Terraform Scenario Based Interview Questions and Answers | DevOps Interview
Summary
TLDRThis video script offers an in-depth exploration of common Terraform interview questions, providing detailed answers and learning resources. It covers Terraform's basics, state file management, multi-cloud strategies, CI/CD integration, and secret handling. The script also delves into advanced topics like module usage, count feature advantages, and automated testing. Viewers are encouraged to request the document for a comprehensive guide and to suggest future topics like Docker or Kubernetes.
Takeaways
- 📝 Terraform is an Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool that allows you to script infrastructure in the cloud using configuration files (TF files).
- 🔍 The state file in Terraform is crucial as it stores the current state of the managed infrastructure and is used to compare with the desired state to make updates.
- 🛠 To manage infrastructure created manually, you can use Terraform by first writing the configuration and then using the `terraform import` command to import existing resources into Terraform management.
- 🔄 Terraform supports multi-environment setups using either modules or workspaces, allowing the same code to be used with different configurations for various environments.
- 🗂️ The Terraform state file is a JSON or binary file that is vital for Terraform operations, and best practices include using remote storage, state locking, access control, automated backups, and environment separation.
- 💡 In case of accidental deletion of a state file, recovery from backups is the first step; if not available, manual recreation using `terraform import` is necessary.
- 🌐 When adopting a multicloud strategy, Terraform's cloud-agnostic nature allows managing resources across different cloud providers like AWS and Azure by defining respective providers.
- 🔧 Provisioners in Terraform can execute scripts post-resource creation, with options for local and remote execution depending on the requirement.
- 🚦 Blue-green deployments can be facilitated by Terraform by defining two sets of infrastructure resources and switching traffic between them using load balancers or DNS.
- 🔄 Integration of Terraform with CI/CD pipelines involves committing Terraform code to a repository, setting up pipelines for validation, planning, applying, and optionally, testing and deployment stages.
- 🔒 Managing secrets in Terraform is crucial, and best practices include avoiding hardcoding secrets in the code, using secret management tools, and passing sensitive data through input variables or environment variables.
Q & A
What is Terraform and how does it work?
-Terraform is an Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool that allows you to define your infrastructure using code. You write code for the infrastructure you want to create, then run Terraform commands to have it created in the cloud. Terraform uses a state file to store data on all the infrastructure it manages, comparing this with the actual cloud infrastructure to determine what needs to be created or deleted according to your configuration.
How can you import existing infrastructure into Terraform management?
-To import existing infrastructure into Terraform, you first write the Terraform configuration for the resources. Then, you run the 'terraform import' command for each resource, specifying the resource type and its unique identifier. This adds the infrastructure to the Terraform state file, allowing it to be managed by Terraform.
How can you use the same Terraform code for multiple environments?
-You can use the same Terraform code for multiple environments by using Terraform modules, which are reusable code templates, or Terraform workspaces, which allow for separate state files for different environments using the same codebase. Modules enable the use of different configurations through parameters or variables, while workspaces maintain separate state files for each environment.
What is the importance of the Terraform state file?
-The Terraform state file is crucial as it stores the current state of the managed infrastructure. It acts as a blueprint, helping Terraform understand what's already set up and what changes need to be made by comparing the desired state with the current one in the state file, allowing for accurate updates to the infrastructure.
What steps should be taken if a Terraform state file is accidentally deleted?
-If a Terraform state file is accidentally deleted, the first step is to recover from a backup if available. If no backup exists, you need to manually recreate the state file using the 'terraform import' command for each resource on the cloud, which can be time-consuming. It's essential to review and monitor the recreated state to ensure everything is working correctly.
What are some best practices for managing a Terraform state file?
-Best practices for managing a Terraform state file include using remote storage like S3 or Azure Blob Storage, enabling state locking to prevent conflicts in concurrent operations, ensuring access control to limit access to authorized personnel, setting up automated backups to prevent data loss, and maintaining separate state files for different environments or using Terraform workspaces.
How can you structure your Terraform code to handle a multicloud strategy?
-For a multicloud strategy, you define the providers for each cloud you intend to use, such as AWS and Azure. Then, you write the code for the resources you want to create in each cloud. Terraform being cloud-agnostic allows you to manage resources across different cloud providers simultaneously.
