The Extraction of Iron (GCSE Chemistry)

Dr Roe Chemistry
6 Jun 202024:51

Summary

TLDREste vídeo educativo, dirigido a estudiantes de GCSE, explica el proceso de extracción del hierro en un alto horno, una de las industrias más importantes del mundo. Cubre los materiales necesarios como el mineral de hierro, coque, cal y aire caliente, y describe las reacciones de combustión, reducción, descomposición y neutralización que ocurren. Detalla cómo el coque actúa como combustible y agente reductor, y cómo la cal elimina impurezas formando escoria. Además, se menciona el papel del hierro en la fabricación del acero y cómo la variación de carbono y otros elementos afecta sus propiedades.

Takeaways

  • 🔍 El proceso de extracción de hierro en un alto horno es fundamental para comprender la industria del acero.
  • 🌟 Los materiales básicos necesarios para la producción de hierro son el mineral de hierro (hematites), coque, cal y aire caliente.
  • 🔥 El coque actúa como combustible y agente reductor, proporcionando el calor necesario para alcanzar temperaturas de 1500 grados Celsius.
  • ⚛️ La reacción química clave en el alto horno es la reducción del óxido de hierro por monóxido de carbono, lo que produce hierro y dióxido de carbono.
  • 📝 Se deben poder escribir ecuaciones químicas y de palabras para describir las reacciones ocurriendo en el alto horno.
  • 🔄 El proceso del alto horno es continuo, operando las 24 horas del día para evitar enfriamientos y mantener la temperatura óptima.
  • 🏗️ El resultado final son dos líquidos: el hierro fundido y la escoria, donde la escoria es un subproducto que se puede vender para la construcción de carreteras y otros usos.
  • 🗻 La cal se utiliza para eliminar las impurezas presentes en el mineral de hierro, reaccionando con el dióxido de silicio para formar escoria.
  • 🔩 La producción de acero es un proceso que sigue al del alto horno, donde se añade oxígeno para reducir el contenido de carbono y a veces se añaden otros metales para dar propiedades específicas.
  • 🛠️ Las propiedades del acero varían según el contenido de carbono y otros elementos, lo que permite adaptar el acero a una amplia gama de aplicaciones.

Q & A

  • ¿Cómo se extrae el hierro del mineral de hierro en un alto horno?

    -El hierro se extrae del mineral de hierro en un alto horno a través de un proceso de reducción que utiliza carvón como agente reductor y combustible, y caliza para eliminar impurezas.

  • ¿Cuáles son los productos finales del proceso de extracción de hierro en el alto horno?

    -Los productos finales del proceso de extracción de hierro en el alto horno son el hierro fundido y la escoria, que es un subproducto que se puede vender para su uso en la construcción de carreteras, en la fabricación de cemento y concreto, e incluso como fertilizante para pastizales.

  • ¿Qué es la escoria y cómo se forma?

    -La escoria es un subproducto que se forma durante el proceso de extracción del hierro en el alto horno debido a las impurezas presentes en el mineral de hierro. Se forma cuando el óxido de silicio y otros minerales impuros reaccionan con el óxido de calcio proveniente de la caliza para formar silicio y calcio silicado.

  • ¿Cuál es el papel de la cal en el proceso de extracción de hierro?

    -La cal, en forma de cálculo de calcio (CaCO3), se descompone en el alto horno debido al calor intenso para formar óxido de calcio (CaO), que luego reacciona con las impurezas de dióxido de silicio para formar escoria. Este proceso es una reacción de descomposición térmica.

  • ¿Cómo se produce el agente reductor, el monóxido de carbono, en el alto horno?

    -El monóxido de carbono se produce cuando el dióxido de carbono reacciona con más carbón en presencia de altas temperaturas en el alto horno. Este monóxido de carbono es el agente reductor que permite que el óxido de hierro se reduzca a hierro.

  • ¿Qué tipo de reacciones químicas ocurren dentro del alto horno durante el proceso de extracción de hierro?

    -Dentro del alto horno se producen reacciones de combustión, reducción, descomposición y neutralización. La combustión se da cuando el carvón quema en oxígeno, la reducción cuando el monóxido de carbono reacciona con el óxido de hierro, la descomposición cuando la caliza se calienta y se convierte en óxido de calcio y dióxido de carbono, y la neutralización cuando el óxido de calcio reacciona con el dióxido de silicio para formar escoria.

