Grade 10 SCIENCE | Quarter 3 Module 5 | Evidences of Evolution

Summary

This educational video explores the evidence for evolution in grade 10 science, focusing on four key areas: fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information. It explains how fossils document extinct species and their relation to modern ones, the significance of homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures in comparative anatomy, the implications of similar early embryonic stages across species, and the role of genetic mutations in species evolution. The video uses examples like horse and whale evolution, and human-chimpanzee DNA comparison to illustrate these points.

Takeaways

• 🌱 **Evolution Defined**: Evolution is the change in inherited traits over generations, allowing organisms to adapt and survive.
• 📚 **Learning Competency**: The goal is to explain how fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic information provide evidence for evolution.
• 🦴 **Fossil Records**: These are traces of past life preserved in rocks, documenting extinct species and their relation to present-day organisms.
• 🔍 **Types of Fossils**: Focus is on imprints (external molds) and compressions (preserved tissues with organic material).
• ⏳ **Dating Fossils**: Relative dating using methods like carbon-14 helps determine the age of fossils.
• 🐎 **Evolution Example**: Fossils show the evolution of horses and whales, with changes in anatomy over time.
• 🔬 **Comparative Anatomy**: Studies similarities and differences in structures across species, indicating common ancestry.
• 🔄 **Homologous Structures**: Similar body parts across species that evolved from a common ancestor, like the limbs of cats, whales, and bats.
• 🔄 **Analogous Structures**: Body parts that perform the same function but evolved from different ancestors, like wings of birds, insects, and bats.
• 🔄 **Vestigial Structures**: Body parts no longer useful in current species but were functional in ancestors, like the whale's pelvic bones.
• 👶 **Embryonic Development**: Similarities in early embryos of different species suggest a common ancestry.
• 🧬 **Genetic Information**: Small mutations in DNA over time can lead to significant evolutionary changes, as seen in the close genetic similarity between humans and chimpanzees.

Q & A

What is the definition of evolution as mentioned in the script?

Evolution is defined as the change in inherited traits over successive generations in populations of organisms, allowing them to adapt and survive in their environment.

What are the four main evidences of evolution discussed in the script?

The four main evidences of evolution discussed are fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information.

What are the two main types of fossils that the script focuses on?

The script focuses on imprints and compressions as the two main types of fossils.

How are the ages of fossils determined according to the script?

The ages of fossils are determined using relative dating and radioactive isotopes, with carbon-14 being one of the best-known methods.

What is an example of fossil records provided in the script for horse evolution?

The script provides an example of horse evolution where the fossil records show differences in the hooves or forefoot of horses, with modern horses having a single bone and older fossils showing extra parts.

How do homologous structures serve as evidence for evolution?

Homologous structures, which are body parts of organisms that may perform different functions but are of the same origin, serve as evidence for evolution by indicating that organisms evolved from common ancestors.

What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

Homologous structures are body parts that share a common origin and may have different functions, while analogous structures are body parts that perform the same function but have different origins.

What are vestigial structures and how do they relate to evolution?

Vestigial structures are body parts that are no longer useful or are remnants from a previous ancestor where they were functional. They relate to evolution as they represent traits that have been retained over time despite no longer serving their original purpose.

How does embryonic development provide evidence for evolution?

Embryonic development provides evidence for evolution by showing that many organisms have similar embryos at early stages, suggesting a common ancestry, even though they may diverge significantly in later stages.

What is the significance of genetic information in understanding evolution?

Genetic information is significant in understanding evolution because small mutations in DNA can lead to the evolution of new species. The script mentions that even a single insertion, deletion, or substitution can lead to major changes, and over time, these changes can accumulate to result in evolution.

How similar are human and chimpanzee DNA according to the script?

The script states that humans and chimpanzees have 98.8 percent similar DNA, making them very closely related genetically.

Outlines

00:00

🌱 Introduction to Evolution Evidence

The paragraph introduces the topic of evolution evidence within a grade 10 science module. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic information substantiate evolution. Evolution is defined as the change in inherited traits over generations, allowing organisms to adapt. The paragraph outlines four key evidences of evolution: fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information. Fossil records are described as traces of past life preserved in sedimentary rocks, with a focus on imprints and compressions. The method of relative dating using isotopes like carbon-14 is mentioned for determining the age of fossils. Examples of fossil records, such as horse and whale evolution, are provided to illustrate the concept.