How can you run scripts after creating resources with Terraform?
-You can run scripts after creating resources with Terraform using provisioners. Local and remote exec provisioners can be used to run commands or scripts locally or on remote machines, respectively. You define the provisioner in your Terraform configuration and specify the connection details if running remotely.
Can you perform blue-green deployments using Terraform and how?
-Yes, Terraform can be used to set up blue-green deployments by defining two sets of infrastructure resources with slight variations. You create a new environment alongside the existing one and test it. If everything works as expected, you switch traffic using load balancers or DNS records to direct traffic to the new environment.
How can you integrate Terraform with CI/CD pipelines?
-Terraform can be integrated into CI/CD pipelines by committing the Terraform code to a version control system and setting up a pipeline that executes Terraform commands such as 'init', 'validate', and 'plan'. The pipeline can be configured with stages for applying approved changes and optionally include testing and verification tools for syntax correctness.
How can you use Terraform with configuration management tools like Ansible or Chef?
-Terraform can be used in conjunction with configuration management tools like Ansible or Chef. Terraform focuses on infrastructure provisioning, while tools like Ansible or Chef handle configuration tasks such as software installation, server configuration, and service management. This combination provides a comprehensive solution for infrastructure automation.
How can you manage secrets and sensitive data in Terraform?
-To manage secrets in Terraform, you should never hardcode sensitive information in your Terraform code or push it to version control systems. Instead, use tools like HashiCorp Vault or cloud-specific secret management services like AWS Secrets Manager. Alternatively, you can use Terraform input variables or environment variables to pass sensitive information at runtime.
How can you specify dependencies between resources in Terraform?
-In Terraform, you can specify dependencies between resources using the 'depends_on' attribute within the resource block. This allows you to define that one resource should be created before another, ensuring the correct order of operations.
Is it possible to destroy a single resource out of multiple resources using Terraform?
-Yes, it is possible to destroy a single resource out of multiple resources using Terraform. You can use the 'terraform destroy' command with a '-target' attribute followed by the resource type and name to destroy a specific resource without affecting others.
What are the advantages of using Terraform's 'count' feature over resource duplication?
-Using Terraform's 'count' feature over resource duplication allows you to dynamically create multiple instances of a resource based on a given condition or variable. It reduces code duplication, enables more efficient resource management, and promotes scalability.
What is Terraform's module registry and how can it be leveraged?
-Terraform's module registry is a central repository for sharing and discovering Terraform modules. It allows users to publish and reuse modules, which are reusable and sharable components of Terraform configurations. By leveraging the module registry, you can easily discover existing modules that address your infrastructure needs, reducing the need for duplication of work.
How can you implement automated testing for Terraform code?
-Automated testing for Terraform code can be implemented using tools like Terratest, TFLint, Kitchen-Terraform, and others. These tools help validate syntax, detect issues early, ensure the desired state matches the actual state, and involve creating test fixtures, defining test scenarios, and executing Terraform operations.
What considerations should be taken when migrating from one Terraform version to another?
-When migrating Terraform versions, review the upgrade guide to understand changes, deprecations, and new features. Update configuration files accordingly, ensure thorough testing, monitor changes in non-prod environments before moving to production, document any changes, and provide training to team members.
Outlines
📘 Terraform Interview Questions Overview
This paragraph introduces the video's focus on the most frequently asked Terraform interview questions along with their answers and learning resources. The speaker presents a collection of real-time scenario-based and advanced Terraform questions, such as those related to CI/CD integration, automated testing, and version upgrades. Viewers are encouraged to watch the video in its entirety and request a PDF document containing the questions and answers for further study.
🛠 Terraform Basics and Importing AWS Resources
The speaker explains the fundamentals of Terraform as an Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool, detailing its workflow from writing code to applying changes on cloud infrastructure using state files. A scenario-based question is addressed, illustrating how to import manually created AWS resources into Terraform's management through the configuration and execution of the 'terraform import' command.
🌐 Managing Multiple Environments with Terraform
This section discusses strategies for using the same Terraform code across multiple environments, such as development and production stages. Two approaches are highlighted: Terraform modules, which allow for code reuse with different configurations, and Terraform workspaces, which enable separate state files for each environment using the same code base. The importance of understanding these methods for efficient infrastructure management is emphasized.
