SCIENCE 8 - QUARTER 2 - WEEK 1 - EARTHQUAKES AND FAULTS - MELC-BASED
Summary
TLDRThis video provides an informative overview of earthquakes, focusing on their causes and effects. It explains how faults in the Earth's crust result in earthquakes and illustrates this with hands-on activities demonstrating fault movement. The video also covers different types of faults (normal, reverse, and strike-slip), the role of energy and friction in earthquakes, and the importance of understanding earthquakes to minimize damage. Additionally, it discusses seismology, the study of earthquakes, and highlights agencies like PHIVOLCS that monitor seismic activity in the Philippines.
Takeaways
- 🌋 The Philippines is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region known for frequent earthquakes and volcanic activities.
- ❌ Earthquakes are associated with faults, contrary to the initial false statement in the script.
- 📊 A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where significant movement has occurred, not a static break.
- 🌏 Energy from the Earth's interior exerts force on rocks along faults, causing them to bend and eventually leading to earthquakes.
- 🏞️ Mountains and valleys are formed by different geological processes, not merely by land sinking.
- 🔍 Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes, and seismologists are the experts in this field.
- 🏛️ In the Philippines, PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) is the agency responsible for monitoring earthquakes and fault movements.
- 🏡 Earthquakes can cause significant loss of life and property damage, emphasizing the importance of understanding and preparing for them.
- 🧪 Educational activities, such as the cardboard and sand experiment, can simulate fault movements and help visualize how earthquakes occur.
- 🔑 There are three main types of faults: normal, reverse, and strike-slip, each with distinct characteristics and effects on the Earth's surface.
Q & A
What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?
-The Pacific Ring of Fire refers to the region around the Pacific Ocean that is commonly hit by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
What causes earthquakes to occur along faults?
-Earthquakes occur when rocks along a fault suddenly move due to the force exerted by energy from inside the Earth.
What is the difference between a normal fault and a reverse fault?
-In a normal fault, rock layers are pulled apart and one section moves downward relative to the other due to gravity. In a reverse fault, rock layers are squeezed together and one section is pushed upward relative to the other.
How does the 'stick and slip' model explain the occurrence of earthquakes?
-The 'stick and slip' model explains that rocks along faults are initially stuck together due to friction. When the force from the Earth's interior overcomes this friction, the rocks suddenly slip, causing an earthquake.
What is the role of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) in monitoring earthquakes?
-PHIVOLCS is the national agency in the Philippines responsible for monitoring earthquakes and fault movements.
What is the significance of understanding earthquakes for society?
-Understanding earthquakes helps society prepare and respond to such devastating events, potentially avoiding or reducing the loss of life and damage to property.
How can the activity with cardboard and sand demonstrate the concept of a fault?
-The activity shows that when two sheets of cardboard are pulled apart, a break or crack forms in the sand, simulating how a fault is a break in the Earth's crust with significant movement along the break.
What is the difference between a mountain and a valley in terms of land formation?
-A mountain is a large mass of land that rises above the ground, while a valley is a lower part of the land between two higher parts, which might be mountains or hills.
What are the three types of faults mentioned in the script?
-The three types of faults mentioned are normal fault, reverse fault, and strike-slip fault.
Why are some countries like Japan, Indonesia, and the Philippines more prone to earthquakes?
-These countries are more prone to earthquakes because they are located within the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region known for its seismic and volcanic activity.
Outlines
🌋 Earthquakes and the Ring of Fire
The video segment discusses the Philippines' location along the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It explains that earthquakes are associated with faults, which are breaks in the Earth's crust where significant movement occurs. The segment also clarifies misconceptions about earthquakes and faults, emphasizing the role of energy from within the Earth in causing earthquakes. It introduces the importance of understanding earthquakes for safety and the role of seismology and seismologists in studying them. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is highlighted as the national agency responsible for monitoring earthquakes and fault movements in the country.
🔍 Understanding Faults Through Activities
This part of the script involves a hands-on activity to demonstrate the concept of faults. It instructs viewers to use materials like cardboard, sand, and a ruler to simulate the formation of a fault. By moving the cardboard sheets, a crack or break in the sand is created, illustrating how faults form. The activity also shows how lines on the sand are displaced, similar to how roads or landscapes can be altered by fault movements. The script explains that faults are breaks in the Earth's crust with significant movement and that there are different types of faults, including normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults. The activity helps viewers visualize how the ground can be pulled apart, forming valleys, or pushed together, forming mountains.
