The World War 2: The Fall of France
Summary
TLDRLa Segunda Guerra Mundial vio a Francia enfrentándose a una serie de desafíos tras el ataque de Alemania a Polonia en 1939. La incertidumbre política, la economía débil y la confrontación entre ideologías extremas retrasaron la movilización. La estrategia de defensa, como la línea Maginot, y la falta de preparación ofensiva resultaron en una desventaja frente a la ofensiva alemana. La operación Fallo de Alemania, que incluyó el uso de paracaidistas y la invasión de Bélgica y Países Bajos, llevó a una rápida ofensiva que resultó en la rendición de Francia en 1940. El país fue dividido, con una parte bajo ocupación alemana y otra gobernada por el régimen de Vichy, mientras que el general de Gaulle lideraba el exilio francés.
Takeaways
- 🇫🇷 La declaración de guerra de Francia y Gran Bretaña a Alemania tras el ataque a Polonia en 1939 no fue seguida inmediatamente por una respuesta militar de Francia, lo que afectó críticamente al país durante toda la guerra.
- 📉 La economía francesa, aún afectada por la crisis económica prolongada, tenía altos niveles de desempleo y bajas remuneraciones, afectando especialmente a los agricultores que no podían exportar sus productos.
- 🔄 Los cambios constantes de gobierno y reformas contradictorias empeoraron la economía francesa y aumentaron la incertidumbre política, con tensiones entre el extremo derecho y el extremo izquierdo.
- 🛡️ La Francia de la época contaba con la Línea Maginot, una red de fortificaciones defensivas, para proteger su frontera con Alemania, pero no estaba preparada para una ofensiva militar ofensiva.
- 🚂 Aunque Francia tenía más tanques en número, su nueva tecnología estaba dispersa y no se utilizó efectivamente, y gran parte de su flota era obsoleta.
- 🛫 La aviación francesa estaba en un estado aún peor, con aviones obsoletos y pilotos mal entrenados, y se le asignó un papel secundario en la estrategia militar.
- 🇵🇱 La ofensiva de Francia para ayudar a Polonia, conocida como la ofensiva de Saar, fue un fracaso, con pocos soldados desplazándose y retirándose rápidamente ante la invasión soviética de Polonia.
- 🎯 El plan de ataque alemán, 'Fall Gelb', se basó en una ofensiva rápida a través de los países Benelux para luego atacar a Francia, pero fue modificado tras el descubrimiento accidental del plan por parte de los belgas.
- 🤝 La falta de un plan de acción común entre las fuerzas aliadas y la desconfianza entre los generales afectó negativamente a su estrategia y coordinación.
- 🏰 La invasión de Bélgica y los Países Bajos por parte de Alemania y el uso de tropas paracaidistas para sabotaje y ataques sorpresa dieron una ventaja estratégica a los alemanes.
- 🇧🇪 La retirada de las fuerzas aliadas a Dinamarca, conocida como la Batalla de Dunkerque, permitió la evacuación de 340,000 soldados, pero con la pérdida de gran parte de su equipo.
- 🏰 La ofensiva alemana 'Fall Rot' en junio de 1940, con una ventaja numérica considerable, llevó a una rápida invasión y conquista de Francia, culminando en la rendición del país el 22 de junio.
Q & A
¿Por qué Francia no reaccionó inmediatamente cuando Alemania atacó a Polonia en 1939?
-La situación en Francia era incierta, con una economía aún afectada por la crisis económica, desempleo y bajos salarios. Además, el enfrentamiento entre el extremo derecho y el extremo izquierdo, así como la preocupación por las llamadas comunistas a la rebelión, hicieron que los políticos franceses se enfocaran más en sus aprobaciones que en la confrontación con Alemania.
¿Qué era la 'Guerra de la Sed' y cómo afectó a Francia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial?
-La 'Guerra de la Sed' fue la política de las autoridades francesas de no anunciar el inicio de las hostilidades, y en su lugar, mover a los soldados a la frontera con Alemania para esperar una acción enemiga. Esto retraso la movilización en el país y afectó negativamente a la preparación para la guerra.
¿Qué fortificaciones defensivas se construyeron para proteger a Francia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial?
