Lecture 18 References and bibliography

Summary

This video script discusses the importance of correctly formatting references and bibliography in academic and research documents. It explains the difference between a list of references, which must be cited in the text, and bibliography, which includes additional sources. The script covers various citation styles, including in-text citations and full reference listings, and emphasizes the need for accuracy to avoid plagiarism and ensure proper recognition of other researchers' work. It also provides examples of how to cite different types of sources, such as books, journal articles, and web pages, and stresses the importance of organizing references in alphabetical order for easy accessibility.

Takeaways

• 📚 References are crucial for acknowledging the work of others and ensuring their research influences are recognized in your publication.
• 🔍 Proper referencing helps to avoid plagiarism by giving due credit to the original sources of information.
• 🎓 The difference between a list of references and a bibliography is that the former includes only cited sources, while the latter may include additional sources that influenced the work but were not directly cited.
• 📝 In-text citations are necessary to acknowledge the source of information within the body of the text, typically by mentioning the author's name and publication year.
• 📑 The list of references should provide complete details about the cited sources, including author names, publication year, title, journal or book name, volume, issue number, page numbers, and more.
• 🔑 When citing multiple works by the same author in the same year, use letters (a, b, c) to distinguish between them in both the in-text citation and the list of references.
• 🌐 For web-based references, it's important to include the date of access along with the full URL to ensure the information is traceable.
• 📈 The list of references is typically organized alphabetically to facilitate easy searching and retrieval of cited works.
• 📘 Journals may have specific citation styles, such as using superscript numbers instead of author-year citations, which should be followed as per the journal's guidelines.
• 📋 Unpublished sources should be clearly marked as such and included in the list of references with as much detail as possible.

Q & A

Why are references important in academic writing?

References are crucial in academic writing to ensure that the research influences of others are recognized within your publication. They help give credit for previous work, avoid plagiarism, and allow readers to trace the sources of information and ideas.

What is the difference between a reference and a bibliography?

A reference is a citation that has been specifically cited at least once within the body of the text, whereas a bibliography includes all the sources that have been consulted during the research, not just those cited in the text. A bibliography is typically larger than a list of references.

How should in-text citations be formatted when there is only one author?

For in-text citations with a single author, the author's surname and the publication year are used, such as '(SAR, 2005)'. If the citation is part of a sentence, it can be written as 'SAR (2005) argues that...'.

What is the correct way to cite multiple authors within the text?

When citing two authors, both surnames are used, e.g., 'SAR and CH (2005)'. For three or more authors, the first author's surname is followed by 'et al.' and the year, e.g., 'SAR et al. (2005)'.

How do you handle citations from a source with more than one publication in the same year by the same author(s)?

If an author has published multiple works in the same year, the citations are distinguished by appending lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year, both in the in-text citation and the reference list.

What details are required for a complete reference list entry for a journal article?

A complete reference list entry for a journal article should include the authors, publication year, title of the article, title of the journal, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers of the article.

How should references to web pages be cited in academic writing?

References to web pages should include the author or organization, publication year, title of the web page, 'Available online at', the URL, and the date of access. It's important to provide the full URL and the date when the page was accessed to ensure the information is verifiable.

What is the standard order for listing references in academic documents?

The standard practice is to list references in alphabetical order based on the authors' surnames. This makes it easier for readers to locate specific references within the list.

Why is it important to include all cited references in the reference list at the end of a document?

Including all cited references in the reference list ensures that readers can easily find and verify the sources used in the document. It is a sign of good academic practice and professionalism, and it helps maintain the integrity of the research.

Can unpublished sources be included in a reference list, and if so, how should they be cited?

