Science 10: Lesson 3 Processes That Occur Along The Plate Boundaries Part 2
Summary
TLDRIn this educational video, Marian Soriano introduces students to plate tectonics, focusing on the processes at plate boundaries. She explains convergent boundaries where plates collide, forming trenches, volcanoes, and causing earthquakes, including tsunamis like the 2011 Japan disaster. Soriano also describes divergent boundaries, where plates move apart, creating oceanic ridges and rift valleys, and the youngest rocks near these areas. Transform faults, where plates slide past each other, are highlighted for their frequent seismic activity. The lesson aims to inform and engage, with examples like Iceland and the San Andreas Fault.
Takeaways
- 🌏 Convergent plate boundaries occur when lithospheric plates move towards each other, leading to subduction and the formation of trenches, volcanic arcs, and earthquakes.
- 🌋 Oceanic-continental convergence results in trenches, volcanic arcs, and can trigger earthquakes that may cause tsunamis, as exemplified by the 2011 Japan earthquake.
- 🏞️ Oceanic-oceanic convergence leads to the formation of trenches, volcanic island arcs, and strong earthquakes that can generate tsunamis.
- 🏔️ Continental-continental convergence does not create subduction zones but instead forms mountain ranges and causes shallow earthquakes due to the collision of crustal plates.
- 🌊 Divergent plate boundaries are characterized by plates moving apart, leading to the creation of oceanic ridges and reef valleys due to magma formation from mantle convection currents.
- 🌋 The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a mid-ocean ridge that is part of the longest mountain range in the world, formed by divergent plate movement.
- 📊 Rocks near the oceanic ridge are younger than those far from it, indicating the process of seafloor spreading and the creation of new crust.
- 🏞️ Continental divergence can lead to the formation of a continental rift valley, which may eventually evolve into a narrow sea and then a widened ocean.
- 🇮🇸 Iceland is situated above the Eurasian and North American plates that are diverging, with the Zinfandler National Park being a notable attraction.
- 🏗️ Transform fault plate boundaries occur when plates slide past each other horizontally, causing earthquakes due to the jagged edges of plates catching and sticking.
- 🌀 Transform faults, such as the San Andreas Fault, are characterized by horizontal movement without the destruction of the plate's leading edge, resulting in earthquakes rather than volcanic activity or mountain formation.
Q & A
What is a convergent plate boundary?
-A convergent plate boundary is where two lithospheric plates are moving towards each other, often resulting in one plate being subducted beneath the other, leading to the formation of trenches, volcanic arcs, and earthquakes.
What happens during the convergence of oceanic and continental crustal plates?
-During the convergence of oceanic and continental crustal plates, the denser oceanic plate is subducted under the continental plate, forming trenches and volcanic arcs, and causing earthquakes.
What are the consequences of the convergence of oceanic to oceanic crustal plates?
-The convergence of oceanic to oceanic crustal plates leads to the formation of trenches, volcanic island arcs, and strong earthquakes that can generate tsunamis.
Why do two continental crustal plates not form volcanoes when they collide?
-When two continental crustal plates collide, there is no subduction zone because neither plate is dense enough to be forced under the other, resulting in a collision zone that forms mountain ranges and shallow earthquakes instead of volcanoes.
What is a divergent plate boundary?
-A divergent plate boundary occurs when lithospheric plates are moving apart from each other, allowing magma to rise from the mantle and create new crust, forming features like oceanic ridges and rift valleys.
How are oceanic ridges formed?
-Oceanic ridges are formed at divergent boundaries where convection currents in the mantle cause magma to rise and create new crust as the plates move apart, leading to the development of underwater mountain ranges.
What is a reef valley and how does it form?
-A reef valley is a linear shaped lowland that forms between oceanic ridges as the oceanic crust, being thinner than continental crust, stretches and creates a depression in the ocean floor.
Why are rocks near the mid-Atlantic ridge younger than those far from it?
-Rocks near the mid-Atlantic ridge are younger because this is an active divergent boundary where new oceanic crust is continuously being formed by the upwelling of magma from the mantle.
How does a transform fault plate boundary differ from a divergent boundary?
-A transform fault plate boundary involves plates sliding past each other horizontally without creating or destroying crust, resulting in earthquakes rather than the formation of new crust or volcanic activity seen in divergent boundaries.
What causes earthquakes at transform fault boundaries?
-Earthquakes at transform fault boundaries are caused by the jagged edges of tectonic plates catching and sticking as they slide past each other, building up stress that is released when the plates suddenly slip.
Why are most transform faults located within ocean basins?
-Most transform faults are located within ocean basins because this is where many of the Earth's tectonic plates meet and interact, although some, like the San Andreas Fault, do cut through continental crust.
Outlines
🌏 Plate Tectonics and Convergent Boundaries
This paragraph introduces the concept of plate tectonics, focusing on convergent plate boundaries where lithospheric plates move towards each other. It explains the process of subduction, where one plate is forced under another, leading to the formation of trenches, volcanic arcs, and earthquakes. The paragraph also discusses the 2011 Japan tsunami, which was triggered by a strong earthquake at a convergent boundary between oceanic plates. Additionally, it touches on the collision of continental plates, which results in mountain ranges and shallow earthquakes, rather than volcanic activity.