-Se construyó la Línea Maginot, una red de fortificaciones defensivas que incluía fuertes, bunkers y túneles subterráneos, que cubría la totalidad de la frontera franco-alemana al sur. También existía una red más débil de fortificaciones defensivas contra Italia al norte de la línea.
¿Por qué la Francia de la época consideró que tenía más tanques que Alemania y aún así no aprovechó esta ventaja numérica?
-A pesar de tener más tanques en total, la nueva equipación estaba dispersa entre las divisiones de infantería en pequeños números, lo que anuló su ventaja de calidad. Además, 1,500 tanques franceses eran tanques ligeros de la Primera Guerra Mundial, lo que redujo su efectividad.
¿Cómo describirían ustedes la condición de la aviación francesa en 1939?
-La aviación francesa estaba en mal estado, con muchos aviones obsoletos y pilotos mal entrenados. Los generales franceses le asignaron un papel secundario, considerándola ineficaz.
¿Qué fue el Plan Fallo y cómo se relaciona con el Plan Manstein?
-El Plan Fallo era el plan inicial de ataque alemán a Francia, que implicaba capturar rápidamente los países de Benelux y luego lanzar un amplio ataque sobre Francia. Sin embargo, después de que el Plan Fallo cayera en manos de los franceses, los generales alemanes tuvieron que utilizar el Plan Manstein, que consistía en atraer a los franceses a Bélgica y luego realizar un ataque de tanques a través de las Ardenas para romper las defensas y avanzar en profundidad en el territorio francés.
¿Qué sucedió en la Batalla de Sedan y por qué fue significativa?
-En la Batalla de Sedan, el primer ejército de pánzer de Alemania derrotó a la 9ª Ejército Francesa, compuesta en gran parte por reclutas recién movilizados. Esto dejó una brecha significativa en la defensa de Francia, permitiendo a las fuerzas alemanas avanzar hacia el Canal de la Mancha y rodear a las fuerzas aliadas en Bélgica.
¿Por qué Hitler detuvo temporalmente el avance de las tropas alemanas en la Batalla de Dunkerque?
-La razón exacta por la cual Hitler detuvo el avance no está clara; algunas teorías sugieren que los alemanes querían proteger sus flancos, mientras que otras especulan que Hitler quería negociar con los británicos o que las tropas estaban exhaustas y necesitaban descansar. También se cree que el comandante de la Luftwaffe, Hermann Göring, pidió a Hitler que dejara que la Fuerza Aérea alemana destruyera a las fuerzas aliadas en Dunkerque.
¿Cuál fue el resultado de la Operación Dynamo y cuántos soldados fueron evacuados de Dunkerque?
-La Operación Dynamo logró evacuar aproximadamente 340,000 soldados de Dunkerque, la mayoría de ellos británicos, pero también algunos franceses y belgas. Sin embargo, 40,000 soldados franceses fueron capturados por las fuerzas alemanas y se abandonaron 2500 cañones, 990,000 vehículos y 70,000 toneladas de municiones.
¿Qué sucedió después de que Italia declarara la guerra a Francia en 1940?
-Después de que Italia declarara la guerra a Francia, los italianos intentaron avanzar en el sur de Francia, pero fueron detenidos por seis divisiones alpinas francesas que aprovecharon las defensas en el terreno montañoso para contener a las fuerzas enemigas más poderosas y numerosas.
¿Qué consecuencias tuvo la rendición de Francia en 1940 y cómo se dividió el país bajo el control alemán y la ocupación?
-Después de la rendición de Francia, Alemania tomó control de las regiones ricas en recursos del norte y el noroeste, mientras que el sur del país fue ocupado por soldados alemanes y gobernado por el gobierno de Vichy, un régimen de colaboración con los nazis que tomó su nombre de la capital de este territorio, Vichy. Italia también se aprovechó de la situación para anexar algunas partes de Francia.
Outlines
🏰 La Declaración de Guerra y la Inmovilidad Francesa
En 1939, tras el ataque de Alemania a Polonia, Francia e Inglaterra declararon la guerra a Alemania, pero Francia no reaccionó de inmediato, lo que afectó críticamente al país durante toda la guerra. La situación en Francia era incierto, con una economía aún afectada por una crisis económica prolongada, desempleo y bajos salarios. Los campesinos franceses sufrieron más por la crisis, y el cambio constante de gobierno y reformas contradictorias empeoraron la economía del estado. La confrontación entre la extrema derecha y la extrema izquierda, así como el apoyo a Hitler por parte de nacionalistas franceses, llevó a los políticos franceses a preocuparse más por sus aprobaciones que por enfrentar a Alemania. Esto causó una demora en la movilización del país, y se adoptó una política conocida como 'Guerra de la Silla', donde el ejército francés, liderado por generales de la Primera Guerra Mundial y con una dotación de blindaje obsoleta, se preparaba para una defensa pasiva detrás de la Línea Maginot.