  • ¿Por qué se requiere aire caliente en el proceso de extracción de hierro en el alto horno?

    -El aire caliente es necesario para que el carvón queme eficientemente y alcance las altas temperaturas requeridas en el alto horno (aproximadamente 1500 °C). Estas temperaturas son esenciales para que los procesos químicos se realicen correctamente y se produzca hierro fundido.

  • ¿Cuál es la importancia del hierro en la industria y para qué se usa?

    -El hierro es uno de los metales más importantes en la industria y se usa para producir acero, que a su vez es fundamental en la fabricación de una amplia variedad de productos, como automóviles, puentes, edificios, hornos, microondas, lavadoras, etc.

  • ¿Cómo se transforma el hierro extraído en el alto horno en acero?

    -El hierro extraído en el alto horno contiene alrededor del 3 al 4% de carbón y otros no metales, lo que lo hace muy frágil. Para transformarlo en acero, se le oxigena para quemar el carbón y se le añaden otros metales para darle propiedades específicas, como en el caso del acero inoxidable, que contiene cromo y níquel para resistir la corrosión.

  • ¿Cuál es la relación entre el contenido de carbón en el acero y sus propiedades mecánicas?

    -El contenido de carbón en el acero afecta sus propiedades mecánicas; un contenido más alto de carbón hace que el acero sea más duro pero también más frágil. Por otro lado, un contenido más bajo de carbón produce un acero que no es tan frágil y puede ser moldeado más fácilmente.

Outlines

00:00

🔥 Proceso de extracción de hierro en un alto horno

Este párrafo introduce el proceso de extracción de hierro en un alto horno, adecuado para estudiantes de GCSE. Se espera que los estudiantes puedan explicar cómo se extrae el hierro del mineral de hierro en un alto horno, identificar las reacciones de combustión, reducción, descomposición y neutralización que ocurren dentro del mismo, y escribir ecuaciones químicas y de palabras para describir dichas reacciones. Se discute la relación entre la reactividad de un metal y la facilidad de su extracción, destacando que los metales del medio de la serie de reactividad pueden ser extraídos por reducción usando un agente reductor. El vídeo se centra en el hierro, uno de los metales más importantes utilizados en la producción de aceros. Los materiales necesarios para la producción de hierro incluyen mineral de hierro (hematita), coque,石灰石 y aire caliente. Se describen brevemente estos materiales y su papel en el proceso.

05:02

📚 Reacciones químicas en el alto horno

En este segundo párrafo, se explica con más detalle las reacciones químicas que ocurren en el alto horno durante la extracción de hierro. Se mencionan las ecuaciones químicas y de palabras para las reacciones de combustión del coque, la formación de monóxido de carbono y su reacción con el óxido de hierro para producir hierro y dióxido de carbono. Se destaca la importancia de las ecuaciones químicas para los estudiantes de nivel superior de GCSE y se ofrece orientación sobre cómo practicar la escritura de estas ecuaciones. Se presenta un diagrama del alto horno y se describe el proceso continuo de extracción, incluyendo la formación de slag debido a las impurezas en el mineral de hierro y su eliminación. Además, se discute el papel de la limestone en la eliminación de las impurezas, su descomposición en el alto horno y su reacción con la sílice para formar slag.

10:04

🛠 Uso del slag y la producción de acero

Este tercer párrafo explora el uso del slag, un subproducto del proceso de extracción de hierro, que se puede vender para su uso en la construcción de carreteras, en cemento y concreto, e incluso como fertilizante para pastizales. Se presentan ecuaciones químicas y de palabras que describen cómo la calcita se descompone en el alto horno para formar óxido de calcio y dióxido de carbono, y cómo el óxido de calcio reacciona con la sílice para formar slag. Se describe la slag como un producto económico importante. Además, se menciona la transformación del hierro extraído en el alto horno, que contiene alrededor del 3-4% de carbono, en acero a través del proceso de oxidación y la adición de otros metales para mejorar sus propiedades, como el cromo y el níquel en el acero inoxidable.

