Group 5 - Naturalistic and Ethnographic Research
Summary
TLDRThe video script provides an in-depth explanation of naturalistic and ethnographic research methods. It covers the elements of naturalistic inquiry, the key aspects of ethnography, and critical ethnography's focus on power dynamics and social change. The script also addresses research design, data collection, and analysis techniques, highlighting the benefits of using technology in ethnographic studies. It concludes with challenges associated with these research methods, such as issues of reliability, validity, and the influence of researchers on participants. Overall, the script offers a comprehensive guide to understanding and applying these qualitative research approaches.
Takeaways
- 📝 Ethnographic research involves observing, describing, and interpreting the experiences and actions of people in their social and cultural contexts.
- 📚 Ethnography is more about descriptions than predictions, focusing on induction and theory generation rather than verification.
- 🔍 The process of naturalistic inquiry is hermeneutic, aiming to uncover meanings and structure investigations using participants' constructs.
- 👀 Observational techniques are key in ethnographic research, focusing on real-life settings rather than controlled environments.
- 🌍 Ethnographic research gathers phenomenological data, investigating participants' worldviews and meanings assigned to phenomena.
- 🔬 The research process is holistic, moving from description and data to inference, causation, and theory generation.
- 📊 Instruments like interviews and questionnaires are often generated in situ, informed by direct observations and participant interactions.
- 💡 Ethnographic research is contextual, with hypotheses emerging as the study develops in real-world settings.
- ⚖️ Critical ethnography aims to critique power relations and foster social change by addressing inequalities and hegemony.
- 💻 Information technology can assist ethnographic research by managing, processing, and analyzing large amounts of data efficiently.
Q & A
What is naturalistic inquiry?
-Naturalistic inquiry is an approach to understanding the social world where the researcher observes, describes, and interprets the experiences and actions of specific people and groups in societal and cultural contexts.
What are the key elements of ethnographic research according to And Brazil (1993)?
-According to And Brazil (1993), the key elements of ethnographic research include eliciting phenomenological data, investigating and representing the worldview of participants, interpreting meanings by both researchers and participants, gathering empirical data in naturalistic settings, using observational techniques, and employing a holistic approach to social phenomena.
What distinguishes ethnographic research from other research methods?
-Ethnographic research differs from other methods as it focuses on understanding cultural contexts and participant perspectives through prolonged, immersive observation in naturalistic settings. It aims to describe rather than predict and uses induction over deduction.
What are the primary tasks of an ethnographer?
-The primary tasks of an ethnographer include observing social interactions with contextual relevance, forming hypotheses as the study develops, conducting prolonged and repetitive observations, and eliciting socio-cultural knowledge from participants to understand their reality.
What are the benefits of using information technology in ethnographic research?
-Information technology benefits ethnographic research by allowing efficient data storage and management, facilitating data sharing and memo creation, enabling coding and categorization, and supporting complex data analysis through various computational tools.
What are some challenges of ethnographic and naturalistic research?
-Challenges include potential participant confusion or deception, the researcher's presence altering the situation, selective data collection (halo effect), complex interpretation, potential neglect of broader social contexts, and difficulties in generalization.
What is critical ethnography and its purpose?
-Critical ethnography is a qualitative approach aimed at critiquing hegemony, oppression, and asymmetrical power relations to foster social change. It emphasizes the role of power dynamics and aims to address social inequalities.
How can the validity and reliability of ethnographic research be ensured?
-Validity and reliability can be ensured through prolonged observation, using multiple recording devices and observers, flexible observation schedules, respondent validation, peer debriefing, and consistency checks on interviews and data analysis.
What are the five stages of critical ethnography as outlined by Carspecken?
-The five stages include: 1) compiling the primary record through data collection, 2) preliminary reconstructive analysis, 3) dialogical data collection with validity checks, 4) discovering system relations, and 5) using system relations to explain findings and critique existing social structures.
What are some suggested methods to plan naturalistic research effectively?
-Methods include determining the focus of the inquiry, ensuring theoretical fit, deciding where and from whom data will be collected, planning data collection and recording models, and preparing for logistical challenges before, during, and after fieldwork.
Outlines
🔍 Introduction to Naturalistic and Ethnographic Research
The speaker introduces naturalistic inquiry, which involves understanding the social world through observation, description, and interpretation of experiences in cultural contexts. Ethnographic research is highlighted as a method that focuses on documenting cultural groups and understanding their social interactions. The text covers the key elements such as phenomenological data, participants' worldviews, and the use of hermeneutic methods to uncover meanings.