Unpublished sources can be included in a reference list, but they should be clearly marked as unpublished and include as much detail as possible, such as the author, title, and the fact that it is unpublished, along with any available retrieval information.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to References and Bibliography

The speaker begins by introducing the topic of references and bibliography in academic writing. They emphasize the importance of referencing as a way to give credit to others' research and to avoid plagiarism. The purpose of references is to recognize the influence of previous work on one's own research, whether it's a PhD thesis, dissertation, project report, or manuscript. The speaker also mentions that references are crucial for identifying research gaps and building upon existing knowledge. They highlight the need for correct referencing to ensure originality and increase the chances of publication or funding.

05:01

🔍 Understanding the Difference Between References and Bibliography

This paragraph delves into the distinction between a list of references and a bibliography. The speaker clarifies that a list of references includes only those sources that are cited within the text, while a bibliography may contain additional sources that have informed the research but are not directly cited. The speaker also notes that journals typically require each reference listed to be cited at least once in the text, making the list of references a subset of the bibliography. The importance of in-text citations and providing complete reference details in the list of references is also discussed to ensure that readers can easily locate and access the cited works.

10:03

📝 Citation Styles and Formatting

The speaker provides examples of how to cite sources within the text and in the list of references. They explain that citations usually include the author's surname and publication year within the text, while the list of references requires more detailed information such as author initials, title of the work, journal name, volume and issue numbers, and page ranges. The paragraph also covers how to cite works with multiple authors and how to handle situations where an author has published multiple works in the same year, using letters (a, b, c) to differentiate them. The speaker stresses the importance of consistency and clarity in citation styles to facilitate easy access to the referenced material.

15:04

🌐 Citing Web Pages and Online Resources

This section discusses the citation of web pages and online resources, which are becoming increasingly important in academic research. The speaker advises including the author or organization's name, publication year, title of the web page, and the access date, along with the full URL. They emphasize the need to specify when the web page was accessed due to the potential for web addresses to change over time. The speaker also provides examples of how to format citations for online reports and articles, ensuring that readers can reliably locate the sources.

20:06

📖 Organizing the List of References

The speaker concludes by discussing best practices for organizing the list of references. They recommend arranging references in alphabetical order to facilitate easy searching. The paragraph also touches on the use of numerical citations in some journals, where the order of appearance in the text determines the order in the list of references. The speaker stresses the importance of including all cited references in the list and the need for meticulous organization to reflect professionalism in academic writing. They end by reiterating the significance of proper referencing in ensuring the accessibility and credibility of academic work.

Keywords

💡References

References in academic writing are citations that acknowledge the sources of information, ideas, or direct quotes used in a paper, thesis, or project report. They are crucial for giving credit to the original authors and avoiding plagiarism. In the video, the speaker emphasizes the importance of correctly citing sources to ensure that the research influences are recognized within one's publication, as it helps build upon previous work and demonstrates the originality of one's research.

💡Bibliography

A bibliography is a list of all the sources that one has consulted in researching a topic, whether cited in the text or not. Unlike a list of references, a bibliography includes additional sources that have contributed to the writer's understanding of the subject but may not have been directly cited. The video script discusses the difference between a bibliography and a list of references, noting that a bibliography is generally larger and is not limited to sources that have been cited in the text.

💡Citation

Citation is the act of acknowledging a source of information in the body of a written work. It typically involves mentioning the author's name and the year of publication within the text, with full details provided in the list of references. The video explains that proper citation is essential to avoid plagiarism and to guide readers to the original sources of information. It also provides examples of how to cite single and multiple authors within the text.

💡Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person's work or ideas without proper attribution, which is unethical and can have serious academic and legal consequences. The video script stresses the importance of proper referencing to avoid plagiarism, as it ensures that the original authors' work is acknowledged and that one's own research is presented as original.

💡Originality

Originality in research and academic writing means presenting new ideas, findings, or interpretations that have not been previously published. The video discusses how proper referencing and the use of references demonstrate the gaps in existing knowledge that one's research aims to fill, thereby contributing to the originality of the work.