15:05

📊 Propiedades del acero y prácticas de preguntas

Este cuarto párrafo se enfoca en cómo las propiedades del acero varían con el contenido de carbono y la adición de otros elementos, como el cromo y el níquel, para crear acero inoxidable. Se presenta una tabla que muestra los efectos del contenido de carbono en las propiedades del acero, incluyendo la dureza y la fragilidad. Además, se presentan preguntas de práctica para los estudiantes, incluyendo la identificación de los materiales de entrada y su uso en el proceso de extracción de hierro, la escritura de ecuaciones químicas y la descripción de cómo el tensión changes strength varía con el aumento del porcentaje de carbono en el acero. Se utiliza un gráfico para ilustrar estos cambios y se ofrece orientación sobre cómo los diferentes tipos de acero se utilizan en aplicaciones específicas, como el uso de acero inoxidable para la fabricación de recambios de cadera.

20:07

🏆 Resumen y recursos adicionales

El último párrafo resume los objetivos del vídeo y proporciona un recordatorio de lo que los estudiantes deberían ser capaces de hacer al final de la lección, como explicar el proceso de extracción de hierro, identificar las reacciones químicas que ocurren en el alto horno y escribir ecuaciones químicas y de palabras para describir estas reacciones. Además, se invita a los estudiantes a explorar el canal de YouTube y la cuenta de Twitter del presentador para obtener más información y recursos sobre química.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Extracción de hierro

La extracción de hierro se refiere al proceso de obtener el metal hierro de sus minerales. En el vídeo, se explica cómo se realiza esta extracción en una alto horno, utilizando hierro en forma de hematites, coque, cal y aire caliente. Este proceso es fundamental para la industria del acero, ya que el hierro es un componente clave en la fabricación de acero.

💡Alto horno

El alto horno es el equipo central utilizado en el proceso de extracción del hierro. Se describe como un lugar donde se colocan los materiales de entrada y se soplan aire caliente para iniciar la reacción química. Funciona a temperaturas extremadamente altas, alrededor de 1500 grados Celsius, y es crucial para la reducción del óxido de hierro a hierro metálico.

💡Reacciones químicas

El vídeo menciona varias reacciones químicas que ocurren en el alto horno, como la combustión, la reducción, la descomposición y la neutralización. Estas reacciones son esenciales para transformar el mineral de hierro en hierro metálico. Por ejemplo, la combustión de coque produce dióxido de carbono, que luego reacciona con más carbono para formar monóxido de carbono, un agente reductor.

💡Agente reductor

Un agente reductor es una sustancia que causa que otro compuesto pierda oxígeno. En el proceso de extracción del hierro, el monóxido de carbono actúa como agente reductor, facilitando la reducción del óxido de hierro al hierro metálico. Este concepto es clave para entender cómo se produce el hierro en el alto horno.

💡Óxido de hierro

El óxido de hierro, comúnmente conocido como hematites, es la fuente primaria de hierro en el proceso de extracción. Se menciona en el vídeo como uno de los materiales de entrada en el alto horno, donde es reducido al hierro metálico por el monóxido de carbono.

💡Coque

El coque es una forma de carbón que se utiliza como combustible en el alto horno. Proporciona el calor necesario para alcanzar las altas temperaturas requeridas y también produce monóxido de carbono, que es esencial para la reducción del óxido de hierro. El coque se quema en presencia de oxígeno para formar dióxido de carbono.

💡Cal

La cal, con la fórmula química CaCO3, se utiliza para eliminar las impurezas presentes en el mineral de hierro. Se descompone en el alto horno debido al calor intenso, formando óxido de calcio y dióxido de carbono. El óxido de calcio luego reacciona con las impurezas de sílice para formar escoria, que se elimina del proceso.

💡Escoria

La escoria es un subproducto del proceso de extracción del hierro, formada principalmente por impurezas como la sílice. Se separa del hierro fundido debido a su menor densidad y se puede utilizar en la construcción de carreteras o como agregado en la fabricación de cemento y concreto.

💡Acero

El acero es una aleación de hierro y otros elementos, y es un producto derivado del hierro extraído en el alto horno. El vídeo destaca que el hierro obtenido en el alto horno contiene alrededor del 3-4% de carbono, lo que lo hace muy frágil. Para producir acero, se oxida el carbono y se añaden otros metales para dar propiedades específicas, como el cromo en el acero inoxidable.

💡Reacciones de combustión y oxidación

La combustión es una reacción en la que un combustible, como el coque, se quema en presencia de oxígeno para liberar energía. La oxidación, por otro lado, es una reacción en la que un compuesto gana oxígeno. En el vídeo, se explica cómo la combustión del coque produce dióxido de carbono, que luego se oxida al reaccionar con el óxido de hierro para formar hierro y dióxido de carbono.

