How Linux killed Unix: the UNIX Wars
Summary
TLDREl script del video explora la evolución del sistema operativo Unix hasta su reemplazo por Linux. Unix, desarrollado en la década de 1960, se caracterizó por su portabilidad y se popularizó en investigaciones y empresas. Sin embargo, con el tiempo, se volvió propietario y costoso. Linux, creado por Linus Torvalds como un proyecto personal, se basó en principios similares a Unix pero era gratuito y abierto. La competencia en el mercado Unix y las demandas legales llevaron a su declive, mientras que Linux, con su código abierto y sin costes de licencia, se convirtió en la opción preferida, dominando en servidores, smartphones (a través de Android) y otros nichos. Además, el video presenta a Linode como una solución fácil para desplegar servidores y a Tuxedo como una opción para dispositivos compatibles con Linux.
Takeaways
- 🌏 Los sistemas operativos basados en Linux dominan en todo el mundo, especialmente en servidores y smartphones.
- 💻 Antes de Linux, Unix era el sistema operativo dominante en investigación, academia y espacio empresarial.
- 🔧 Unix fue desarrollado en la década de 1960 por MIT, Bell Labs y General Electric, y originalmente se llamaba Unics.
- 📦 La portabilidad de Unix, debido a su codificación en C, fue un factor clave para su expansión.
- 📈 La aparición de versiones de Unix comerciales y la falta de estandarización llevaron a lo que se conoce como las 'Guerras de Unix'.
- 🛠️ Linus Torvalds creó Linux como un proyecto personal y lo hizo código abierto, lo que atrajo a una comunidad de desarrolladores.
- 🔗 Linux comparte la arquitectura y filosofía de Unix, pero no su código, y es compatible con POSIX.
- 🚀 La decisión de AT&T y otros no comercializar Unix como un producto y la posterior competencia en el mercado dieron paso a la aparición de Linux.
- 📉 Los problemas legales y la fragmentación de Unix, junto con el auge de los PCs y Windows, contribuyeron a su declive.
- 🛑 El proyecto BSD, que también era compatible con Unix, se vio afectado por litigios legales que ralentizaron su desarrollo y adopción.
- 🔄 A pesar de su declive en el mercado comercial, Unix sigue vivo en sistemas como BSD, macOS y iOS, y en la inspiración de Linux.
Q & A
¿Por qué el sistema operativo Linux es tan dominante en el mercado actualmente?
-Linux es dominante porque ha reemplazado a una gran cantidad de sistemas Unix comerciales y ofrece una solución de código abierto que es altamente personalizable y no tiene costos de licencia, lo que lo ha hecho ideal para servidores, smartphones (a través de Android) y otros dispositivos.
¿Cuál es la relación entre Unix y Linux?
-Linux fue creado como un clon de Minix, que a su vez era un clon de Unix. Aunque Linux no comparte código con Unix, su arquitectura y filosofía son muy similares, y ambos son compatibles con POSIX, lo que hace que Linux sea considerado el sucesor espiritual de Unix.
¿Qué significaba el cambio de 'Unix' a 'UNIX' en el nombre original del sistema operativo?
-Inicialmente se llamó Unix con un 'cs' al final, en honor a su predecesor Multix. Más tarde, se cambió a UNIX, que es un acrónimo de 'Uniplexed Information and Computing Service', y se convirtió en el sistema operativo que dominó en investigaciones académicas y en el espacio empresarial.
¿Cómo era la portabilidad de Unix y por qué era importante?
-La portabilidad de Unix era alta, ya que estaba escrito en C, lo que permitía que se pudiera adaptar fácilmente a diferentes arquitecturas de procesadores. Esto era importante porque existían hasta 16 arquitecturas diferentes soportadas por Unix, lo que facilitaba su adopción en una amplia gama de sistemas.
¿Qué sucedió con Unix cuando se volvió un producto comercial?