💡In-text Citation

In-text citation is the mention of an author's name and year of publication within the body of a text, usually in parentheses. It serves as a brief acknowledgment of the source and directs readers to the full citation in the list of references. The video provides examples of in-text citations for different scenarios, such as when there is one author, two authors, or more than two authors.

💡List of References

The list of references is a section at the end of an academic document where all the sources cited within the text are listed in full detail. The video script explains that each entry in the list of references must correspond to a citation within the text, and it should be organized alphabetically for easy access.

💡Publication

In the context of the video, a publication refers to a scholarly article, book, or other forms of research output that has been made available to the public, often through a peer-reviewed process. The speaker discusses the importance of citing publications to acknowledge the contributions of other researchers and to situate one's own work within the existing body of knowledge.

💡Project Proposal

A project proposal is a document submitted when seeking approval and support for a research project. It outlines the objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes of the project. The video mentions that references should also be included in project proposals to demonstrate the researcher's understanding of the existing literature and to show how the proposed project builds upon or differs from previous work.

💡PhD Thesis

A PhD thesis is a substantial piece of written work produced by a candidate for a doctoral degree. It presents original research and is a key part of the qualification process in many fields. The video script highlights the importance of proper referencing in a PhD thesis to demonstrate the candidate's engagement with the existing literature and the originality of their research.

Highlights

Introduction to the importance of references and bibliography in academic writing.

Explanation of why references are crucial for acknowledging the work of others.

The difference between a PhD thesis, dissertation, project report, and manuscript in terms of referencing.

How to avoid plagiarism by correctly citing sources in your work.

The role of references in developing the background of a research topic.

The definition and purpose of referencing in academic publications.

How referencing demonstrates the use of sources and builds upon others' research.

The importance of reading background research before writing a manuscript or project proposal.

The two parts of referencing: citation within the text and the list of references.

The distinction between a list of references and a bibliography.

Why bibliography is generally larger than a list of references.

The requirement for each reference in the list to be cited at least once in the text.

How to cite an author's work within the body of the text and in the list of references.

Examples of in-text citation for different scenarios, including single and multiple authors.

The significance of providing complete details in the list of references for easy access.

How to handle citations when an author has published multiple works in the same year.

Instructions on how to cite web pages and reports in academic references.

The best practice for organizing the list of references in alphabetical order for easy searching.

The importance of professionalism in writing references and the impact on academic credibility.

Conclusion and summary of the key points discussed about references and bibliography.

Transcripts

[Music]

[Music]