Highlights

Extracción de hierro a través del proceso de alto horno es fundamental para estudiantes de GCSE.

El proceso de alto horno involucra reacciones de combustión, reducción, descomposición y neutralización.

Los metales del medio de la serie de reactividad pueden ser extraídos por reducción usando un agente reductor.

El hierro es un metal clave en la industria y es fundamental para la fabricación de acero.

El proceso de alto horno requiere de mineral de hierro, coque, cal y aire caliente.

El coque actúa como combustible y agente reductor en el proceso de alto horno.

La cal se utiliza para eliminar impurezas del mineral de hierro.

El aire caliente es esencial para quemar el coque y alcanzar temperaturas altas en el alto horno.

La descomposición térmica de la cal en el alto horno produce óxido de calcio y dióxido de carbono.

El óxido de calcio reacciona con las impurezas de dióxido de silicio para formar escoria.

La reducción del óxido de hierro por monóxido de carbono produce hierro y dióxido de carbono.

El proceso de alto horno es continuo y opera las 24 horas del día.

La escoria es un subproducto del proceso que se puede vender para construir carreteras y otros usos.

El hierro producido en el alto horno contiene alrededor del 3% a 4% de carbono y es muy frágil.

El hierro del alto horno se convierte en acero, una aleación de hierro y otros elementos, para mejorar sus propiedades.

El contenido de carbono en el acero afecta significativamente sus propiedades mecánicas.

El acero inoxidable contiene cromo y níquel, lo que le confiere propiedades anti corrosivas.

Las reacciones químicas en el alto horno incluyen la combustión del coque, la reducción del óxido de hierro y la formación de escoria.

Los estudiantes deben ser capaces de escribir ecuaciones químicas y descriptivas para las reacciones del proceso de alto horno.

Transcripts

play00:00

welcome to our latest video on the

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extraction of iron the blast furnace

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process this video is suitable for GCSE

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students

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by the end of this video lesson you

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should be able to explain how iron can

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be extracted from iron ore in a blast

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furnace you should be able to identify

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that within the blast furnace we have

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combustion reduction decomposition and

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neutralization reactions and you should

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be able to write word and chemical

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equations to describe the reactions

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taking place

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in our previous videos we discussed the

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relationship between the reactivity of a

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metal and the ease at which it can be

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extracted from its source and we learnt

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that metals at the bottom of the

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reactivity series are the easiest to

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extract because they are found as

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elements metals at the top of the

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reactivity series at a hardest to

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extract they found as compounds and

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they're also found as most stable

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compounds so elements such as potassium

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sodium calcium magnesium aluminium they

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have to be extracted using electricity

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by a process called electrolysis now

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it's these metals in the middle of

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reactively series that can be extracted

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by reduction using a reducing agent and

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we're going to focus on one of these

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metals iron in this video lesson

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the extraction of iron is one of the

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world's most important industrial

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processes iron is one of the most

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important metals and it's used to make

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the alloy steel now steel is an alloy

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because it's a mixture of iron and other

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elements now we rely on steel to make

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cars bridges buildings ovens microwaves

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washing machines etc iron is made in a

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process called the blast furnace process

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and the raw materials that we need to

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make iron are iron ore coke limestone

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and hot air before we talk in detail

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about how this process works let's

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discuss some of these raw materials so

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if we start with the iron ore so that

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obviously is our source of iron and the

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all that they use to extract iron is

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called hematite and we've discussed that

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all previously coke is a form of carbon

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and this is used in the process as a

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fuel because we need a lot of heat in a

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blast furnace you're talking about

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temperatures around 1500 degrees C so

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burn in coke burning carbon releases a

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lot of heat and it's also used to make

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carbon monoxide which is the reducing

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agent in this process now you remember a

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reducing agent is a substance that

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causes another to lose oxygen look at

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the overall equation we have iron oxide

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reacting with carbon monoxide to form

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iron and carbon dioxide so the carbon

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monoxide is classed as a reducing agent

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because it causes the iron oxide to be

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reduced to lose oxygen to form iron

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now the other raw materials are

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limestone which is used to remove

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impurities and we'll discuss this later