🏠 Earthquake Simulation with a Rubber Band Model
The video script describes an activity using small boxes, a rubber band, and a paper clip to simulate an earthquake. The setup represents how friction along a fault can cause the ground to stick together until the force overcomes the friction, leading to a sudden movement or earthquake. The activity demonstrates the 'stick and slip' mechanism that occurs along faults, where the ground does not move immediately due to friction but eventually slips, causing an earthquake. The script encourages viewers to build their own models to better understand this process and the role of friction in earthquake generation.
🌐 The Impact and Study of Earthquakes
This section discusses the broader implications of earthquakes, noting their potential for causing significant damage and loss of life but also their role in helping scientists understand the Earth's inner layers. It emphasizes the importance of understanding earthquake occurrences to prepare for and mitigate their effects. The script includes a self-check quiz for viewers to test their knowledge on topics covered in the video, such as the definition of an earthquake, types of faults, the study of earthquakes (seismology), and the reasons behind the occurrence of earthquakes in certain regions like the Pacific Ring of Fire.
📝 Review and Conclusion
The final part of the script is a review of the key points covered in the video, including the role of friction in preventing immediate movement along faults and the factors that contribute to the occurrence of earthquakes. It also provides answers to the self-check quiz, reinforcing the learning outcomes. The segment concludes by congratulating viewers for their engagement and encouraging them to continue learning about earthquakes and related geological phenomena.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Pacific Ring of Fire
💡Fault
💡Seismology
💡Friction
💡Earthquake
💡Seismologist
💡Fault Types
💡Stick and Slip
💡Energy Release
💡Displacement
💡Tectonic Plates
Highlights
Philippines is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Earthquakes are associated with faults, where rocks along a fault move suddenly.
A fault is a break in the earth's crust where significant movement has occurred.
Energy from inside the earth exerts force on rocks along faults, causing them to bend.
Mountains are not formed by land sinking; they are large masses of land that rise above the ground.
Seismology is the study of earthquakes, and seismologists are scientists who study them.
In the Philippines, PHIVOLCS monitors earthquakes and fault movements.
Understanding earthquakes can help reduce loss of life and property damage.
An earthquake is the sudden shaking caused by the release of energy from inside the earth.
Faults can be normal, reverse, or strike-slip, each with different movement characteristics.
The stick-slip model demonstrates how friction can lead to sudden releases of energy causing earthquakes.
Earthquakes can provide insights into the earth's inner layers and help us prepare for such events.
Major earthquakes can be devastating, but they also offer opportunities for scientific understanding.
Friction plays a crucial role in the delay of rock movement along faults.
The roughness of rocks is a factor that keeps them from slipping past each other.
Learning about earthquakes can help in predicting and mitigating their effects.
Countries like Japan, Indonesia, and the Philippines are within the Pacific Ring of Fire due to their location.