-Cuando Unix se comercializó, se generó un mercado competitivo con muchas compañías vendiendo sus propias versiones de Unix. Esto llevó a la fragmentación del mercado y a los denominados 'Unix Wars', donde las versiones de Unix comenzaron a diverger y a tener comportamientos diferentes, lo que dificultó su adopción continua.
¿Por qué las universidades dejaron de considerar a Unix como una opción viable?
-Las universidades dejaron de considerar a Unix como una opción viable debido a la fragmentación del mercado, la alta costos de las soluciones Unix y la aparición de alternativas más económicas y accesibles, como BSD y posteriormente Linux.
¿Qué impacto tuvieron las batallas legales en el desarrollo y adopción de BSD?
-Las batallas legales entre AT&T y Berkeley Software Design, por derechos de copyright y marcas comerciales, ralentizaron significativamente el desarrollo y la adopción de BSD, dejando el camino abierto para el crecimiento de Linux.
¿Cómo describe el script el impacto de la arquitectura x86 en la popularidad de Linux?
-El script indica que la arquitectura x86, inicialmente con un rendimiento limitado, mejoró y se volvió más accesible, lo que permitió a Linux ser implementado en una amplia gama de dispositivos sin necesidad de chips costosos como los de RISC, y esto contribuyó a su popularidad.
¿Qué ventaja tuvo Linux frente a los paquetes Unix comerciales que incluían hardware y software?
-Linux tenía la ventaja de ser un sistema operativo de código abierto sin costos de licencia, lo que lo hacía más económico en comparación con los paquetes Unix comerciales que incluían costos adicionales por hardware y software.
¿Cómo el script sugiere que Linux ha heredado la filosofía y el legado de Unix?
-El script sugiere que Linux ha heredado la filosofía de Unix al seguir sus principios de programación modular y ser POSIX compatible, lo que lo convierte en un sucesor espiritual de Unix y lo mantiene como una inspiración en el desarrollo de sistemas operativos modernos.
¿Qué mensaje final el script tiene para los espectadores que están interesados en sistemas que soportan Linux?
-El script hace un llamado a la acción para aquellos interesados en sistemas que soportan Linux, promoviendo la compra de dispositivos de Tuxedo, que son compatibles con Linux y ofrecen una amplia gama de opciones de personalización y compatibilidad.
Outlines
😀 Dominio de Linux y la era previa de Unix
Este párrafo presenta a Nick, quien habla sobre la popularidad de los sistemas operativos basados en Linux en todo el mundo, mencionando su presencia en servidores, mercado de smartphones con Android y su influencia en el ámbito académico y empresarial previo a Unix. Unix, desarrollado en la década de 1960, fue una plataforma crucial en la investigación y en el sector empresarial. Nick también menciona a Linode, un patrocinador del video, destacando su facilidad de uso para alojar diversos servidores con solo unos pocos clics.
📚 El ascenso de Unix y su influencia en Linux
En este párrafo, se explora el origen de Unix y su evolución a través de las décadas. Unix, creado por AT&T, se popularizó en universidades y empresas, y su código fue publicado como código abierto, lo que dio lugar a múltiples variantes y a la aparición de BSD. Sin embargo, a medida que Unix se volvió comercial, se produjo una fragmentación que llevó a la guerra de Unix, con cada compañía vendiendo su propia versión, lo que resultó en una confusión en el mercado y un terreno fértil para el surgimiento de Linux.
🚀 La transición de Unix a Linux y sus implicaciones
Este segmento narra cómo Linux, desarrollado por Linus Torvalds como un proyecto personal, se convirtió en una alternativa popular a Unix debido a su código abierto y su capacidad de ser personalizado. A pesar de que BSD existía antes y tenía similitudes con Unix, enfrentó problemas legales que ralentizaron su adopción. La decisión de Torvalds de abrir el código fue fundamental para que Linux se estableciera como la base de la mayoría de los sistemas operativos más utilizados en el mundo.