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and hot air now hot air is needed for

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the coke to burn and remember the coke

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is a fuel that supplies the high

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temperatures needed for the blast

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furnace to work and it also makes carbon

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monoxide

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when the coke burns so that's what the

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hot air does and the reason that we need

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hot air and not air is because high

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temperatures mean a faster reaction and

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the furnace operates around about 1,500

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degrees C

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so on this slide we have some of the

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chemical reactions taking place in the

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blast furnace so coke carbon burns in

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oxygen to form carbon dioxide and when

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it does so it releases heat energy and

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obviously that's why we're able to get

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such high temperatures in the blast

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furnace and Coke is our fuel now this

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reaction is a combustion reaction

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because we burnt a fuel in a good supply

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of oxygen and we've generated heat

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energy now the carbon dioxide reacts

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with more carbon to form carbon monoxide

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and it's the carbon monoxide that reacts

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with our iron oxide to form iron and

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carbon dioxide now we've written down

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both the chemical and word equations

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here and if you are a student studying

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higher GCC you would be expected to

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write chemical equations to describe

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these reactions you should also be able

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to spot reduction and oxidation taking

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place so if we look at the first

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equation you can see carbon is gained in

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oxygen when it forms carbon dioxide it's

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being oxidized oxidation is a gain of

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oxygen and once again if we look at the

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overall equation we see that iron oxide

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loses oxygen it's reduced to form iron

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what causes this reduction the reducing

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agent carbon monoxide and the carbon

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monoxide gains oxygen to form carbon

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dioxide and the carbon monoxide is

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oxidized

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now in this video I've written the

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chemical equations for you however you

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would be expected to write chemical

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equations in the GCC exam if you're a

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higher tier student therefore it's

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important you practice a skill now to

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help you we have made a series of videos

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on the YouTube channel to enable you to

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practice how to write chemical equations

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and how to write balanced chemical

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equations please look at these videos

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because this skill is a very important

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skill that you need to master

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so now let's look at a diagram of a

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blast furnace

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so in the top of the blast furnace you

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put the raw materials iron ore in the

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form of hematite coke and limestone and

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hot air is blasted into the furnace

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now when the coke is in the furnace it

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burns in the form of a combustion

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reaction and produces carbon dioxide and

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when it reacts then with more carbon it

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forms carbon monoxide and it's the

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carbon monoxide that reacts with the

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iron oxide from the iron ore to produce

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iron and carbon dioxide now this is a

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continuous process and what we mean by

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that is it operates 24 hours a day

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we don't cool the furnace down it's kept

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at 1500 degrees C the coke remember is

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our fuel is producing lots and lots of

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heat and we end up with liquid iron

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molten iron melted iron and a material

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called slag now the slag forms because

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of impurities in the iron ore now

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remember iron all is iron oxide and then

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you have the rock so you are going to

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get impurities and the slag is formed in

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this process and has to be removed from

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the iron now the slag itself is a

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byproduct of this process so it's a

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product that we can actually sell and we

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can actually make money from it so it's

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economically important now the iron that

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is produced is in the liquid state and

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when you look at your diagram you can

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see that the molten iron is heavier than

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the slag and therefore the slag is on

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top of the molten iron so the slag would

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be removed and the molten iron would be

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removed and the liquid iron then could

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be cooled down in various castes

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and you could form like slabs or strips

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of iron

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now let's focus on the role of limestone

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so limestone is used to remove the

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impurities that exist in iron ore and

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limestone is calcium carbonate and has a

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formula caco3 and as I mentioned iron

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ore contains impurities of silicon

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dioxide and in a blast furnace these are

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removed in a two-part stage so the first

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thing that happens it in a blast furnace

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calcium carbonate limestone breaks down

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because of the intense heat into calcium

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oxide and carbon dioxide and it's the

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calcium oxide then reacts with the sand

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impurities the silicon dioxide

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impurities to form the substance called

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slag which can then be removed now when

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calcium carbonate breaks down into

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calcium oxide and carbon dioxide this is

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called a thermal decomposition reaction

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and this is a type of reaction you would

play09:56

have studied previously

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so this picture shows molten slag that

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has been removed from the blast furnace

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and it will cool down and solidify and

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then the slag can be sold to various

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companies because it's a product for

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road building is used as an aggregate in

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cement and concrete and it even has

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fertilizer properties and it could be