🗂 Understanding the Importance of Terraform State Files
The role of the Terraform state file is explored, describing it as a critical component that stores information about managed infrastructure. The paragraph covers the consequences of a junior DevOps engineer accidentally deleting a state file and the steps to recover or recreate it using backups or the 'terraform import' command. Best practices for managing state files, including remote storage, state locking, and automated backups, are also presented.
🔌 Terraform in a Multicloud Strategy
The paragraph delves into structuring Terraform code to manage resources across multiple cloud providers, such as AWS and Azure, in the context of a multicloud strategy. It explains how to define providers and write code for resources on different clouds, emphasizing Terraform's cloud-agnostic nature and its ability to manage infrastructure across various platforms.
🔧 Running Bash Scripts Post-Terraform Provisioning
This section describes how to execute bash scripts after resource creation with Terraform using provisioners. It differentiates between local and remote exec provisioners and provides an example of using a remote exec provisioner to run commands on a remote machine via SSH. The importance of defining connection details for remote execution is also highlighted.
🚀 Blue-Green Deployments with Terraform
The concept of blue-green deployments is introduced as a strategy for high availability, where two identical environments are maintained. The paragraph explains how Terraform can be used to define and manage infrastructure for both environments, allowing for traffic switching between them using load balancers or DNS records to ensure minimal downtime during updates.
🔄 Integrating Terraform with CI/CD Pipelines
The importance of automating Terraform through CI/CD pipelines is discussed, with a focus on best practices for integrating Terraform with GitLab CI/CD. The process involves committing Terraform code to a remote repository, setting up a CI/CD pipeline with stages for planning, applying, and destroying infrastructure, and ensuring thorough testing and monitoring at each stage.
🤝 Combining Terraform with Configuration Management Tools
This paragraph explores the synergy between Terraform and configuration management tools like Ansible or Chef. It explains how Terraform can be used for infrastructure provisioning while Ansible and Chef handle configuration management tasks. The benefits of using these tools in conjunction for a comprehensive automation solution are emphasized.
🔒 Managing Secrets and Sensitive Data in Terraform
The paragraph addresses the critical issue of managing secrets and sensitive data within Terraform, outlining best practices to protect this information. It advises against hardcoding secrets in Terraform code and suggests using external tools like HashiCorp Vault or cloud-specific secret management services, as well as input variables or environment variables for secure handling of sensitive information.
➡️ Specifying Dependencies Between Terraform Resources
The concept of specifying dependencies between Terraform resources is explained, using the example of creating an EC2 instance before an RDS database. The 'depends_on' meta-argument is introduced as a method to define the order of resource creation, ensuring that dependent resources are managed correctly.
🗑️ Destroying Individual Resources in Terraform
This section discusses the possibility of selectively destroying individual resources within a Terraform configuration, rather than deleting all resources. It explains how to use the 'terraform destroy' command with a target attribute to specify the exact resource to be destroyed, avoiding the deletion of multiple resources unintentionally.
🔢 Advantages of Terraform's 'count' Feature
The benefits of using Terraform's 'count' feature over resource duplication are highlighted. The 'count' meta-argument allows for the dynamic creation of multiple instances of a resource based on conditions or variables, reducing code duplication and enabling more efficient resource management. The advantages of this approach are compared to manually rewriting code blocks multiple times.
📚 Terraform Module Registry
The Terraform Module Registry is introduced as a central repository for discovering and sharing reusable Terraform modules. The paragraph explains how leveraging the module registry can reduce the need for writing custom code by allowing users to reference and incorporate existing modules into their Terraform configurations, streamlining the infrastructure setup process.
🧪 Implementing Automated Testing for Terraform Code
The importance of automated testing in Terraform code is emphasized, with a discussion on the available tools and methods for implementing testing practices. The paragraph covers the use of Terraform's built-in commands like 'terraform validate' and 'terraform format', as well as third-party tools for linting, unit testing, integration testing, and static analysis to ensure code quality and infrastructure accuracy.
🔄 Migrating Terraform Infrastructure Across Versions
This paragraph addresses the process of migrating Terraform infrastructure from one version to another, specifically from version 1.7 to 1.8. It outlines the steps for a successful migration, including reviewing the upgrade guide, updating configuration files, conducting thorough testing, monitoring changes, and providing training to team members to ensure a smooth transition.