🌍 Key Features of Ethnographic Research
Ethnographic research focuses on understanding social interactions, culture, and insider perspectives. Several methods are mentioned, including participant observation, contextual relevance, hypothesis emergence, and prolonged observation to establish data reliability. Ethnographers aim to gather socio-cultural knowledge through various instruments and tools, adapting as necessary to understand insider realities.
📝 Planning and Designing Naturalistic Research
The process of planning naturalistic research involves several steps, such as determining the focus of inquiry, ensuring fit with theory, identifying data sources, and planning data collection and analysis. The text mentions different scholars and models that help guide research design, emphasizing the detailed and case-specific nature of naturalistic inquiry. The aim is to reflect the uniqueness of each study case rather than seek generalizations.
⚖️ Critical Ethnography and Power Relations
Critical ethnography focuses on critiquing hegemony, oppression, and power relations to foster social change. It highlights how power relations are socially and historically embedded, and how emotion, values, and social structures influence perceptions and behavior. The stages of critical ethnography are explained, emphasizing validity checks, peer review, and participant validation to ensure accuracy and critical reflection.
💻 The Role of Technology in Ethnographic Research
This section discusses how information technology supports ethnographic research. It highlights the advantages of using computers for storing, organizing, coding, and analyzing large data sets, facilitating memo creation, performing searches, and ensuring the integrity of data. The benefits of computing tools for improving research validity and reliability are also covered, alongside examples of how technology enhances the ethnographic process.
⚠️ Challenges in Ethnographic and Naturalistic Research
Ethnographic and naturalistic research faces challenges that can affect reliability and validity, such as potential distortions of reality by participants, the influence of researchers on the study setting, and generalization issues. The complexity of interpretive methodologies is addressed, alongside the difficulty of balancing insider perspectives with broader social contexts. The text also discusses ownership of data and ethical concerns surrounding research dissemination.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Naturalistic Inquiry
💡Ethnographic Research
💡Hermeneutic
💡Phenomenological Data
💡Holistic Research
💡Cultural Context
💡Participant Observation
💡Critical Ethnography
💡Validity Checks
💡Inductive Approach
Highlights
Introduction to naturalistic and ethnographic research, with Adrina Tafiya presenting.
Naturalistic inquiry observes, describes, and interprets experiences within societal and cultural contexts.
Ethnographic research involves methods, outcome, and resultant records aimed at cultural reconstructions.
Key elements of ethnographic research include phenomenological data, participant worldview, and hermeneutic uncovering of meanings.
Ethnography prioritizes holistic observations in natural settings rather than controlled environments.
Ethnographers balance the task of capturing diversity and variability with identifying social patterns.
Observation is repeated in ethnography to ensure reliability in the collected data.
The ethnographic task includes eliciting socio-cultural knowledge from participants.
Critical ethnography focuses on critiquing power relations and fostering social change.
Ethnographic studies focus on descriptions, induction, and theory generation over predictions and verification.
Stages in ethnographic research include collecting cultural data, analyzing it, and formulating ethnographic hypotheses.
Critical ethnography emphasizes that research and thinking are mediated by power relations.
Technological tools enhance ethnographic research by storing, processing, and analyzing data more efficiently.
Challenges in ethnographic research include the halo effect, reactivity, and difficulties in generalization.
Ethnographic research methods are widely accepted in education, but also present notable challenges.