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used to act as a fertilizer for

play10:25

grassland now on the slide we have the

play10:29

word equations and the chemical

play10:31

equations to describe how this process

play10:34

works so calcium carbonate breaks down

play10:39

into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide

play10:42

because of the intense heat in a blast

play10:44

furnace now this reaction is called

play10:47

thermal decomposition because you're

play10:49

breaking a compound down using heat the

play10:53

calcium oxide then can react with the

play10:56

silicon dioxide the sand impurities and

play10:59

form calcium silicate which is commonly

play11:03

known as slag

play11:05

now calcium oxide is a metal oxide and

play11:08

metal oxides are bases now you remember

play11:11

that a base is the opposite of an acid

play11:15

silicon dioxide is a non-metal oxide and

play11:19

non metal oxides are either acidic or

play11:22

neutral now silicon dioxide is acidic so

play11:27

if you react calcium oxide a basic oxide

play11:31

with silicon dioxide an acidic oxide the

play11:35

acid and base cancel each other out and

play11:38

we have a neutralization reaction taking

play11:42

place now once again I've included both

play11:47

the chemical equations and the word

play11:49

equations to describe the reactions

play11:51

taking place now you will be required to

play11:54

be able to write chemical equations and

play11:56

word equations for these reactions now

play12:01

this slide is a nice summary of all the

play12:04

chemical reactions that take place in

play12:05

the blast furnace and you can see that

play12:08

iron ore coke and limestone are put into

play12:10

the top of the furnace now if you work

play12:11

in the blast furnace process they call

play12:14

this the charge and hot air is blasted

play12:17

into the furnace you can see the

play12:19

temperature in the furnace gets as hot

play12:22

as 1500 degrees C molten slag and iron

play12:28

ore are the products here and these are

play12:32

both in liquid state the role of the

play12:35

limestone is shown clearly here it

play12:38

breaks up into calcium oxide and carbon

play12:39

dioxide and the calcium oxide reacts

play12:42

with the sand impurities to form slag

play12:44

and you can see also how the reducing

play12:47

agent carbon monoxide is also formed

play12:55

go back to our original diagram the

play12:57

blast furnace you can see that the

play12:59

molten iron and the slag are formed and

play13:02

the slag forms on top of the molten iron

play13:05

and these would both be removed the

play13:09

molten iron could be removed for further

play13:12

processing to make steel and the slag

play13:15

can be removed cooled down and then used

play13:19

as a byproduct and sold to companies as

play13:22

road building material or as an

play13:25

aggregate for concrete or as I mentioned

play13:27

previously

play13:28

sometimes slag can be used as a form of

play13:30

fertilizer so this slide summarizes the

play13:35

different uses of slag and also it

play13:39

reinforces the fact that the blast

play13:41

furnace process is a continuous process

play13:43

with new raw materials added and

play13:45

products removed all the time due to the

play13:47

time and cost associated with getting

play13:49

the furnace up to a temperature of 1500

play13:52

degrees C remember that iron oxide is

play13:56

reduced in the process as it loses

play13:58

oxygen and the carbon monoxide is

play14:00

oxidized as it gains oxygen and the

play14:03

carbon monoxide is a reducing agent

play14:08

now I mentioned at the start of the

play14:10

video that iron is used to make steel

play14:13

and the iron you get from the blast

play14:15

furnace is impure it contains around 3

play14:19

to 4 percent carbon and some other

play14:21

nonmetals and the impure iron is very

play14:25

brittle it means that if you try and

play14:27

shape it it sort of shatters now most of

play14:32

the iron that's made in the blast

play14:33

furnace does get turned into the alloy

play14:35

steel and remember steel is a mixture of

play14:39

iron and other elements and that's what

play14:41

an alloy is it's a mixture of a metal

play14:43

and other elements and in steel usually

play14:45

there's over 98% iron content and it

play14:49

will also have tiny amounts of carbon

play14:51

left in it in most Steel's and some

play14:53

other metals can be added to it as well

play14:55

now the amount of carbon and other

play14:57

elements in the steel dramatically

play14:59

affect the properties

play15:03

now this is a good thing and this is why

play15:04

steel is more useful an iron because we

play15:07

can vary the amount of carbon and we can

play15:10

vary the amount of other elements

play15:12

present in the steel and we can

play15:15

fine-tune the properties to what we want

play15:18

and different customers for steel will