🗣️ Closing Remarks and Future Content Suggestions
The video concludes with an invitation for viewers to share their thoughts, ask questions, or request the document containing the interview questions and answers. The speaker also seeks feedback on what topics to cover in future videos, such as Docker or Kubernetes interview questions, demonstrating a commitment to providing valuable and relevant content.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Terraform
💡State File
💡Terraform Import
💡Terraform Modules
💡Terraform Workspaces
💡CI/CD
💡Provisioners
💡Blue-Green Deployment
💡Count Meta Argument
💡Terraform Registry
💡Automated Testing
💡Terraform Version Migration
Highlights
Introduction to Terraform interview questions and answers, along with learning resources.
Explanation of Terraform as an Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool and its basic workflow.
How to import existing infrastructure into Terraform for management.
Using Terraform modules and workspaces for managing multiple environments with the same code.
The importance and function of the Terraform state file in managing infrastructure.
Steps to resolve the accidental deletion of a Terraform state file.
Best practices for managing the Terraform state file, including remote storage and state locking.
Structuring Terraform code for multicloud strategies involving AWS and Azure.
Executing bash scripts post-resource creation using Terraform provisioners.
Implementing blue-green deployments for high availability with Terraform.
Integrating Terraform with CI/CD pipelines for automated infrastructure provisioning.
Combining Terraform with configuration management tools like Ansible or Chef.
Managing secrets and sensitive data in Terraform without hardcoding.
Specifying dependencies between resources in Terraform to control creation order.
Destroying a single resource out of multiple using Terraform's target attribute.
Advantages of using Terraform's count feature over resource duplication.
Introduction to Terraform's module registry for discovering and reusing modules.
Implementing automated testing for Terraform code using various tools.
Considerations for migrating from one Terraform version to another, such as from 1.7 to 1.8.
Transcripts
in this video we look at most asked
terraform interview questions along with
answers and also learning resources to
help you out all right so I'm here on my
computer screen and I have all this
different terraform interview questions
along with answers and also learning
materials to help you understand each
topic properly now in this document I
have mostly realtime scenario based
terraform interview questions but I've
also included some Advanced terraform
interview questions like cicd with
terraform automated testing in terraform
upgrading terraform version and lot more
so make sure you watch this video till
the end and if you want me to share this
document with you comment down terrafirm
interview questions and answers and I
will share this document as a PDF on
LinkedIn and also share the link of this
document in the video description now
with that being said let's get started
with this terraform interview questions
and answers video let's go so whenever
you sit for a terraform interview the
first typical question that you will get
is going to be what is terraform and how
it works so we all know terraform is an
infrastructure ased code tool that lets
you write the code for the
infrastructure that you want to create
in the cloud when you write the code you
then run the terraform commands and
terraform will create this
infrastructure in the cloud terraform
does this using the state file so a
state file in terraform is a file that
will store the data of all the
infrastructure managed through terraform
and terraform uses the state file to
compare with the actual infrastructure
on the cloud to tell us what is going to
be created or deleted according to the
configuration you have in these files so
this is how terraform works and if you
look at the answer here terraform is an
IC tool that lets you write code to
Define and manage your infrastructure
you describe your desired infrastructure
in the configuration files which are
these files here the TF
files and then terraform figures out
what needs to be done to achieve the
state and then make it happen by
interacting with Cloud providers or
other infrastructure platform here is
the workflow you you first write the
code you then plan to check what is
going to be created or deleted and then
you apply to have that infrastructure on
the cloud so this is how terraform Works
moving on the next question is a
scenario based question where it says a
devops engineer manually created
infrastructure on AWS and now there is a
requirement to use terraform to manage
it how would you import this resources
in the terraform code okay so according
to this question engineer has created
some infrastructure on AWS manually and
now they want this infrastructure to be
managed through terraform so how can you
do that so let's consider either this is
an infrastructure or an ec2 instance
created manually through AWS console and
now you want this to be managed through
terraform so for an infrastructure to be
managed through terraform it has to be
present inside the state file which is
this state file here so we will start
with creating the configuration first it
will create the code which is going to
be a resource block for this particular
instance specifying the instance type
specifying uh the Ami used and all the
other things once you write the code for
this to be inside the state file we will
run the terraform import command so if
you look at the answer here we we first
write the terraform configuration for
the resources that we want to be managed
through terraform once we write the code
then we run the terraform import command