Transcripts
[Music]
are you ready
let's get started
number one
philippines is located along the pacific
ring of fire
[Music]
excellent the correct answer is true
the ring of fire refers to the region
around the pacific ocean
that is commonly hit by earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions
some of the countries in the pacific
ring of fire are japan
indonesia and the philippines
number two
earthquakes are not associated with
faults
[Music]
you are right
the statement is false
earthquakes occur when rocks along a
fault suddenly move
number three
a fault is a break in the earth's crust
and along the break no movement has
taken place
[Music]
correct that is false it is true that
the fault is a break in the earth's
crust and along the break significant
movement has taken place
but how do falls produce tweaks we will
learn that later
number four
energy from inside the earth exerts a
force on the rocks
[Music]
that's right
energy from inside the earth exerts a
force on the wraps along faults
this energy from inside the earth makes
the rocks bend
using a model later
we will see how this happens
number
five when a portion of the land sinks
a mountain is formed
[Music]
that's right the statement is false
mountain is a large mass of land that
rises above the ground while the valley
is a lower part of the land between two
higher parts which might be mountains or
heels
did you get the correct answer
then you are doing great
earthquake is used to describe the
sudden shaking and trembling caused by
the sudden release of energy from inside
the earth
try to look at these pictures
what do you see
why do we need to learn earthquakes
strong earthquakes have caused countless
deaths all over the world and no one can
stop quakes from happening
no wonder scientists have been working
very hard to find a way to predict when
an earthquake occurs
[Music]
the study of an earthquake is called
seismology
the scientists who study earthquakes are
called seismologists
in the philippines the national agency
concerned in monitoring the earthquakes
and fault movements is the fivos or the
philippine institute of volcanology and
seismology
there are things that people can do to
avoid or reduce the loss of life and
damage to property the first step is to
have a clear understanding of the
occurrence of the earthquakes
now let us watch this news clip and try
to think carefully about it what would
you feel if you are living in these
areas
an earthquake is one of the most
frightening things that anyone can ever
experience
you grow up believing that the earth is
rock solid and steady
but then the ground suddenly shakes and
you do not know what to believe anymore
earthquakes are associated with faults
when a fault suddenly moves an
earthquake occurs
do you know what a fault is
let us perform this activity a fault is
set up in this activity
we will be needing two sheets of
cardboard
fine sand
ruler
sheets of paper or newspaper
the first thing that we need to do is to
spread the sheet of paper on a table
[Music]
then arrange the two sheets of cardboard
edge to edge
four sand along the boundary of the two
sheets
with a ruler flatten the top of the sand
and make two parallel lines
[Music]
now move the sheets slowly in the
opposite direction
[Music]
now let us try to answer these questions
as you move the sheets what is formed in
the sand
a crack is formed in the sand or we can
also see that a break is formed in the
sand
[Music]
what happens to the lines
[Music]
we can see
that the lines moved
it is shifted or displaced
try to look at this picture carefully
maybe you are thinking that the road was
originally in one piece
but the road is no longer continuous
there is a cut across the road and now
there are two sections
one section has move with respect to the
other
compare what you see in the picture and
what you saw in the activity
is there something in the picture that
looks like what was formed in the
activity
do you see anything similar
based on the activity and the picture
you can probably guess what a fault is
by now
fault is a break or a fracture in the
earth's crust and along the brick
significant movement has taken place
the word break refers to a crack in the
ground
the world crust refers to the outermost
layer of the earth
we live on the surface of the crust
significant movement means the rocks
have been displaced or shifted
considerably
[Music]
this time get the box and cut it in the
middle
[Music]
place one box over the other one
put sand in the nested boxes
shake the box side to side so that the
surface of the sand will become level
[Music]
now we will slowly pull the sides of the
boxes and observe
we can see that the two parallel cracks
formed in the sand
let us continue to pull the box cover
and observe
the sand in the middle of the crack
subsides or move down
forming a depression
this simulates what happens when the
ground is pulled apart by forces within
the earth
[Music]
falls form
a portion of the land sinks and a valley
is formed
[Music]
now let us reassemble the box covers as
before
do not forget to make the surface of the
sand flat
this time let us push the sides of the
box covers
toward each other and observe what
happens
as we can see the opposite happens
instead of the sand sinking the sand
forms a tiny ridge
unfortunately this model does not show a
craft in the sand that would represent a
fault
in the real world a fault is formed when
the ground is squeezed by forces from
inside the earth a portion of the land
is pushed up and mountains are formed
[Music]
there are three types of faults the
normal fault the reverse fault and the
strike's default in the normal fault the
rock layers in the earth's crust are
pulled apart and gravity causes one
section to move downward in relation to
the other
[Music]
[Applause]
while in the reverse fault the rough
layers in the earth's crust are squeezed
together and the force pushes one
section upward about the other
[Music]
then the strike sleeve fall forms when