🛡 La Estrategia de Defensa y el Plan Manstein
El plan de ataque alemán, conocido como Plan Gelb, fue comparado con el Schlieffen Plan del Imperio Alemán, que había perdido la Primera Guerra Mundial. Sin embargo, tras el descubrimiento del Plan Gelb por Francia tras un incidente con un avión militar en Malinas, Bélgica, los alemanes tuvieron que adoptar el Plan Manstein. Este plan consistía en atraer a las fuerzas francesas a Bélgica y luego realizar un ataque de tanques a través de las Ardenas para penetrar en el flanco y lanzar una ofensiva en profundidad en el territorio francés. A pesar de la resistencia inicial, Francia logró reunir más de 2 millones de soldados, junto con 200,000 soldados británicos, y contaba con el mando de las fuerzas belgas y neerlandesas. No obstante, la falta de un plan común de acción y la desconfianza entre los generales aliados dejó a las fuerzas aliadas en una posición vulnerable.
🗺️ La Ofensiva Alemana y la Batalla de las Ardenas
El 10 de mayo de 1940, Alemania comenzó su ofensiva con bombardeos aéreos en los países de Benelux y la caída de paracaidistas en su retaguardia para sabotear y atacar a las fuerzas enemigas desde atrás. A pesar de algunos fracasos, los paracaidistas alemanes lograron romper las defensas belgas en Eben Emael y la ciudad de Rotterdam fue destruida por los bombardeos. La ocupación de más de la mitad de Holanda y el capitulación del ejército neerlandés siguieron. Mientras tanto, el Grupo de Ejércitos A, bajo el mando del General Gerd von Rundstedt, se movilizó a través de las Ardenas, alcanzando el límite franco-belga y creando una brecha significativa en la defensa francesa, lo que llevó a una retirada precipitada de las fuerzas aliadas hacia el mar y el asedio en Dúnquerque.
🏳️ La Capitulación de Francia y el Desarrollo del Gobierno de Vichy
Tras la retirada de las fuerzas aliadas y la ocupación de Sedona, las fuerzas alemanas avanzaron hacia el Canal de la Mancha, creando una amenaza de encirculación detrás de las fuerzas aliadas en Bélgica. La retirada de las fuerzas franco-británicas a Dúnquerque y la posterior evacuación, conocida como la Operación Dynamo, permitió salvar a 340,000 soldados, aunque con la pérdida de gran parte de su equipo. La ocupación de Francia por parte de Alemania y la creación de un gobierno de colaboración en Vichy, con Philippe Pétain como líder, marcó el final de la resistencia francesa y el inicio de un periodo de ocupación y división política en Francia. Italia, aprovechando la situación, declaró la guerra a Francia, aunque solo logró una ocupación limitada debido a la resistencia de las divisiones alpinas francesas. Finalmente, el 22 de junio de 1940, Francia aceptó la rendición incondicional ante Alemania, lo que marcó el fin de la guerra para Francia en 1940.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Polonia
💡Declaración de guerra
💡Crisis económica
💡Majino Line
💡Avanzamiento alemán
💡Dunkerque
💡General Maurice Gamelin
💡Plan Manstein
💡Rexiste
💡Régimen de Vichy
💡Charles de Gaulle
Highlights
Germany's attack on Poland in 1939 prompted France and Britain to declare war, yet France's delayed reaction had a significant impact on the war.
France's state economy was still recovering from a prolonged economic crisis, with high unemployment and low wages.
French peasants were particularly affected by the crisis due to the inability to export goods internationally.
Political instability and contradictory reforms in France worsened the state's economy.
Communist calls for rebellion were considered a greater threat than the German invasion by French authorities.
Nationalist support for Hitler and the desire for a similar ruler in France gained popularity among the French people.
French politicians were more concerned with their ratings than confronting Germany, leading to delayed mobilization.