🛠️ La herencia de Unix y su legado en el software moderno
El último párrafo reflexiona sobre la herencia de Unix y cómo, a pesar de que no es tan predominante en el mercado comercial, su influencia se manifiesta en sistemas operativos modernos como BSD, macOS y iOS, así como en Linux. Unix no ha muerto, sino que ha evolucionado y se ha adaptado, siguiendo sus principios y sirviendo como inspiración para el desarrollo de herramientas y estándares que se utilizan hasta el día de hoy. El video termina promocionando Tuxedo, una empresa que ofrece computadoras compatibles con Linux y personalizables a voluntad.
📢 Cierre del video y llamado a la acción
El script termina con un breve agradecimiento y un recordatorio para los espectadores de que si disfrutaron del contenido, pueden apoyar el canal de varias maneras, incluyendo 'me gusta', suscribirse, activar las notificaciones y comentar. También se invita a los espectadores a considerar las opciones de apoyo financiero como PayPal, Patreon y membresías de YouTube.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Linux
💡Unix
💡Sistemas Operativos Basados en Linux
💡Linode
💡BSD
💡POSIX
💡Linus Torvalds
💡Sistemas Operativos Propietarios
💡Unix Wars
💡Tuxedo
Highlights
Linux is the most widely used operating system in the world, dominating the server market with about 96% of the first 1 million servers running Linux.
Linux also dominates the smartphone market with approximately 85% of smartphones running on Linux-based operating systems, such as Android.
Before Linux, Unix was a popular operating system that dominated in research, academia, and the server space.
Unix was developed in the mid-1960s by MIT, Bell Labs, and General Electric, initially called Unix with a 'C' at the end.
Unix was a single-task system that eventually gained features like multitasking, multi-user capabilities, and networking.
The portability of Unix, being written in C, allowed it to be used across various processor architectures, contributing to its widespread adoption.
Unix's open-source code led to the creation of various Unix-based systems, including BSD.
BSD is a Unix variant that does not use any of the original Unix code, maintaining Unix's principles but avoiding legal issues.
Commercial Unix offerings became proprietary, leading to a fragmented market and the 'Unix Wars'.
Linus Torvalds developed Linux as a hobby project, creating a Unix-like kernel that was open-source and free to use.
Linux's open-source nature allowed it to rapidly evolve and be tailored to various needs without legal restrictions.
The POSIX standard was created to ensure compatibility among the various Unix variants, and Linux is POSIX compliant.
Commercial Unix's high cost and the rise of personal computers with Intel x86 architecture contributed to its decline.
BSD faced legal challenges that halted its distribution for two years, allowing Linux to gain prominence.
Linux's dominance in various niches that Unix once occupied is attributed to its open-source nature and community support.
Unix's legacy lives on in BSD distributions, macOS, and iOS, as well as in Linux, which follows Unix principles.
Unix's influence is seen in the creation of many command-line tools and standards that are still in use today.
The video is sponsored by Linode, offering an easy solution to deploy various applications with a one-click marketplace.
Tuxedo Computers, based in Germany, offers a range of devices that support Linux out of the box, with customization options.
