their significance
and why they're part of connective
tissue but there are three types of
connective tissue proper loose
there is areolar tissue adipose tissue
and reticular tissue
so areolar tissue which is the one that
we will be discussing here is a
widespread design of connective tissue
so why
i have chosen to discuss areolar because
it kind of encompasses everything that
is part of connective tissue
it's the least specialized
and it holds water and it's most often
surrounds capillaries so as you can see
here there's a blood vessel there
there's a blood vessel there so if you
could imagine if we do a cross-section
of part of our body so for example you
do cross-section of the arm and you
would have blood vessels running through
of course these are
blood cells
and all around there would be all kinds
of different cells all kinds of
different meshes around
that would be
supporting it and that's the connective
tissue that we are talking about because
it kind of connects
all the different types of systems
together it's kind of everything that
exists in between
all the cells and in between all the
different
organs and all the different organ
systems
so that filling of our bodies is
basically
connective tissue so first of all
the biggest part about all of this is
this area that's kind of shaded over
here
this area
that's underneath all of this
that area is called ground tissue and
another very important part of
connective tissue is called fibroblasts
fibro
the significance of fibroblasts
is that they are part of
areolar tissue that produce protein
fibers and ground substance so
fibroblasts are the ones that lay down
this network of ground substance and
they also produce protein
fiber so they produce
things like collagen so this all of
these large vessels here they're called
their collagen
and the function of collagen is that
they are strong flexible
and resistant fibers that protect cells
from
physical damage now they also produce
elastic fibers and elastic fibers would
be the ones that are these blue ones
these darker ones these are elastic
fibers
and they're also elastin proteins that
allows for stretch and recoil so if you
were to stretch your arm for example
these elastic fibers is what's going to
allow you to stretch the arm but it's
also going to recoil back once you put
the arm back in its original unstretched
face and finally it produces so
fibroblasts also produce reticular
fibers and reticular fibers are made up
of collagen proteins so same as this
large protein right here
but it's a different type than the the
white fibers it's tough but it is very
flexible and it forms a branching or
like this lattice
network that has been shown here and
it's found in organs like spleen and the
lymph nodes it has a special function
in its immune response that is way out
of the scope of this course so after
epithelial cells after
our epidermis has broken through so
if we have a pathogen a virus or a
bacteria that has you know there's a cut
and they break through the epithelium
the next line of defense is going to be
our connective tissue
and connective tissue has many ways
to produce a defensive response we got
lymphocytes macrophages so this one is
the
macro
phage
we also got our mast cells
that produce a response
we got a lymphocyte so this one right
here we'll label as lymphocyte
and we are going to talk about the
immune response in
in a way a greater detail than this
we're here we're just labeling the
different cells
and we could label this one as the
plasma cell
so these are these all play a the ones
in blue they all play a
major role in
immune response to a pathogen
next part of connective tissue is
cartilage so let's discuss cartilage a
little bit
and cartilage there's three types
there's hyaline cartilage elastic
cartilage and fibrocartilage
so hyaline cartilage is the most common
type of cartilage it is a high
concentration of fine
and thin collagen fibers
it is basically the precursor to the
skeletal system
as uh
it is
it is located in the epiphyses of the
long bones
so the very end of long bones and it
gives them that glassy surface so if you
have
you know seen a bone that's typically
like this
this glassy surface that's on
on the tip of each side
it's called the epiphyses
epiphysis epiphyses and that is where
hyaline cartilage is typically
located now some examples of hyaline
cartilage would be the nasal
cartilage
the trachea
a lot of trachea has hyaline cartilage
the connection of ribs
to sternum
they all contain hyaline cartilage in
order to facilitate
those connections
now looking at elastic cartilage it is
very similar to hyaline cartilage but
with a predominant number of elastic
fibers making this cartilage
very flexible and resilient to
pressure and force
it has an outer covering called the
perichondrium
so
the most important thing is to just know
it has higher level of elastin
it's just these fibers that allow
the cartilage to stretch
some examples of where you could find
elastic cartilage would be the uh the
ear is elastic cartilage as you can see
it's very mushy and squishy and it's uh
it's very movable
and also the epiglottis
and you will learn about epiglottis once
we talk a little bit about
the uh anatomy and finally
fibrocartilage is the chondrocytes and
the collagen fibers are arranged in
parallel
rows
so everything is arranged in parallel
this is very good at absorbing shock and
resisting
compression it is uh most commonly
founded found between discs the menisci
of the knee cartilage in between there
that's called the menisci that allows
for the two bones to move between each
other without
much friction and however
fibrocartilage is not covered with an
outer layer of
perichondrium meaning that
with compression
there could be damage to this layer so
uh if there is uh
movement against this layer of menisci
that's why you see a lot of meniscus
tears and they're not repairable the the
thing about cartilage to understand is
that there's not a lot of
blood or nutrients really going to
cartilage this tissue is not supply
supplied immediately
with nutrients like oxygen and
food that is able or to metabolize it
and be able to repair its cells
cartilage is not
repairable it's typically repaired
through surgery because you would have
to replace
the broken cartilage with a new
cartilage from another
part of the body so in the last part of
this video we are going to discuss bone
anatomy so in this long bone we're going
to label some of the most important
structures and as we discussed
the top part here that lines the
epiphyses so this is going to be
epiphyseal plate or i guess the
epithesis
feces
and
lining these epiphyseal ends is going to
be hyaline cartilage
now this line right here
that creates this division is where a
lot of the growth of the bone happens
and that line is called epiphyseal line
now this part that is closer to the
diaphysis side
this part right here is going to be the
red bone marrow red
and in this red bone marrow it's
extremely important to know
that
the function of it is to produce red
blood cells
platelets and white blood cells
because that is where the stem cells
are
formed and that is where the stem cells
are going to be used to create
a variety of other
blood cells
now the outer surface the outer part of
this bone is
called periosteum
and
and the name of this long bone
is going to be called compact bone
and inside the
diaphyses is going to be the yellow
bone marrow
and the yellow bone marrow we have
mesenchyme stem cells and they produce
cartilage they produce fat and they
produce bone so yellow bone marrow aids
in
the storage of fat
in cells called adipocytes and the main
function of this yellow bone marrow is
to provide the growth or the breakdown
of cells which we are going to discuss
next so when you break a bone
and
you are given a cast after realigning
the bones the bones have to
come together and
grow new bone cells so to speak
in order to
repair the damage so the repair of the
damage happens with a balance of these
fibroblasts and fibroclasts fibroblasts
and fibroclasts are cells
that break down bone if needed and
create bone if needed so fibroblasts so
the blasts they
lay down
lay down
bone
they make bone
and fibro class
they break down bone
break down
bone tissue and it's important to know
that we need both we need fibroclass and
we need fibroblasts
later we are going to learn about the
balance of calcium within the body and
it is
strictly regulated by these fibro class
and fibroblasts as to how much calcium
we're going to have in the blood
because the more bone you break down the
more calcium
you are going to have so this concludes
our lecture for today the first part of
animal tissues i hope this gives you
a brief introduction into the types of
tissues we have
and we have discussed in details the
epithelial tissue
and further on we're going to finish
connective tissue and
the rest including muscle and nervous
tissue
[Music]
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