The French army, led by World War I generals, relied on outdated tactics and the Maginot Line for defense.
France had more tanks than Germany, but their distribution among infantry negated their quality advantage.
Aviation was underutilized and French pilots were poorly trained, with many obsolete aircraft.
The Saar Offensive by France was limited in scope and ended with a retreat after the Soviet invasion of Poland.
Hitler initially planned an attack on France in October 1939, but was dissuaded by his generals.
The German plan 'Fall Gelb' was discovered by the Allies, leading to a change in strategy.
France assembled over 2 million troops with support from Britain and other Allied forces.
The German invasion of the Benelux countries and the use of paratroopers led to significant breakthroughs.
The Battle of Sedan resulted in a significant defeat for the French 9th Army and a gap in France's defense.
The Dunkirk evacuation saved over 340,000 soldiers, but at the cost of abandoning significant equipment.
The French defense line, known as the Weygand Line, was established in an attempt to hold the Germans.
Italy's declaration of war on France was an opportunistic move to gain territory from a weakened nation.
The French government under Pétain signed an unconditional surrender to Germany in June 1940.
The aftermath of the war saw France divided, with the Vichy regime collaborating with Germany and Free French forces opposing them.
Transcripts
when Germany attacked Poland in 1939
France and Britain declared war on
Germany however France didn't react
immediately and this had a critical
impact on the country throughout the war
the situation in France was uncertain
the state economy has not yet recovered
from the prolonged economic crisis there
were many unemployed people in the
country and those who had jobs received
little pay French peasants have suffered
most from the crisis because they have
been prevented from exporting their
goods to International markets the
constant changes of government in France
and the contradictory half-baked reforms
only made the state's economy worse the
confrontation between the far right and
the far left continued communist calls
for rebellion led the French authorities
to consider the Reds more threatening
than the German invasion at the same
time French nationalists supported
Hitler's actions and insisted that
France needed a similar ruler both ideas
gained popular it among the French
people all of this has led French
politicians to worry more about their
ratings than about confronting Germany
mobilization in the country was delayed
despite the fact that war was declared
on Germany no one wanted to announce the
beginning of hostilities moreover they
did not want to announce the invasion of
Germany either instead the French
soldiers were moved to the border with
Germany where they were to await enemy
action such policy of the French
authorities was called bony War the
French army was led by generals who had
made their careers in the first world
war and relied on the experience of the
time the majino line was created to
defend France this was a network of
defensive fortifications in the form of
forts and bunkers often connected by
underground tunnels as well as dozens of
dugouts and pill boxes it was 400 km
long and 20 km deep covering the entire
Franco German border south of it was
situated a weaker network of 600 km of
defensive fortifications directed
against Italy Germany's Ally to the
north of the line a Belgian defensive
chain began which was also much weaker
than the majino line the French military
leadership believed that the German Army
would be stuck in attacks on the majino
line as it was in World War I on the
Western Front however they did not plan
to invade Germany by themselves fearing
that the French army might also be stuck
on German defenses therefore France was
not preparing its troops for the
offensive France had more tanks overall
than Germany and the B1 and somoa S35
models were better than the German ones
however their new equipment was
scattered among the infantry divisions
in small numbers negating their
advantage in quality in addition 1,500
French tanks were World War I light
tanks although technically there were
more tanks in France in reality the
numerical Advantage was of no use
Aviation was an even worse condition
because the French generals assigned it
a secondary role considered ineffective
many French aircraft were Obsolete and
French Pilots poorly trained in
September 1939 France decided to help
Poland and pull back part of the German
forces by launching the SAR offensive
however instead of the planned half
million soldiers less than a 100,000
Advanced while the rest of the French
soldiers were in reserve with Little
Resistance the French soldiers reached
the zig freed line which they dared not
attack and after news of the Soviet
invasion of Poland they retreated to the
majino line so the French leadership
once again convinced itself that it was
impossible to attack Germany soon the
main force of the German Army moved to
the border with France and the French
finally abandoned hopes for a Victorious
offensive instead they decided to wait
for the Germans to advance in the hope
of stopping them again as had happened
in World War I Hitler planned to launch
an offensive against France in October
1939 however the German Army leadership