Transcripts
hey everyone this is Nick and Linux
based operating systems are the most
used in the entire world Linux dominates
the server Market with about 96 of the
first 1 million servers running Linux it
dominates the smartphone market with
about 85 percent of smartphones running
on Linux based operating system namely
Android and it dominates the desktop
well maybe not that one not yet anyway
but before Linux there was Unix it's a
unit system a very very popular
operating system that dominated in
research Academy and multiple companies
and the server space as well so how did
we go from a big range of commercial
Unix offerings that dominated the world
to Linux erasing basically everything
and how did we go from this introduction
to this Segway to today's sponsor this
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started so what was or is UNIX well a
eunuch is a man who's got certain body
parts room oh wait no sorry we're
talking about Unix not you nux so Unix
was developed in the mid-1960s by the
MIT Bell labs and general electronic at
the time it was called Unix with a CS at
the end not an X it was the follow-up to
multix which was another operating
system very complex to use very heavy
Unix stands for uniplexed information
and Computing service and it was a
single task system written in assembly
before it moved to c over time it gained
a bunch of features like multitasking
multi-user capabilities and networking
and it really took off because it became
very portable being written in C meant
that Unix was way more portable than
most other operating systems that were
available at the time and at the time it
was a very important thing because you
didn't just have x86 and arm you had up
to 16 different processor architectures
at some point supported by Unix and with
that portability Unix conquered the
world
s from the owner none other than atnt
and I talk about Unix in the past but it
still exists today mainly in Solaris
previously owned by Sun but now by
Oracle and there are other less ran
options all these systems were born out
of the open source code that was
published before Unix became fully
commercial and that open source code
also sprouted another Branch a little
thing you might know as BSD yeah BSD is
UNIX although they do not use any of the
original Unix code nowadays apart from
BSD most other Unix systems are now
proprietary and generally limited to
Industry Finance or health related
companies they are also generally sold
with the hardware they run on and it
still has its advantages like stability
and security seeing as there is very
little malware developed for Unix so how
did we go from Unix everywhere to Linux
ate my launch you probably all know that
Linux was developed by Linus store volts
well he was a student in Helsinki he
enjoyed Unix but at that point the
system had become proprietary and so
couldn't be tailored to his needs as a
pet project he created his own kernel
that was basically a Minix clone itself
a Unix clone which tovaults wanted to
modify to run on 32-bit systems and the
rest is history he opened up the source
code finished the first version in 91
and then a full operating system was
built on top of that kernel thanks to
the new tools developed by the free
software Foundation of Richard stallman
and this little hobby project became the
foundation of the most used operating
system in the world dominating 99 of the
various niches that Unix used to occupy
interestingly while Linux doesn't share
any code with Unix the kernel absolutely
behaves like it the general architecture
and philosophy of the system is
incredibly similar on purpose it's built
with small programs that do one task
well and that can talk to each other
through the use of pipes to pass the
output of a program to another Linux is
also posix compliant posix being a
standard that was created because so
many Unix variants were popping up that
it was necessary to ensure they all
worked in a similar way and were
compatible with each other so you could
say that Linux is the spiritual
successor to Unix and you might wonder
how a hobby project developed as open
source managed to replace a commercial
company-backed already installed system
and the reasons are many at first Unix
couldn't be commercialized as a product
because atnt had entered an agreement
with other companies saying that they
wouldn't try and sell computer software
that meant Unix was a hobby project for
them it was sold for the cost of
shipping and printing the tapes yes
tapes not drives not disks not floppy
disks tapes you receive the source code
as is and patching options were limited
it which meant most people who bought
Unix bought it to maintain it and fix it
themselves which led to many companies
creating their own versions of Unix and
sharing the source code with one another
the agreement atnt had ended though and
this meant that they could now start
selling Unix as a product as could other
companies and at the time it was seen
more as a way to sell expensive Hardware
giant mainframes that came with Unix to
have something to run on them the money
wasn't the hardware not the software and
it still kinda is today look at Apple
they're enormous margins aren't made on
the software they're made on the
hardware they sell and the software is
just a gateway to attract you to buy the
product and also a way to collect all
your personal data Gap with the ability
to commercialize Unix came a huge
competitive market with each company
that had developed and maintained their
own Unix version realizing there was
money to be made by selling that and
stopping the flow of Open Source Code
between the various Unix variants every
Unix version started to diverge from
each other and to behave differently
which killed one of the big advantages
of Unix it was the standard you learned
at University and that you kept using
because you knew it and so the first
problem appeared with expensive hardware
