Glycolysis Pathway | Enzymes, Regulation and Products

JJ Medicine
10 Sept 201820:46

Summary

TLDRThis lesson on glycolysis explains the process of glucose breakdown in the cytosol of cells, highlighting its importance for ATP production, particularly in oxygen-depleted conditions and in red blood cells. The ten-step pathway features three irreversible enzymatic reactions and is divided into two stages: energy consumption and energy acquisition. Key enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1, and pyruvate kinase are emphasized for their regulatory roles. The lesson concludes with the net production of 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules, underscoring glycolysis's vital role in cellular metabolism.

Takeaways

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Q & A

  • What is glycolysis?

    -Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, occurring in the cytosol of a cell, and does not require oxygen.

  • What are the two stages of glycolysis?

    -The two stages of glycolysis are the consumption stage, where ATP is used, and the acquisition stage, where ATP is produced.

  • What role does hexokinase play in glycolysis?

    -Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate using ATP, trapping glucose within the cell.

  • How is phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) regulated?

    -PFK-1 is negatively regulated by ATP and citrate, indicating sufficient energy levels, and positively regulated by AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, indicating energy deprivation.

  • Why is the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase considered irreversible?

    -The reaction is irreversible because it commits the product (pyruvate) to further processing, and is tightly regulated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and inhibited by ATP.

  • What is the significance of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?

    -Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a potent activator of PFK-1, allowing glycolysis to proceed even when ATP levels are high, thus playing a crucial role in metabolic regulation.

  • What happens during the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?

    -Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved by aldolase into two 3-carbon molecules: dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

  • What are the products of glycolysis?

    -The main products of glycolysis are 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.

  • What is the net equation for glycolysis?

    -The net equation for glycolysis is: 1 glucose + 2 inorganic phosphate + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+.

  • How does the body utilize NADH produced in glycolysis?

    -NADH can be sent to the mitochondria to be processed through the electron transport chain for more ATP production or can be converted back to NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

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Etiquetas Relacionadas
GlycolysisBiochemistryCell MetabolismATP ProductionEnzymatic PathwayEnergy AcquisitionRed Blood CellsHexokinaseFructose RegulationNADH Production
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