05:01

🐾 Fossil Records and Comparative Anatomy

This section delves into the evidence of evolution through fossil records and comparative anatomy. Fossil records are highlighted as strong evidence, showing the evolution of species like horses and whales over millions of years. The paragraph then transitions to comparative anatomy, which examines structural similarities and differences among species. It introduces homologous structures—body parts from a common ancestor that may have different functions—as evidence of shared evolutionary history. Examples such as the forelimbs of cats, whales, and bats are used to illustrate this point. The concept of divergent evolution is related to homologous structures, showing how species can evolve different traits from a common ancestor.

10:03

🔍 Analogous and Vestigial Structures

The paragraph discusses analogous structures, which are body parts that perform the same function but have different origins, exemplified by the wings of birds, insects, and bats. This leads to the concept of convergent evolution, where different species develop similar traits despite distinct ancestors. Vestigial structures are also covered; these are body parts no longer useful in their current form, such as the pelvic bones in whales, wings of ostriches, and the human appendix. Each example illustrates how vestigial structures are remnants of ancestral traits that were once functional.

15:07

👶 Embryonic Development and Genetic Evidence

The paragraph explores embryonic development as evidence for evolution, noting that many organisms share similar early embryonic stages, suggesting common ancestry. It contrasts the early similarities with the divergence in later stages of development. The final part of the paragraph focuses on genetic information as evidence for evolution, discussing how mutations in DNA can lead to significant changes and new species over time. The close genetic relationship between humans and chimpanzees is highlighted, with a comparison of their chromosomes and a mention of the small genetic differences that exist between them.

20:10

🧬 Recap and Conclusion

The final paragraph summarizes the key points discussed in the video script, which include the four evidences of evolution: fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information. It reiterates the importance of these evidences in understanding the evolutionary process and how they collectively support the theory of evolution. The paragraph concludes with a call to action for viewers to like and subscribe for more educational content, indicating the end of the lesson.

Keywords

💡Evolution

Evolution refers to the change in inherited traits over successive generations in populations of organisms. It is the central theme of the video, explaining how organisms adapt and survive in their environment. The script discusses various evidences of evolution, such as fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information, all of which support the concept of evolution.

💡Fossil Records

Fossil records are traces of organisms that lived in the past and were preserved by natural processes or catastrophic events. They serve as a historical account of life on Earth, documenting the existence of extinct species and their relation to present-day species. In the script, examples like the evolution of horses and whales are used to illustrate how fossil records provide evidence for evolution.

💡Comparative Anatomy

Comparative anatomy is the study of the similarities and differences in the structures of different species. It helps in understanding the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The script mentions three types of structures: homologous, analogous, and vestigial, which are used to explain how organisms evolved from common ancestors or adapted to different functions.

💡Homologous Structures

Homologous structures are body parts of organisms that may perform different functions but share the same origin. This concept supports the idea of common ancestry. The script gives examples such as the limbs of cats, whales, and bats, which have similar bone structures despite their different functions, indicating a shared evolutionary history.

💡Analogous Structures

Analogous structures are body parts that perform the same function but have different origins. They are a result of convergent evolution, where different species evolve similar traits independently. The script compares bird wings, insect wings, and bat wings, which all serve the function of flight but evolved in different classes of animals.

💡Vestigial Structures

Vestigial structures are body parts that are no longer useful or are remnants from a previous ancestor where they were functional. They provide evidence of an organism's evolutionary past. The script mentions the pelvic bones in whales, the wings of ostriches, and the human appendix as examples of vestigial structures.

💡Embryonic Development

Embryonic development is the early stage of an organism's life cycle that begins after fertilization. The script suggests that many organisms have similar embryos, which supports the idea of common ancestors. It uses the example of gill slits in the early embryos of lizards, turtles, pigs, and humans to illustrate this point.

💡Genetic Information

Genetic information refers to the DNA and its mutations that can lead to evolutionary changes. Small mutations in DNA can accumulate over time, leading to the evolution of new species. The script connects genetic information to the concept of mutations and how they contribute to the diversity of life forms.

💡Divergent Evolution

Divergent evolution is the process by which species that have a common ancestor evolve different traits over time. The script uses the example of dog breeds evolving from wolves to illustrate how divergent evolution leads to the development of distinct species from a common ancestor.

💡Convergent Evolution

Convergent evolution is the process by which different species evolve similar traits independently due to similar environmental pressures or needs. The script explains this concept through the example of echolocation in bats and whales, which have evolved this ability despite having distinct ancestors.

Highlights

Evolution is defined as the change in inherited traits over generations, allowing organisms to adapt and survive.

Fossil records provide evidence of extinct species related to present-day organisms.

Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks and come in six main types, with imprints and compressions being the focus.

Relative dating using radioactive isotopes, like carbon-14, helps determine the age of fossils.

Fossil evidence shows the evolution of horses and whales, with changes in hooves and blowholes over time.