and multiple potentially incompatible
variants of Unix to choose from
universities decided that Unix might not
be a viable option and so Berkeley based
themselves of the code of Unix to create
BSD and have their own version of Unix
that they could run they could open up
and share without hemorrhaging cash now
at some point companies realized that
this was a problem and decided to try
and standardize things to avoid risking
Unix becoming completely irrelevant
that's when posix was finally adopted as
the standard after a bunch of other
standards were proposed discussed denied
it was a mess all these systems and this
competition is referred to as the Unix
Wars all vendors wanted to be the
standard there were legal battles of
Plenty and it made the Unix landscape a
confusing mess for potential customers
who do you buy from is it safe from
litigation what are the differences and
what are the advantages if you think
choosing a Linux distro is confusing try
doing the same between multiple
commercial offerings that come on
multiple thousands of dollars mainframes
as a company the business decision is
impossible to make and it turned Unix
into a bad word it made it impossible to
Market which really hurt it in the long
run also at that point personal
computers were really starting to take
off in the late 80s and early 90s and
Microsoft just dominated that space with
Windows which meant customers were not
as familiar with Unix as they once were
Unix also was really only your way to
sell mainframes and big computers stuff
that ran on risk chips at the time
Intel's x86 was a very limited it
architecture it had poor performance
compared to risk CPUs and it was only
suitable to be produced on mass cheaply
for the end user but with these sales
Intel and then AMD were able to fund the
development of better chips which in
turn outgrew the risk chips that Unix
depended on to be sold and at that point
why would you rack your brain and try to
pick from a variant of Unix that might
be safe for litigation might be sold on
the exact computer that you need running
a risk chip when you could just buy any
big computer with an x86 CPU that has
now caught up in terms of performance
and just slap an open source operating
system without any license fees on it
the choice was easy and Commercial Unix
basically died but why did people use
Linux and not BSD BSD had existed for
longer it was a known quantity and it
worked in the same way as Unix as what
companies were used to the gist of it is
legal battles BSD was slowly moving away
from code used in the original system 5
which atnt held the rights to they had
redeveloped all the utilities and
finalized removing all atnt files in
1991. in the net 2 release of BSD atnt
then sued Berkeley software design
arguing they had breached unix's license
contract that their code infringed on
copyright and that it diluted the Unix
trademark and so BSD was ordered to
completely stop Distributing all their
software until the case was resolved
which would take about two years which
meant that the project was stopped in
their track for a long time but
apparently not enough time to create a
decent logo this also meant that
companies steered clear of BSD because
it its future was uncertain and you
probably did not want to take the legal
risks to use something that was under
legal threats this left the field wide
open for Linux to be developed and
adopted instead of the expensive
commercial Unix packages that had the OS
and the hardware bundled and Torvalds
even stated that if BSD had been
available at the time he would probably
never have developed Linux in the first
place and so that's why Linux dominates
in all the spaces Unix used to occupy
Unix became too big for its own good and
completely not understandable for
consumers it was also very expensive and
any other alternative was just under
legal threats and so completely unsafe
to use by companies and so companies and
universities flocked to that Unix
compatible kernel and operating system
instead of bothering with commercial
Unix
now this doesn't mean that Unix is dead
it lives on in all the BSD distributions
and in Mac OS and iOS both being based
on a BSD kernel it also found a
spiritual successor in Linux which
follows the Unix principles to the
letter and is posix compliant there are
still commercial versions of Unix being
sold the main one being Sons Solaris
available to everyone and also sold
within big mainframes and Unix left a
rich Heritage in two days operating
systems they invented the man command to
access manual pages although should we
really thank them for that I mean those
things are completely legible the posix
standard also only exists thanks to the
Unix Wars pipes you can use in the Linux
command line interface were invented for
Unix why which led to the creation of
Vim was also a Unix tool Unix isn't dead
it's just transcended to another plane
of existence it's more of a guiding
Foundation or inspiration than a
commercial social product nowadays and
when you think about it Linux almost
didn't exist if BSD was ensued if 88 and
T didn't have this weird agreement that
precluded them from selling Unix right
when they developed it or if the x86
architecture had never taken off and had
been a bus for companies we might all be
using a Unix variant instead of Linux
but as it happened Linux just ate Unix
and it was delicious like this Segway to
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really good so thanks everyone for
watching the video I hope you enjoyed it
if you did don't hesitate to like to
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write a comment and if you didn't like
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memberships whatever you want it's down
there if you want in the meantime thanks
for watching and I guess you'll see me
in the next one bye
[Music]
thank you
[Music]
[Music]
foreign
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