hello everyone and uh welcome to all

together a new discussion which is about

the references in bibliography how these

should be written and what are the

differences between references and

biblography that we will be also seeing

and depending on our documents whether

it's a PhD thesis or desertation or

project report or a manuscript

Publications we have to prepare such a

list of references or bibliography as

well as we have been going through in

between we have also covered a few more

points so here we are about to cover

about the references and bibliography

and uh so why references this is very

important question that why we should

put references it is very simple that uh

you know we have to make sure that

whatever the work we are doing if it has

been done already whatever the approach

they have done if it is in the similar

area we have to give the credit so to

ensure that others research influences

are recognized within your publication

sometimes we get an idea while going

through a research publication and then

we start working on that or sometimes by

reading such outputs or research

Publications we get you know we find

that this is the gap which I can fill

through a new study or new project

proposal and therefore I have to give

the reference of that uh paper which I

have used or going to use in my you know

work or publication so here we are only

talking about you know in the

Publications even in case of project

proposals references should also be

given if there are already and as

discussed in the previous video that or

previous lecture that you know sometimes

if in the project proposal if the list

of referen is very short some people

might think otherwise so it doesn't

matter honestly if I have taken

somebody's you know I have read through

I have found interesting I am going to

work further on that I should mention

that one so reference ing basically if I

would like to go through the definition

is the method used to ensure that others

research influences are recognized

within your publication thesis

desertation project proposal project

reports Etc so their work you are

recognizing because hoping that one day

you would be able to produce a good work

and others will recognize and this is

how the references goes on and that

while going through we develop the

background and that really helps to do

further research and further work in

different fields so basically the best

way to give the references if correct

referencing is done then it is the

basically Safeguard or we will be

avoiding cation of pleasur ism which is

a very very serious case about this so

we must take care if I am using

somebody's work I have gone through I

have read I must put in the list of

references also I should site within

that body of the text also further it

also that sometimes if a lot of

references are there and then the

evaluator or even the author gets the

idea that what are the gaps and other

things so referencing also demonstrate

which sources have used and how idea we

built upon the research of others

because what we are trying in the

research domain or any other that we are

trying to find out the gaps in the

knowledge or work and that is what we

are attempting that is why originality

or nobility in work will come and that

is why it will get published or will get

the funding so therefore if we don't

read the others work then we will not be

knowing what they have done and whenever

you are going to write a manuscript or

project proposal which people have

already done or reviewer knows about

that then there are no chances of

Publications or funding respectively so

this is very important thing thing that

reading background research should be

done and then referencing should be done

now there are two parts as earlier

indicated one is the citation within the

text of the paper so if I have gone

through a paper I find useful I want to

mention it so I first I should mention

in the body of the text and also then I

should give complete details about that

reference lastly in the list of

references so and now there are two

terms which are used in this domain that

is reference or references or list of

references and biblography so basically

the major difference between a list of

references or bibliography is that

whenever we say list of references that

means that each reference which is given

in the list of references has been cited

at least once within the body of the

text that is what the list of references

and whenever we write a instr of list of

references or references we write

bibliography bibliography that means

that not all references which are given

in the list under this biblography have

been cited in the text there are many

additional things which are given in the

list but they have not been cited why

because very simple that I might have

gone through many many papers but I have

developed my knowledge or understanding

about a particular thing in in a

particular subject or a specific subject

but directly I'm not using I have not

cited them so bibliography will always

be larger than a list of references that

is what is there so bibliography in that

way is another good thing but depending

because journals will not generally

accept the biblography they want each

reference which have been listed under

the list of references or reference

heading should must have been cited at

at least once within the body of the

text so there are overlaps that is why I

said that the biblography here and the

references or so includes citation of

Works which might not be mentioned in

the text but whereas in the references

everything has been at least cited once

so these are the important things in

case of references and biblography now

there are different ways of citing

somebody's work depending on the format

or guidelin

given by a journal or a document and

there are no standard practice word over

different journals follow different

things but most of the journal follows

one kind of thing that means you site

the work or name of the author which I

will be just showing some examples and

then in the list of reference you

provide the entire detail about that

reference which you have cited so when

you refer or cite or quote from an

author's work in the book body of the

text then it is required to acknowledge

the source in the text and or in the

list of references and this is what is

called in text citation or citation of

the work which has been there generally

it is done by putting author's name

author's surname rather I would say and

then publication year this is given in