and here is the command here so
terraform import with the resource type
and the unique ID so we run terraform
import command for each resource
specifying the resource type and its
unique identifier once you follow these
two steps then the infrastructure will
be managed through terraform and not
manually so we have to repeat these
steps or repeat this process for each
resource that we want to manage through
terraform now if you want to learn more
about how terraform import works here is
a great blog by terraform itself where
they will tell you how you can use
terraform uh import command to manage
infrastructure through terraform rather
than
manually moving on the next scenario
based question is you have multiple
environments Dev stage fraud for your
application and you want to use the same
code for all these environments how can
you do that
so according to the question there are
different environments for an
application and you want to use the same
terraform code for all these different
environments how can you do that to
achieve this we have actually two
different approaches the first is using
terraform modules and the second is
using terraform workspaces so what is
terraform module a terraform model is a
block of code or a code template for
infrastructure components and you define
them once and then you can use them with
different configurations for various
environments by passing in different
parameters or different variables so
this is the first approach where you can
use the same code for different
environments the second one is using
terraform workspaces using workspaces
you will have different state files for
different environments using the same
code so you terraform workspace provides
a way to manage separate states for same
set of configuration file each workspace
maintains its own safe file allowing you
to work on different environments
concurrently without interfering with
each other here is a great block that
will help you understand how you can use
the same code with with different
multiple environments using uh the
terraform module approach and also using
the terraform workspace approach I
recommend you checking this out if you
want to learn more about how you can use
the same code with different
environments moving on the next question
is what is terraform State file and why
it is important so we already know State
file is something that is going to have
information about the resources managed
through terraform and this is usually a
Json file so if you look here terraform
State file is a Json or a binary file
that stores the current state of the
managed infrastructure State file is
like a blueprint that stores information
about the infrastructure you manage and
it is crucial because it helps teram
understand what's already set up what
changes need to be made by comparing the
desired state with the current one in
the state file terraform can make
accurate updates to your infrastructure
so this means terraform State file is
very important for terraform to work
because using State file terraform
actually compares the configuration with
what you have on the cloud and then it
will actually create to delete stuff so
terraform State file is a Json file
which is very important for terraform to
work so next question is a scenario
based question a junior devops engineer
accidentally deleted a state file what
step should we take to resolve this so
we already know State file is very very
important and in this question a junior
devops engineer has accidentally deleted
a state file what step should we take to
recreate it or resolve this so as we
know state is import State file is
important it is always recommended to
take backups so the first step is going
to recover backup if there is a backup
available try to restore the state file
from the backup if there is no backup
then you need to manually create State
file which is very timec consuming and
you can do this by using terraform
import command so you will check what
resources are there on the cloud and
using terraform import command you will
import every single resource and put
them into the state file to recreate the
state file here is another great blog
where the author accidentally deleted
the state file and then using terao
import command they recreated the state
file so here is the terraform import
command on how they use terraform import
to recreate State file so make sure you
always take backups if there are no
backups you will have to recreate it
manually using terraform import command
checking each resource on the cloud once
you do that make make sure to review and
monitor if everything is working fine if
you get this question in the interview
the followup question would be what are
some best practices to manage terraform
State file so as we know terraform State
file is important and I've been
continuously saying this here are some
best practices to make make sure that
you properly manage your state file the
first best practice is to use remote
storage so rather than storing your
state file locally in your local machine
like this you can store your state file
on remote backends like S3 Azure blob
storage console and lot more so you
should always store the state file
remotely for safety collaboration and
Version Control second is State locking
when you store your state files on
remote backends you will obviously have
collaboration which means multiple
people will constantly update the state
file by running different terraform
commands so you need to enable State
locking to make sure there are no
conflicts whenever multiple people are
changing the state file uh so State
locking will prevent conflicts in
concurrent operations next is to access
control make sure only authorized people
or Services have access to the state
file to avoid deletion or Corruption of