began to dissuade him believing that the
German soldiers should rest after the
war with Poland rebuild their ammunition
and expand their army some German
generals generally believed that
attacking France was dangerous they
thought that the German Army just as it
had been in World War I would be stuck
in one position not a mile ahead General
volter Fon braic even plotted against
Hitler to arrest him if he ordered an
attack on France however he soon changed
his position due to unknown
circumstances and a coup in Germany
never took place for the attack on
France a plan Gelb was produced
according to it the German troops were
to quickly capture the countries of
Benelux and from there launch a wide
offensive on France in a short time they
had to reach the river Z and continued
to advance to the Inland of France when
General Eric Fon manin saw the plan he
called it the new schle plan comparing
it to the German Empire's military plan
for which it Lost World War I then he
produced his own plan for war with
France the idea was to draw the French
into Belgium and then make a tank attack
through the Arden to break through the
defenses enter the rear and thus launch
an offensive deep into French territory
however monin plan was rejected winter
that year was The
cruestv frosts Waiting every day for the
Germans to attack in contrast the German
Army wintered in the barracks as Hitler
didn't decide to launch an attack on 10
January 1940 a German military aircraft
landed in mechlin Belgium on board was
Major helmet reinberger with the Gelb
plan documents it is not known whether
this was due to weather conditions or
whether the pilot was mistakenly flown
into Belgium or whether he was brought
by the Allies however the Gelb plan fell
to the French and the German generals
had to use manchin's plan which from
that moment became the new plan of
attack on on France in March losing
support from his party prime minister
Edward deader resigned Paul Rino who
succeeded delier undertook economic
reforms and postponed the war believing
that France would not fight without the
help of its allies during the Spring
France was able to muster more than 2
million troops another 200,000 soldiers
arrived from Britain and by the end of
the war the number of English soldiers
in France had doubled French and British
Allied Forces deployed along the Franco
Belgian Border in addition 600,000
soldiers of the Belgian Army and 400,000
soldiers of the Dutch Army were under
French command led by General Maurice
gelan in total there were just over 3
million soldiers in 135 divisions
Germany assembled 2,800,000 troops
against them in 137 divisions divided
into three Army groups the Army Group C
was to occupy the French troops on the
the majino line with minor battles the
Army Group B was to attack the
Netherlands and Belgium the Army group a
was to make a breakthrough in the Arden
and enter the rear of the Allied Forces
the main Force for the Breakthrough was
General aval Fon K's first Panzer Army
which consisted of five tank divisions
half of the tank divisions of the entire
German Army of the time the Allied
Forces had no common plan of action
France hoped that Belgium and the
Netherlands would delay the German army
while the French prepared for war and
that Britain would send
reinforcements Belgium and the
Netherlands for their part did not plan
to defend themselves for long relying on
the rapid assistance of the French army
Britain hoped to wage war with little
blood limiting itself to one
expeditionary Force which had sent to
France in general there was no single
Command Center and the Allied generals
did not trust each other on 10 May 1940
German aircraft began bombardment of the
Ben luux countries at the same time the
paratroopers of the seventh fleager
division were dropped in the rear of
these country's armies They carried out
sabotage seized important transport hubs
and attacked enemy troops from the rear
thanks to the paratroopers the Germans
were able to break through the Belgian
defenses at Ean Mel this was a failure
for the Belgian Army and it began to
retreat Westward the 5day bombing of
roddam destroyed the entire city Hitler
threatened to bombard other cities in
the Netherlands the German Army was able
to occupy more than half of the country
at the time and its paratroopers in the
rear tried to capture a number of cities
although this did not have much success
to save the population from bombardment
on 14 May the Dutch Army capitulated the
British and French trying to balance the
situation began to move most of their
troops to Belgium there they hoped to
detain the Germans on 12th May however
Army group a under the command of
General gar Fon runet began to move
through the Arden and reached the Franco
Belgian border the strike was directed
to the positions of the weakest French
9th Army led by General Andre corop
whose seven of the nine divisions were
formed from newly mobilized recruits and
were intended to guard the rear the
French 9th Army could not resist the
first German Panzer Army their one-day
bout was called the Battle of sidon and
ended with the French fleeing the
battlefield as a result there was a
significant Gap in the defense of France
on 13 May the Germans occupied sedon
from where they moved West to the
English Channel directly behind the
Allied Forces in Belgium the Allied Army