play15:20

require different properties having a

play15:22

high carbon content in the steel

play15:24

constraint ffunny and it gives the

play15:26

ability to harden it by heat treatment

play15:29

however it makes it less ductile and

play15:32

more brittle as a result

play15:42

although you're not required to know how

play15:45

to make steel in any great detail I do

play15:47

think it's useful to know that the iron

play15:50

that you make in the blast furnace has

play15:52

around three to four percent carbon in

play15:54

it and it's important to remove that

play15:57

carbon to get steel that is less brittle

play16:00

and they do that simply by just blowing

play16:04

in oxygen and then the carbon gets

play16:07

removed because it burns to form carbon

play16:10

dioxide and other metals are added to

play16:12

the steel to give it other properties so

play16:14

you might add a bit of chromium in a bit

play16:16

of nickel because you might not want the

play16:18

steel to rest if you make in stainless

play16:20

steel and that would be useful if you

play16:21

were making say cutlery because you

play16:23

would want steel that didn't rest when

play16:25

it came into contact with water so that

play16:28

is essentially what they do when they

play16:30

make steel

play16:33

so the following table shows what

play16:35

happens to the properties of Steel when

play16:38

you all to the carbon content so you can

play16:40

see that mild steel has only about

play16:43

naught point two five percent carbon and

play16:46

the result of that is it's not brittle

play16:48

and it can be shaped whereas if you had

play16:51

a high carbon steel although it would be

play16:53

very hard it would also be quite brittle

play16:56

as well we mean it would be difficult to

play16:58

shape and you can see if you add

play17:00

elements such as chromium and nickel you

play17:03

can end up with stainless steel and

play17:06

that's a lot tougher and it doesn't

play17:08

corrode it doesn't rest and that would

play17:10

be useful for certain products so now

play17:12

we're going to test your understanding

play17:13

of this video lesson with some practice

play17:15

questions so here's the first practice

play17:20

question and this comes in two parts so

play17:23

we like to pause the video

play17:24

have a go this part of the question and

play17:26

then we'll then look at the second part

play17:29

of the question pause the video have a

play17:31

go the question now this is the second

play17:36

part of question one once again pause

play17:39

the video have a good the question and

play17:41

then we'll go for the answers to the

play17:42

whole question see how you got on with

play17:46

question one you asked to match the raw

play17:48

materials to its use so iron ore is a

play17:51

source of iron a limestone removes

play17:53

impurities and coke acts as a fuel if

play17:56

you've got all three correct two marks

play17:59

any one correct one mark now let's look

play18:02

at the word equation so you had carbon

play18:04

plus oxygen goes to carbon dioxide one

play18:08

mark for that

play18:11

so let's look at the second part of

play18:13

question one you're asked to give the

play18:15

letter of the arrow which shows

play18:16

reduction taking place

play18:17

it's arrow a and this is because iron

play18:20

oxide loses oxygen you get one mop for

play18:24

saying a and one mark for the idea that

play18:28

it's iron oxide losing oxygen or if you

play18:30

said there's a loss of oxygen taking

play18:32

place that would give you the mark now

play18:36

Part D is asking you to choose a term

play18:39

from the box which best describes an

play18:41

alloy well that would be mixture because

play18:43

alloys are mixtures they're mixtures of

play18:45

metals and other elements

play18:52

so now have a go at question two so read

play18:55

the question pause the video and have a

play18:58

go at it and this question is in three

play19:00

parts once you've done all three parts

play19:02

we'll go for the answers

play19:07

so here is the second part of question

play19:09

to pause the video and have a go at this

play19:12

question

play19:18

and here's the final

play19:20

question two once again pause the video

play19:23

and have a go at this last part of

play19:25

question two

play19:31

so now let's go for the answers to

play19:33

question two so the reason that we add

play19:36

coke to the blast furnace is because it

play19:39

acts as a fuel or you can say it makes

play19:42

the reducing agent carbon monoxide and I

play19:45

think they would also accept if you said

play19:47

that it releases heat and we need a high

play19:49

temperature in the blast furnace that

play19:50

would be fine as well

play19:51

that gets you one mark for that now the

play19:55

reason that we need limestone is it

play19:57

removes impurities and you could say

play19:59