Transcripts
or we would like to
explain about naturalistic and
ethnographic research
uh for the first uh i would like to
introduce myself and my friends my name
is
adrina tafiya and
foreign
for the first material will be explained
by me elements of naturalistic inquiry
naturalistic inquiry is an approach to
understanding the social world
in which the researcher observes
describes
and interprets the experiences and
actions of specific people
and groups in societal and and cultural
contexts
we called and brazil 1993
suggests that ethnographic research is a
process involving methods
in including an outcome and a resultant
record
record of the inquiry the intention of
the research is
to create a civil rights reconstructions
as possible
of the culture or groups being studied
the and brazil 1993
indicate several key elements of
ethnographic approach
there are phenomenological data
are elicited
second the word view of the participants
is
investigated and represented the
definition of the situations
third meanings are accorded to phenomena
by both the researcher and the
participants
the process of research therefore is
hermeneutic
uncovering meanings
and the fourth the constructs of the
participants are used to structure
to structure to to structure the
investigations
next and empirical data are gathered in
the naturalistic setting
unlike laboratories or in control
settings as in other forms of research
where variables are manipulated
next observational techniques are used
extensively
for the participant and participant two
acquire data on real life settings
and then the research is holistic that
is
it takes a description and
interpretation of social phenomena
and there is a move from description and
data to inference
explanations suggestions of code
of causation and theory generations
and last methods are multimodal and
ethnographer is a method
methodological omniport
kids kids coke and heart and haggis
suggests that endographics involve
the production of descriptive
prescriptive cultural knowledge of a
group
second the description of activities in
relation to a particular
cultural context from the point of view
of the members of that group
themselves the third the production of
list of features constitute constitutive
of membership in a group or culture
next the discussion and analysis of
patterns of social interactions
next the provisions as far as possible
of
insider accounts and the last is to fill
up the development of
theory click on and bristle suggest that
endographic approaches
are concerned more with descriptions
rather than predictions
induction rather than deduction
generation rather than verification of
theory
constructions rather than enumerations
and such activities rather than
objective knowledge
double angkor style puts ethnographic
approaches to become not only more
systematic but to study and address
regularities
in social behavior and social culture
the task of endographers
is to blame a commitment to catch the
diversity variability creativity
individuality uniqueness and spontaneity
of social interactions with a commitment
to the task
of social science to seek regularities
order
and patterns within such diversity
spangler and spindler put forward
several hallmarks of effective
demographics
first observation have contextual
relevance
but in the immediate setting in which
behavior is observed
and in further context beyond second
hypothesis emerge in situ as the study
develops in the officer setting third
observation is prolonged and often
repetitive
events and service of events are
observed more than
once to establish real real reliability
in the observational data
fourth inferences from observations and
various forms
of endographic inquiry are used to
address insider's views of reality
fifth a major part of the ethnographic
task is to elicit socio-cultural
knowledge from participants
when there is social behavior
comprehensible
next instruments schedules quotes
agenda for interviews questionnaires adc
be generated in situ and sold derived
from observation and ethnographic
inquiry
and last in order to collect as much
live data as possible
any technical device may be used
the advantage of the human instrument is
her adaptability
responsiveness knowledge ability to
handle
sensitive matters ability to see the
whole picture
ability to clarify and summarize to
explore
to analyze to undermine a typical or
idiosyncratic responses
and the next list will be explained by
my friend
okay i will explain about planning it to
realistic
research next
um income and group
set out 10 elements in research design
for naturalistic studies
one is determining a focus of
the inquiry to determining fit of
paratism to focus
three determining the fit
of the inquiry para parallelism
to the substantive theory so
to quit the inquiry for
determining where and from whom data
will be correct
five determining success
safe pass of the
query 6 determining instrument
instrumentation next
and seven planning data collection and
recording models
[Music]
eight planing data analysis procedures
nine finding the logistics
our prioristical
consideration for the project as a wall
the logistic the logistics of
fire extraction prior
to going in into the field
the stick of field as execution
while in the field
logistic logistics of activate
activities following failed execution
the logistics of closure the
termination 10
painting for truss for tennis
next
this can be set out into a
second cell stage approach
to planning naturalistic research
and see for example
stars man and stars
19 19
73 talent
19 19
92 sproutly 1979
sets out out the stage of
uh a selecting
ethnographic hypothesis
writing the
sorry a selecting a problem b collecting
cultural data
c analysis cultural data deformating
at the ethynographic hypothesis
writing the eddy adenography
more fully we such as an elephant state
model
stage one locating a field of study
clinton and guba 70
90 sorry 90
8 85
such as an important difference between
conversation
conversional and naturalistic research
design
in the formal former the intention
is to focus and to focus on similarities
and to be able to make generation
whereas in the ladder the objective
is information information now
to provide such a world of detail
that the in uniqueness
and individuality
of each guest
of is of each case
can be refreshed represented
it can be represented to the charge
that not to realistic inquiry
there be cannot yield
generation generalization
because of sampling flaws the writers
argue that this is necessarily
trophy finally true in a word
it is unimportant next
will be explained by my friend
the next is critical ethnography
next
critical ethnography is a qualitative
approach
to research that explicitly
sets out to critique hegemony
operation and asymmetrical power
relations
in order to foster social change
karst beacon suggests sephirah key
premises of critical ethnography
number one is research and thinking are
mediated by power relations number two