the uh body of the text and whereas in

the list of references a complete

details including initials and including

name of other authors there might be

publication in which there are more than

one author or more than two authors so

therefore in the list of reference you

have to give complete details including

the title of the paper which you have

referred including the name of the

journal and volume number Pages

everything has to come the purpose here

is that whoever is going to read that

manuscript or project report if he would

like to see and the work which you have

cited and then you should be able to

reach to that reference very easily

therefore all details related with that

reference whether it is published or

unpublished must be mentioned in the

list of references so if the name of the

authors appear and naturally in the

sentence only the year should be in the

brackets so various requirement various

Styles some of the examples which I am

giving when in text citation when you

are citing within the board of the text

like if you are having one author then

you can write within a sentence like SAR

2005 because there is only one author

and whereas in the sentence you can also

write you know that SAR 2005 argues like

that that that or has done this work

like this this so this is how you phrase

them now when it is more than one author

like two authors then both names should

surname will come

within the body of the text and also in

the list of references when there are

more than two authors like three authors

then within the text body of the text

you will write like this but at the end

all the authors their initials should

come and after that year and other

details will come then if there are you

know organizations who are who has

supported there might be a not single

author you have taken from a port port

or a publication which is by the

organization board not by the individual

then you can write a reference something

like this so this is how the intext

citation some more examples are there

more detailed one like similar

researches we are carried out in India

by SAR 2005 SAR and CH 2005 at all so

here a single author example here is a

two authors example similarly saraf and

Chi showed that there were pre

earthquake thermal anomalies in Iran

before several earthquakes based on time

series data so this you can also write

in this way now here at all is written

when you are having more than two

authors then in the text body of the

text this is written whereas in the list

of references the all authors name will

come if there are two authors surnames

will come and in the list of references

their initials will also come those

things we will be also seeing if I'm

using someone work which is published in

a form of book and there is only single

author I will mention like this so then

the following information then it will

come author name of the author and

published year in the list of references

title of the book edition if later than

first then I have to mention the Edition

and who has published and place of

publication so this will come under the

list of references for example this is

all just example it is don't try to find

out a book written by myself it is just

an example or you can say I'm just

prepared this one just to convey my

point here that when there is a single

author of a book then you would write

like this surname first initials then

year then title of the book who the

whether it is first edition who has

published and likewise this is just

example don't take and start searching a

book like this book with more than three

authors two authors example we have seen

that we have to write their surnames

there but if there more than two authors

then authors public published here title

authors here all details surname and

their initials so first author in case

of the first author surname will come

first and then initials for other

authors it will come initial first and

then surname likewise so here again

example is that SF AK and now these

initials are coming first for BP MRA s

Chri and P host then year and then you

are writing this first edition Taylor

and Francis London again you will not

find this book at all this is just for

example prepared by me to convey my

point now most of the journals I'm

saying not all journals they include the

information or they required the

information in the list of references

like this that the author or authors

then published year title of the article

title of the journal volume Number issue

number in bracket page numbers of the

whole article that means every relevant

details related with that particular

Publications will come here so that a

person who would like to read further

the those papers or those references

which you have referred can reach very

easily that's the purpose here so

references in your text how you would

write and when same author have more

than one publication in the same year

sometimes we have to encounter or we

face this problem that a particular one

author or many authors together have

published many papers in the same year

then how you would write so very simple

way we use the word alphabets a b c and

in the list of references the same way

be mentioned so for example here

and see that whatever is the sentence

then here it says the sarafan CH 2003

2005 a b c and of course it is different

because there are two authors the year

is same but two authors are there so it

can be it is distinct in the list of

references so these three ABC will come

in the list of references as ABC and the

two authors remain common here so that

is the way of writing in text citation

about the author or authors who have

published more than one publication in

the same year using ABC and the same way

in the list of references now in

journals like example I have already

given that previous examples we mostly

from the books now it is from the

journal like uh you are giving authors

details then year then title of the

paper which is the journal page number

and so on similarly another example

about a you can have also B you can also

have C so in the list of references this

is how it will come so whenever in the

body of the text if it is written saraf

and Chi

2005a then automatically it means this

one otherwise 2005 there are three so

therefore we have to make distinction

and ABC can be used so the in the

previous slide which I showed the

examples this is what in the list of

references this is how it will be

written nowadays not many times we are

using web pages and we are using their

reference some are very authentic web