remove sand or and remove silica but

play20:01

this idea of removing impurities gets

play20:03

you a mark for that and to balance the

play20:06

chemical equation we need to put a 3 in

play20:09

front of carbon monoxide CO so it's fe 2

play20:12

o 3 + 3 Co and we have 2 fe 2 iron and 3

play20:20

carbon dioxide molecules and if you do

play20:23

this the equation is balanced now this

play20:26

equation is balanced because I have a

play20:28

total of 2 iron atoms on either side of

play20:31

the equation I have a total of 6 oxygens

play20:35

on the left because I have oh 3 in Fe 2

play20:38

O 3 + 3 Co so that's six oxygens and I

play20:44

have six oxygens now on the right

play20:45

because it's three co 2 so 3 times 2 is

play20:48

6 and the carbons are also balanced

play20:51

because I have 3 carbons on the left and

play20:53

3 on the right now given chemical name

play20:56

of the substance which is reduced in the

play20:57

furnace it is iron oxide or you could

play21:01

say iron 3 oxide because remember the

play21:04

iron in iron oxide is fe 3 plus the most

play21:08

stable form of iron so they will accept

play21:10

iron oxide or iron 3 oxide

play21:17

now let's go through this second part of

play21:19

question two it's asking you to describe

play21:22

how the tensile strength changes as a

play21:24

percentage of carbon present increases

play21:26

well you can see from the graph there it

play21:29

increases and then decreases so that

play21:32

would get you a mark for saying that but

play21:34

there's two marks for this question so

play21:36

you need to use numerical data to get

play21:39

the two marks so if you said that the

play21:41

tensile strength increases to a maximum

play21:43

with naught point eight percent carbon

play21:46

and then decreases that would get you

play21:48

the second mark or alternatively you

play21:52

could say that it increases to a tensile

play21:54

strength of 800 MPA and then decreases

play21:57

both would be fine for the second mark

play22:05

now for the final part of question two

play22:07

you're asked to use the graph and the

play22:10

table two namely alloy which has the

play22:12

lowest tensile strength now you remember

play22:15

that tensile strength increases up to a

play22:18

maximum when you get tuned or 0.8

play22:21

percent carbon and then it decreases

play22:24

after that so the alloy which has the

play22:29

lowest tensile strength will be cast

play22:31

iron because that's got three point six

play22:34

percent carbon and if you go to your

play22:37

graph you will see that three point six

play22:39

percent carbon has a tensile strength of

play22:44

just over 200 MPA which is the lowest of

play22:48

those alloys listed in the table

play22:54

so here's a final question we would like

play22:57

you to either go up so pause the video

play23:00

read through the question have a go at

play23:02

it and then we'll go for the answers

play23:10

so in question three you're asked to use

play23:14

the table to answer the questions so two

play23:17

effects of increasing the percentage of

play23:19

carbon in steel you increase the

play23:21

hardness when you increase the

play23:22

percentage of carbon and you make it

play23:24

more brittle so one mark for if you said

play23:27

it gets harder or increases hardness and

play23:29

the second mark if you said it becomes

play23:31

more brittle so for part two you had to

play23:36

choose which type of steel you would use

play23:38

to make our bodies and hip replacement

play23:40

joints so you would use mild steel for

play23:43

car bodies because it's important that

play23:45

you can shape them and that's the form

play23:48

of Steel that's easy to shape so that's

play23:50

why you use mild steel and the reason

play23:52

it's easily shaped and for hip

play23:54

replacement joints you would use

play23:56

stainless steel because it's tough and

play23:59

doesn't corrode it doesn't rest

play24:05

a video lesson and all this left is

play24:07

first to recap the lesson objectives so

play24:10

you should now be able to explain how

play24:12

iron can be extracted from iron ore in a

play24:14

blast furnace you should be able to

play24:16

identify that within the blast furnace

play24:18

we have combustion reduction

play24:19

decomposition and neutralization

play24:21

reactions and you should be able to

play24:23

write word and chemical equations to

play24:26

describe the reactions taking place

play24:33

so that concludes our video please check

play24:36

out our YouTube channel Doctorow

play24:39

chemistry and our Twitter site which

play24:41

contains lots of chemistry information

play24:43

and links at radder chemistry

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Extracción de hierroAlto hornoProceso industrialQuímica del hierroEducación GCSEReacciones químicasCombustiónReducciónDescomposiciónNeutralizaciónMetalurgia
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