these power relations are socially and
historically located
number three effect and values are
inseparable
number four relationships between
objects
and concepts are filled and
mediated by the social relation of
production
number five language is central to
perceptions
number six certain groups in society
exert more power than
others number
seven in quality and operation are
inherent in
capitalist relations of product and
consumption next
how does the critical ethnography
process
car speaking and apple and curse bacon
identify five stage in critical
ethnography
stage one compiling the primary record
through
the collection of monological data
lincoln and uber suggests that validity
checks
at this stage will include using
multiple
devices for recording together with
multiple observers
using a flexible observation schedules
remaining in the situation for a long
time in order to overcome
the halotom effect and
using allow inference terminology and
descriptions
and using pair debriefing
and the last using respondent validation
stage two
preliminary reconstructive analysis
car speaking suggests that the
researchers goes
back over the primary record from stage
one to examine
patterns of inter interaction
power relations rules sequence of events
events i mean and meanings according to
situations next
stage 3 geological data collection
car speaking proverbs several validity
checks
for example a
consistency checks on interviews that
have been record
b repeat interviews with participants
c matching observation with what
participants say
is happening or has happened
the avoiding leading questions at
interview string by asking peer to check
this matter
e respondent validation and f
asking participants to use their own
terms
stage 4 discovering system relations
card speaking notes that validity checks
will include
a maintaining the validity requirements
of the earlier stages b
seeking a match between the researchers
analysis and the commentaries that are
provided by the participants and
other researchers and see
using peer developers and respondent
validation
next next slide okay
and the last is stage five using system
relations
to explain findings as the
as for the stage of ideological
criticism
are criticism they are set in chapter
one
step one a description of the
existing situation or hermeneutic
exercise step two
uh penetration of the reasons that
roll the situation to the form that
it takes step three an agenda for
altering
the situation step 4 an
evaluation of the achievement of the new
situations
next
okay the next slide will will be
explained by my friends
okay the next is computer usage
next slide
so according to lee county and
presley in 1993
provide a summary of ways in which
information technology can be utilized
in supporting ethnographic research
the use of information technology are
different as data have to be
processed and as work data are labor
used to process
and as several powerful pk for data
analysis
and processing excise researchers
will find it useful to make full use of
computing facilities so this can be used
as
follow some of the benefits
of using technology for ethnographic
research
the first is to store and check
for profit data and then
to call it and
share data and make multiple copies of
data
then to allow memo creation with the
title of
circumstance in which the memos
were written number four
is to perform searches for
word of or sorry places in data
in the data and to redrive text
to attach identification label
to the unit like a questionnaire
responses so that subsequent
sorting can be undertaken then to
active the initial data encoding to be
performed
to enable premier preliminary
coding of data to be undertaken
then too short we should
collect classify classify and reclassify
pieces of data to facilitate constant
comparison and to refine schemas of
clarification
then to create a code memo and carry
it to the same classification scheme
to assemble and
resemble data into categories
to perform a frequency calculation like
a word
phrase and code to cross
check data to see if they can be cut
into more than one category
to determine the incident of data that
contain more than one category
to retrieve code data segment from
subsets in order to compare and
contrast data then to establish
linkage between coding categories to
display category
relationship like a hierarchical
and the last is to quote data in the
final
report next slide
in this process delay in 1995 you
guessed that
computer method can engage
the first is validity by the management
of samples
and the second is reliability by
rendering all the data on a given topic
celebrity ensuring
trustworthiness of the data then is some
of
problems with ethnographic and
naturalistic approach
next slide
there are several difficulties in the
ethnographic
and natural approach that might
affect the reliability and validity of
this
of the study the first
is situation they are may be
falsely confused unaware of the real
situation
deliberately distorting or falsifying
falsifying sorry information or highly
selective
second is reactivity the presence of the
researcher
alters the situation as participant
participants maybe
may be to avoid increased direct
can he influence the research and
number three is the yellow effect
hello effect is typing or given
information about the situation or
participant
might be used to be selective in
subsequent data collection
or may bring about a particular reading
of a subsequent situation
number four is implicated conservation
of interpretive methodology the kind of
research
described in this chapter is the
possible
execution of critical ethnography
and number five is there is
the difficulty for using on the research
participant and may be research too
think to close the situation that gay
neglect certain often aspect of it
and number six is
the openness and the first idea of
studying
situation that focusing on
specific context and situation might
offer
by the difference between context and
situation
rather than their gross similarity
their routine pictures researchers
are good should be as aware of
regulators
as a difference
seven is ignoring context and broader
social
constraints
the situation that implies how highly
contact
bone they are this might neglect rudder
currents and contacts microlevel
research
responding boundaries that exclude
important
macro level factor
number eight is generalization
problems number
six is how to write various realities
and explanation will a representative
will be rich and the last
is who owns the data reports and who has
control over
data release so naturalistic
and ethnography research are important
but problematic research method
in education their widespread
use signal their increasing acceptance
as legitimate and important style of
research
thank you
okay
that's all from us and if you have any
questions please
comment on the youtube
and we will answer it
thank you for your attentions
you
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