Comparative anatomy examines similarities and differences in structures across species.

Homologous structures indicate common ancestry despite different functions, like the limbs of cats, whales, and bats.

Analogous structures perform the same function but have different origins, such as wings in birds, insects, and bats.

Vestigial structures are remnants from ancestors, like the pelvic bones in whales and the appendix in humans.

Embryonic development shows similarities in early stages across species, suggesting common ancestors.

Genetic information and mutations, such as DNA changes, contribute to the evolution of new species.

Humans and chimpanzees share 98.8% similar DNA, highlighting their close evolutionary relationship.

Amino acid sequences in hemoglobin are identical in humans and chimpanzees, but differ in other species.

The lesson concludes with a recap of the four evidences of evolution: fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information.

Transcripts

hi students welcome back to my channel

for today our lesson is all about the

evidences of evolution

[Music]

this is module 5 of grade 10 science and

our most essential learning competency

is to explain how fossil records

comparative anatomy and genetic

information provide evidence for

evolution

what is evolution in the first place

evolution is the change in inherited

traits over successive generations

in populations of organisms

this change allowed organisms to adapt

and survive in their environment

mutations

we will be discussing four evidences of

evolution

first we have fossil records

second comparative anatomy

third embryonic development and fourth

genetic information

let's start with fossil records

what are fossils or fossil records

fossil records are traces of organisms

that lived in the past and were

preserved by natural process or

catastrophic events

fossils document the existence of now

extinct

past species that are related to present

day species

fossils are usually found in sedimentary

rocks just like what is shown in the

picture on the screen

there are six main types of fossils

however we will be focusing on two

those are

imprints

and

compressions

what is the difference between the two

imprints are shallow external molds left

by animal or plant tissues with little

or no organic materials present komo

papansina tends at the example

outline

organism

sedimentary rock or any type of frag

where the fossil is found that's why

it's called imprint

on the other hand

compressions are animal or plant tissues

preserved in sedimentary rocks and is

formed with more

organic material

so possible you miss smoke plot or

animal

sediment

organic materials

the next question is how are the ages of

fossils determined

scientists have two methods

first is

relative dating

when we say relative dating

the age of rock is compared to the other

rock players relative we relate

the age of rocks so usually

isotopes radioactive isotopes and one of

them is carbon-14

that's why this method is one of the

best-known methods of dating fossils

now what is an example of

fossil records that we can use

in

this discussion

the picture shown on your screen is the

evolution of a horse

aside from that

if we examine the hooves or the forefoot

of these horses we can see differences

in the modern horse we can see that the

bone is like a single bone

whereas i should go back in time

extra parts

and that is found in fossils of these

horses

another thing

is

fossil record of whale evolution

the one on the uppermost left is a

pakistatus which lived about 56 to 41

million years ago

it was believed to be the ancestor of

the whale

and this lived 47 million years ago

[Music]