aware of the Peril of the encirclement
began to retreat to the Sea the French
army tried to cut off the German troops
which were entering the rear from the
flanks however this offensive was poorly
prepared and the approach of the German
reserves finally Haled Ed it and allowed
the Germans to advance further west on
20 May the Franco British Army in
Belgium was cut off from the rest of
France the Belgian Army supported by
some French forces resisted until 28 May
but because of the loss of most of his
country king Leopold III of Belgium
decided to surrender Franco British
forces at dunker were largely saved from
a final defeat because Hitler halted the
offensive on 23 May the reason is is not
yet known according to one version the
Germans fear to strike on their flanks
and therefore turn back some troops on
the other hand Hitler hoped to negotiate
with the British there is a theory that
the German troops were exhausted during
the offensive and were not ready to
fight for dunker it is also known that
German Luft vafa Commander Hermon guring
asked Hitler to leave it to the German
air force to destroy the Allied Forces
at dunker he wanted his share of the
glory in the war against France
historians still have no single
explanation for Hitler's decision as
early as 20 May the British began to
prepare for an evacuation when more than
900 ships both military and civilian
began transporting British and French
soldiers to Britain from the sky they
were covered by more than 400 aircraft
which were holding back the German
bombers in total 340,000 soldiers had
been saved at the end of the evacuation
on 4 June half of of them were British a
third French and the rest were the
belgians not all were saved 40,000
French soldiers were captured by the
Germans 2500 guns nearly 990,000
vehicles and 70,000 tons of ammunition
were abandoned in dunker the defeat in
Belgium was a real disaster for the
French troops half of the army was
defeated the combat capable divisions
were lost in battle the day before the
commander of the French army General
Maurice Gamlin resigned General Maxim
wand who had replaced him had little to
do about the situation he decided to
accumulate troops in the hope of keeping
the Germans at the Frontiers he had
inherited from his predecessor this
created a defensive line along the
rivers s and a which went down in
history as the wayand line on 5 June the
Germans began to implement a new plan of
attack deep into France which was called
rot the French tried to Res assist
winning many minor battles but the
Germans now had a considerable numerical
Advantage the return of 100,000 French
soldiers from Britain without a British
expeditionary Force could not remedy
this situation on 7 June Army group a
broke through the a river front and
headed to the Franco Swiss border thus
they entered the rear of the French
troops standing at the majino line on
the other hand the Germans came to the
Eastern flank of Paris meanwhile Army
Group B had crossed the S and forced the
French to retreat to the sen River where
they began to build a new line of
defense on 10 June Italy declared war on
France in the hope of snatching more
land from the country that was losing
rapidly the Italian Advance was halted
by six French Alpine divisions taking
advantage of the defenses in the
mountainous terrain they restrained the
more powerful and numerous enemy forces
the Italians were unable to capture
French territory except for several
mountain passes and the town of Monon at
the same time the Germans approached
Paris French authorities evacuated to
Bordeaux after 4 days of battle for the
city the French army left the capital on
15 June Army Group C attempted to storm
the majino line but failed French
soldiers those surrounded were prepared
to fight and had enough supplies to hold
the Germans back for the same purpose
another line of defense was established
south of the lir river French
politicians however had a very different
opinion Philip pan was elected prime
minister on 16 June he promised to
negotiate with Hitler and did indeed
begin the week-long negotiations Hitler
insisted on the unconditional surrender
of France and pan agreed to it on 22
June 1940 in the forest of compen where
Germany had once surrendered pan signed
the act of surrender of France Hitler
insisted that this should be done in the
same car of Marshall fos where in 1918
the Germans signed a truce and ended the
first world war with their defeat for
France the war of 1940 was a disaster
Germany took ales line Province rich and
resources the Nord padal region has
moved to the puppet Reich commissariat
of Belgium and northern France France
another 2/3 of the state was occupied by
German soldiers over the next 4 years
the remaining lands were ruled by the
puppet government of pan which made
vichi its capital hence the name of the
government of collaborators came the
vishi regime even Italy after the
surrender of France took part of its
lands the French people were divided
into those who supported the pro-german
government of p and those who supported
the free France of charl De gal from
London it took a long time and an even
greater effort for the supporters of a
free France to celebrate their Victory
and for the vichi government led by
Philip pan to be sentenced to death for
crimes against the
state
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