🌋 Divergent and Transform Fault Boundaries
The second paragraph delves into divergent plate boundaries, where plates move apart and new crust is formed, as seen in oceanic ridges and continental rift valleys. It describes the formation of oceanic ridges due to convection currents and the creation of a reef valley between ridges. The paragraph highlights the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as an example and explains the age distribution of oceanic crust. It also covers the process of continental plates diverging to form a rift valley and eventually an ocean, using Iceland as an example. Lastly, the paragraph explains transform fault boundaries, where plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes, and uses the San Andreas Fault as an illustration.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Convergent Plate Boundary
💡Subduction
💡Trench
💡Volcanic Arc
💡Earthquake
💡Divergent Plate Boundary
💡Oceanic Ridge
💡Reef Valley
💡Transform Fault Plate Boundary
💡Tectonic Plates
💡Convection Currents
Highlights
Introduction to plate tectonics and convergent plate boundaries.
Explanation of lithospheric plates moving towards each other and subduction process.
Formation of trenches, volcanic arcs, and earthquakes due to oceanic-continental plate convergence.
Tsunami generation from strong earthquakes at oceanic-oceanic plate convergence.
Mountain range creation and shallow earthquakes from continental-continental plate collision.
Continuation to part two focusing on divergent plate boundaries.
Description of lithospheric plates moving apart and oceanic ridge formation.
Process of oceanic ridge formation due to convection currents and magma creation.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge as part of the longest mountain range in the world.
Age distribution of oceanic crust with younger rocks near oceanic ridges.
Divergent boundaries also known as constructive plate margins due to new material formation.
Development of continental rift valleys and seas from divergent continental plates.
Iceland as an example of a country formed by divergent plates between the Eurasian and North American plates.
Introduction to transform fault plate boundaries and their simulation.
Earthquake generation at transform faults due to jagged plate edges and stress release.
San Andreas Fault as an example of a transform fault cutting through continental crust.
Summary of divergent and transform plate boundaries, their effects, and phenomena.
Conclusion and sign-off by Marian Soriano, inviting students to the next lesson.
Transcripts
hello students welcome to grade 10
science lessons
and i'm your teacher mom marian soriano
[Music]
in part one of our video lesson on
processes that occur along plate
boundaries
we discuss about the different types of
convergent plate boundary
in convergent plate boundary the
lithospheric plates are moving towards
each other
where one leading edge of a plate will
be subducted and turned into magma
just like in the convergence of oceanic
to continental crystal plates
that gives rise to the formation of
trenches
volcanic art and earthquakes
convergence of oceanic to oceanic
crystal plates
it leads to the formation of trenches
volcanic island arcs and strong
earthquakes
that can generate tsunamis like what
happened in japan in 2011.
in the last type of convergent plate
boundary where two continental crustal
plates collide
there is no subduction zone therefore
no volcanoes but rather a collision zone
happens
that create mountain ranges and shallow
earthquakes
let's continue our video lesson on the
processes that occur
along plate boundaries part two
divergent plate boundary
divergent plate boundary is when the
lithospheric plates are moving apart
from each other
if the divergent movement is happening
in the oceanic plates
it can lead to the formation of the
oceanic ridge and reef valley
what are oceanic ridge and reef valley
how are they formed
oceanic ridge is an underwater mountain
range formed by plate tectonics
the oceanic ridge occurs when convection
currents rise in the mantle
beneath the oceanic crust and create
magma where two tectonic plates
meet at a divergent boundary
as plates continue to move apart an
uplifted ocean floor will develop in
both sides of the plates which is called
oceanic ridge
since oceanic crust is thinner than the
continental crust
the creation of a linear shaped lowland
between oceanic ridges will develop
called reef valley
did you know the mid-atlantic ridge is a
mid-ocean reach located along the floor
of the atlantic ocean
and part of the longest mountain range
in the world
did you know also rocks near the oceanic
ridge are younger than those far from it
this map tells the ages of the earth's
oceanic crust in million years
red means youngest oceanic rocks and
blue means the oldest
clearly rocks near the oceanic regions
are younger than far from it
that's why the virgin plate boundary is
also known as constructed plate margins
because it's where new materials are
being formed
divergent plate movement can also occur
in continental plates
as continental plates starts to move
apart the crust will start
thinning and develops a continental reef
valley
the continental reef valley will develop
into a narrow sea and then into a
widened ocean
iceland is a country located above the
eurasian plate and north american plain
that are diverging from one another
the zinfandler national park is one of
the most frequently visited attractions
in iceland
transform fault plate boundary
let's examine the simulation above
if the blocks represent the lithospheric
plates you will notice that there were
two sets of divergent plate boundaries
between blocks 1 and 2 and blocks 3 and
4.
but since the plates were adjacent to
each other a new type of boundary is
manifested
and that is the transform fault boundary
between blocks 2
and 3.
the presence of an oceanic ridge is an
indication of diverging plates
and as the plates diverge between the
two segments of the mid ocean reach
the adjacent slabs of cross are grinding
past each other forming transform fault
transform boundaries and the resulting
falls produce many earthquakes
because edges of tectonic plates are
jagged rather than smooth
as the plates grind past each other the
jagged edges strike each other
catch and stick locking the plates in
place for a time
because the plates are locked together
without moving
a lot of stress builds up at the fault
line this stress is released in quick
bursts when the plates suddenly slip
into new positions
the sudden movement is what we feel as
the shaking and trembling of an
earthquake
most turns from falls are located within
the ocean basins
there are a few that cuts through the
continental crust like the san andreas
fault
let's summarize what you have learned
divergent plate boundary is when plates
move apart from each other
forming mid-oceanic reaches reef valleys
and shallow earthquakes
transform fault plate boundary is a fold
along a plate boundary
where the motion is predominantly
horizontal
no leading edge of plate is being
destroyed this means
that no volcanoes no mountings are
formed
but rather earthquakes i hope you
enjoyed and learned something from our
lesson
this is my marian soriano see you in our
next lesson
[Music]
you
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