the rock layers on the opposite sides of
the falls slide past each other
horizontally
[Music]
but how do falls produce quakes now that
you have an idea of how faults look let
us learn how earthquakes occur along
faults
let's do another activity
stick and sleep
this will show us how earthquakes are
related to falls
in this activity two small boxes are
needed the cartons that fruit juice
drinks are packaged in are perfect
scotch tape or masking tape
rubber band and a paper clip
you can also try this at home
let's start
first attach the rubber band to the
paper clip
[Music]
then attach the paper clip to one end of
one box
[Music]
place the boxes side by side
lightly tape the two boxes together then
put a toy house on the box with the
rubber band
remember do not stick the tape on the
boxes too much the tape is meant to come
off
then third hold the box without the
rubber band in place with your other
hand slowly pull on the rubber band the
rubber band should be pulled forward and
horizontally not sideways
upward or
downward it is expected the box will not
move at first because it is steep to the
other box
question
what happens to the rubber band
you are correct the rubber band
stretches
now keep on pulling on the rubber band
[Music]
question
what happens to the box attached to the
rubber
[Music]
band right the box jerks forward
[Music]
what about the house what happens to the
house
you're correct the house falls over
which is fault in this setup
if you think that the fault in the setup
is the boundary between the two boxes
then you are correct
as the box jerks forward this simulates
the sudden movement that occurs along a
fault
in this activity the tape represents
friction in real life
do you still remember what friction is
you are right friction is the resistance
to motion of one object moving relative
to another
if the tape is too sticky it will never
come off no matter how much rubber band
is pulled
but since we tape it on just enough then
the box jerks free from the tape as we
pull the rubber band
imagine the boxes as the ground and the
boundary between them as fault
in real world terms this is what happens
energy from inside the earth exerts a
force on the rocks along faults
but the rocks do not move right away
because of friction
[Music]
the roughness of the rocks keeps them
from slipping past each other
but when the limit is reached the rocks
suddenly sleep and an earthquake occurs
[Music]
some scientists describe this process as
a stick and slip at first the rocks are
stuck together due to friction
later the rocks suddenly slip generating
an earthquake
every time a fault slips the earthquakes
in our activity there was a sudden jerk
but no shaking the boxes did not shake
as in a real earthquake
can you make your false model if so what
materials will you use
can you also demonstrate to us your
fault model
[Music]
although major earthquakes can kill
thousands of people and can cost a lot
of money for damage to repair
earthquakes can also have positive
benefits for humans it helps us to
understand nature
it also allows scientists to study the
earth's inner layer
and understanding earthquakes helps us
to prepare and respond to such
devastating events
if we have a clear understanding of the
occurrence of the earthquakes we can
avoid or reduce the loss of life and
damage to property
let us have a self check
try to answer the following questions
grab a paper and a pen then write down
your answer you may pause the video if
you need more time
[Music]
number one
it is described as the sudden shaking
and trembling caused by the sudden
release of energy from inside the earth
a fault
b friction
c earthquake
d seismology
[Music]
number two
which type of fault is this
a reverse
b normal c strike slip d stick and slip
[Music]
number three
the study of earthquakes
a fault
b earthquake c seismology the friction
[Music]
number four
earthquakes happen along a fault line
which of the following is not true about
faults
a it can be found in the land
b it is where fault cyclone starts
see it is the break in the earth's crust
d
none of the above
[Music]
number five
this is the process refers to the fast
movement between two sides of a fault
wherein the friction is overcome
resulting in a sudden movement or
shaking of the ground
a stick and shake b
stick and bend
c
stick and vibrate
d
stick and slip
[Music]
number six
earthquakes are common occurrence in
japan indonesia and in the philippines
why is this so
a they are located near the equator
b they are considered archipelagic
countries
c they are found within the pacific ring
of fire and d they are surrounded by
seas
[Music]
number seven
what will most likely happen every time
a fall sleeps
a
there will be no movement at all
b the rocks will suddenly sleep and will
generate an earthquake
c the rocks will be stuck together
d there will be movement right away
[Music]
number eight
what philippine agency is concerned
about monitoring fault movement
a philippine institute of volcanology
and seismology or fevox
b philippine atmospheric geophysical and
astronomical services administration or
pagasa c department of labor and
employment or dole
d department of environment and natural
resources or danr
[Music]
number nine
energy from inside the earth makes the
ground move which of the following is
the reason why there is no movement
right away
a friction causes a delay in the
movement of the ground b the rapid
release of energy causes a delay in the
movement of the ground see
there is no movement right away because
of the vibration of the rocks d there is
no movement right away because of the
bending of the rocks
[Music]
number 10
which factor keeps the rocks from
sleeping past each other
a the depth of the rocks
b
the roughness of the rock
c the arrangement of rocks
d the bending of the rocks
[Music]
now let us check your answers
[Music]
congratulations i am sure that you've
learned something new today thank you
for watching
[Music]
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