the third picture shows the

fossil remains of edordon

which lived

around 40 to 33 million years ago and

this is a fully aquatic animal already

my limbs

yeah

and then we have the ballena

parang

baliena it is the most recent whale

ancestor and we can see that it is quite

similar to

the dorado except

only to support nato compared to support

nato

so you see that

these four species are believed to be

the ancestors of the

whale

and

we can see that

up to present meron paring pelvis

also if we look at the head of the whale

based on fossil records we can see that

the nose trails

seem to be

located near the end of the nose

okay

as

years went by

blowholes

so therefore we can say that fossil

records

serve as strong evidences for evolution

because we can actually

compare

or visualize what is the appearance of a

species millions of years ago or for

different eras

next the next evidence is comparative

anatomy comparative anatomy is the study

of the similarities and differences in

the structures of different species and

here we will be discussing three types

of structures we have homologous

structures analogous structures and

vestigial structures what is the

difference among the three let's start

with homologous structures

homologous structures

are body parts of organisms that may

perform different functions but are of

the same origin so bhaga natina sabina

marantine lower are merentating wrist

marantine palm maritime fingers

cats whales and bats have similar

features

although

the limbs of cats

whales and bats have different functions

the presence of homologous structures is

a strong indicator that the organisms

evolved from common ancestors

so these similar parts are colored the

same for example

same with the regions the ulna pulse

metacarpals and the phalanges

homologous structures is related to a

concept we call divergent evolution

divergent evolution simply tells us that

although specific species

have common ancestors

they adapt different traits for example

on the left side of the screen

we can say that

all dog species came from wolves

but then we have different dog breeds we

have different dog species similarly

zebras

donkeys and horses are related but they

come from only one ancestor

up next is

analogous structures so how is this

different from

homologous structures

analogous structures are body parts of

organisms that may perform the same

function but are of different origins

for example we can compare bird wings

insect wings and bat wings

all these three organisms come from

kingdom

animalia however they are from different

classes birds came from

class aves

butterflies come from

class insecta and

bats are of course

class mammalia

so although they have different classes

they are all able to fly

so all of these structures are used for

the same function for flying however

each organism has a distinct ancestor

homologous structure

and if homologous structures are related

to divergent evolution

analogous structures are

related to convergent evolution this

means that

two or different species evolve similar

traits in spite of having

distinct ancestors just like bats and

whales they both are capable of what we

call echolocation or

they can find something by just

releasing sound and that sound helps

them find food or helps them in their

hunting

the next type of structures is vestigial

structures

vestigial structures are body parts that

are useless or left over from a previous

ancestor

in which they were useful

if you remember we have discussed about

the fossil records of whales

modern whales are found to still have

pelvic bones and obitum pelvic bones

nato pelvic bones are like hip bones

hip bones

and this is related to the ancient

whales

we regard this pelvic bones as vestigial

structures

the wings of ostriches are also regarded

as vestigial structures buckets

the wings of an ostrich are too small to

allow them to fly

also

we have cave fish if you compare a cave

fish with the surface fish

cave fish

cave fish

this means that these eyes are

considered as vestigial structures

for humans we have a few vestigial

structures first of them is the appendix

maybe you have heard of some people who

were treated

with appendicitis

so the basa

it's a possible cause of appendicitis

however the appendix itself is a

vestigial structure

the next one is the wisdom tooth

that's why it is considered as a

vestigial structure

ancestor

another vestigial structure of humans

are the bones found in the external ear

according to scientists

there are bones in the external ear

that allow our ancestors to move the

ears salimbawa

that is a previous function of our

ancestors but now we do not need it

finally we also have tail bones if we

examine our skeletal system we will

notice that at the end of the vertebrae

we have a bone there which

is like a tail

so possible

millions of years ago humans

have tails sabine latiba

tayo dao i evolved from

chimpanzees

separate discussion about chimpanzees

let's go now to the third evidence of

evolution and that is embryonic

development

embryonic development is the portion of

the life cycle that begins just after

fertilization

many organisms have similar embryos

supporting the idea of common ancestors

embryonic

on the first column we have the embryo

of a lizard

second column the embryo of a tortoise

or the turtle

third

column the embryo of a pig and then

finally the embryo of

a human so early stages

therefore we can say that

these organisms are somehow related also

maikita dinata in the early stages of

the embryos have gill slits even the

humans and gills

is

here we can say that the appearance of

the early stage embryos of different

organisms look alike but then the

differences come when they reach the

middle stage and

of course the mature stage

finally let's go to the last

evidence of evolution we have genetic

information

this is related to our previous lesson

about

mutations in module 4.

here we can say that small mutations are

changes in the dna eventually lead to

the evolution of new species

if in our previous discussion we said

that

a single insertion or a single deletion

or a single substitution could lead to a

major change in appearance

syndrome

young klein filter syndrome

young sickle cell anemia

cystic fibrosis

is

these small changes

over time can lead to evolution

here at the bottom part of the slide we

can see different organisms

we have the human

we have the macaque which is an old

world monkey and then we have the dog

the bird then the frog and then the

lamprey which is an aquatic vertebrae

amino acid differences so

young closest relative nothing

if your answer is the monkey your answer

is correct

however there is a specific breed or

specie of a monkey that is the closest

to us and that is the chimpanzee

here i am showing you the chromosomes of

humans and chimpanzees placed side by

side if you remember i have told you in

my previous videos that humans have 46

chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes

on the other hand

chimpanzees have

48 chromosomes

chromosome number two kunsan instead of

statistically humans and chimpanzees

have 98.8

percent

similar dna so in one point two percent

difference young lawyer

between the human and the chimpanzee and

here i have an example of amino acid

sequences

of different animals this is only for

hemoglobin because we have different

types of molecules we can see here that

the human and chimpanzee have

exactly the same sequence of amino acids

but the horse the gorilla and then the

zebra they are

different sigouri

there's a specific specie of monkey that

is closest to us and that is the

chimpanzee so again quick recap of what

we have discussed today today we have

discussed the four

evidences of evolution we have fossil

records

we have comparative anatomy

and then we discussed the embryonic

development and finally we discussed

genetic information

that's all for today's discussion i hope

you learned something from me in this

lesson if you learned something please

don't forget to like this video and if

you are new to this channel don't forget

to subscribe see you next video lesson

bye