pages from very well reputated

organization so how to write references

about them so we have to provide again

if there are authors or organizations

the publication title of page and of

course we have to mention it is online

another very important thing one should

try always to mention in the list of

references if it is web based

information internet based information

when did you access that page because

today that page is accessible tomorrow

that might not be they might have

changed the address IP address or other

things and then if somebody after 10

years goes and try to see the same link

may not work therefore to ensure that

the the day you submitted a particular

manuscript or project report that date

was accessible so you must mention the

access date and whatever the available

thing and then httpp or s or colon

Double SL and the entire address should

be made available to the readers so that

any time they would like for example

like there is an example free thoughts

2006 earthquakes in Iran a geological

perspective available at this site

accessed on such and such so you are

making sure you are declaring that on

particular day it was available and

after 10 years 5 years I do not have any

responsibility of having because you are

not maintaining that page or portal

somebody else is doing now sometimes

instead of author we page are from

organization so almost in the same way

you write the organization name

publication year title of web page and

the bracket online access data uh with

when you access that date and available

and then full web address should be

given example here is like a Rel B 2003

IVC has this is the title and available

online this this this and the day you

have access you can also write like here

it is written sometimes the addresses

are these Bev addresses htb addresses

are very long but doesn't matter you

have to write there are no shortcuts so

it is fine no problem report if I am

accessing some report many many reports

are also available online so the same

way author uh published year title of

the report online available reference

number if there is one access date

available full address should be given

like here science at Nasa 2006

anticipating earthquakes available

online at this this this and uh then you

can provide also information about

accessed date also and now how this list

of references should be prepared

generally it is in the alphabetical

order so you sort out in alphabetic it

is not the way it has appeared in the

body of the text because the searching

if there are more than 10 15 20 depends

on what kind of report or manuscript you

are if it is a review article there

might be 30 40 references so how would

one search so the best practice which is

being followed is in alphabetical order

the list of

references so that for example here I

have presented from a publication that

see the list of references here are have

been sorted out H in alphabetical order

so therefore the searching within the

list of references becomes much easier

it is not the way they have appeared the

first one that here emsc that doesn't

mean that this has appeared first in the

text and later other references have

come after that not not like that so

this is a good practice of and this is

follow but sometimes some journals are

having allog together different way of

citing a reference and preparing a list

of references so for example our current

science in India or some other journals

maybe elsewhere and they don't write

like within the body of the text they

don't write author name and year they

will in a super script they will write

the number and that number should match

in the list of references so that list

of references in not in alphabetical

order the list of references as per the

reference appeared in the body of the

text and searching in the list of

references becomes equally easy because

the number is given so if it has

appeared number as one then in the list

of reference it would be one but the

problem is that I do not know who is one

when it is written in the superscript

form so then I have to check so that is

the problem with this kind of style of

writing citation and references but most

of the journals will follow in other way

which we have just discussed before uh

this discussion so references s should

not include unpublished Source materials

even if you have included you must

mention that this work is unpublished

and provide allog together whatever the

details are possible also should provide

list of references at the end of text

should be in the following format what

are those format like here this is the

example of current science where you

don't see within the body of the text

surname of any authors and in the list

of references so this way here it can be

written like here see the one or two

there are references so this is just

zoom part of that one on the right side

so here it says one and two so when I

will go on the list of references the

number one and number two and these are

the references first time they have

appeared in the body of the text and

first they have not first time but first

they have appeared and therefore they

have got number one and two so in the

list of references that would be one and

two so we are coming to the end of this

very important discussion I let me tell

you from my own experience whenever I go

through a PhD thesis or digitation or a

project proposal many many people are

are writing references in a very bad

Manner and that doesn't show a good

professionalism in this such kind of

domain because everything has to be very

nicely meticulously mentioned or written

there the purpose here as recall the

initial discussion under this uh lecture

is that the purpose here that one should

be able to reach very easily the

reference which has been given in the

list of references and therefore it is

important that everything should be

organized in a very nice manner

especially in the

manuscripts desertation PhD thesis and

project reports because this these

things matters if there are references

which have been say cited in the text

and missing in the list of references it

is again very bad so therefore it is

very very important that all those

references which have been cited in the

text must appear in the list of

references so I gave the example like

one and two in the current science

method so they give the number and it is

not sorted out alphabetically it is the

way the references have appeared they

will appear like this so with this I end

this discussion thank you very much

[Music]