the state file next is automated backups
make sure to set up automated backups to
prevent data loss for the state file and
lastly
environment separation maintain separate
State files for each environments or
utilize terraform workspace to manage
multiple State file so here are some
different best practices to manage
terraform State five let let's move on
the next question is your team is
adopting a multicloud strategy and you
need to manage resources on both AWS and
Azure using terraform so how do you
structure your terraform code to handle
this so according to the question your
team is adopting multicloud strategy
where you want to create code on AWS as
well as on azure so how can you do that
so we already know terraform is a cloud
agnostic which means terraform can work
on different clouds at once so you can
also create resources on AWS also on
Azure also on
gcp so you will do that by first
defining the providers if you want to
create resources in AWS you will have to
Define AWS as a provider in this case we
are creating resources in AWS and Azure
so we will Define provider for AWS and
Azure as well once you define the
provider you will then start with
writing the code for the resources you
want to create in AWS and Azure so here
are two steps first you define the
provider then you write the code for
different resources you want to
create moving on the next scenario based
question is there are some bash scripts
that you want to run after creating your
resources with terraform how how would
you achieve this so you have some bat
scripts that you want to run after the
resources are created you can do this
using provisioners in terraform so there
are three different types of
provisioners in terraform there is file
provisioner local ex provisional and
remote exact provisional for us to run
bash scripts we can use local exact
provisional and remote exec provisional
the difference between these two are
local exec provisioners are used to run
commands in your local machine remote
exec provisioners are used to run
commands or run scripts inside your
remote machines so here is a simple
example we are using a provisioner which
is a remote exec provisioner and we
using we are running some commands here
the first command is to give permissions
for the script that you want to run and
the second command is to actually run
the script when you use remote or file
provisional you also need to define the
connection block which is how you will
connect to the remote machine where you
want to run your scripts so you can see
the explanation here in this
configuration we using a remote exit
provisioner which executes A bash
command on a remote machine via
SSH you need to provide the necessary
connection details such as SSH user
private key and the host so this is how
you can run bash scripts uh using remote
exact provisioner if you want to run it
on remote machine if you want to run it
toally you can use local exact provision
as
well moving on the next question is your
company is looking ways to enable High
availability how can you perform blue
green deployments using terraform this
is a very nice question and I have got
this question a lot of times when
sitting for interviews so what is Blu
green deployment a Blu green deployment
is a strategy where you have two
identical environments a blue one and a
green one like this according to the
question the question is asking how can
you use terraform to set up a blue green
environment so you can use terraform you
can actually you can obviously use
terraform to do this so terraform
facilitates this by defining two sets of
infrastructure Resources with slight
variation so maybe you can have two
different Autos scaling groups or two
different Azure virtual machine scale
sets what you can do is you can create a
new environment alongside with the
existing one which is going to be the
green one and you will test if
everything is working in the new
environment if everything works properly
you can then switch the traffic either
using uh load balances or using DNS
records so you can see you first create
the new environment alongside with the
existing one you validate if everything
is working fine in the green environment
and if it is working fine you can then
use application Road balancer or DNS
records to switch traffic between these
two again to understand this more
clearly I also have another uh blog or
documentation
by by terraform itself and they have
defined how you can use terraform for
bluprint deployment or for Canary and
rolling deployment as well so go through
this to understand more on how you can
use terraform to set this up moving on
the next question is your company wants
to automate terraform through cicd
pipelines how can you integrate
terraform with cicd pipelines this is
again very very important because every
company is using cicd pipelines to
automate the terraform infrastructure
provisioning so make sure you go through
this answer very properly I have also
explained this very thoroughly in this
particular video where we have used
gitlab cicd to automate terraform
resource creation and deletion so inside
this video we have created a cicd
pipeline using gitlab in this cicd
pipeline we have different stages for in
it for a plan apply and Destroy so
similarly for you to set up or automate
your terraform through cicd pipeline you
need to First push the terraform code
this code onto uh remote repository like
GitHub or gitlab wherever you want to
set up your cicd pipeline once you have
your code there you can then start with
writing the cicd script uh which will
have different stages for in it for
validate for plan for apply for apply
you can either do it manually where you
will create uh where you will create
merge request every time there's a
change in the terraform code and once it
is approved only then resource should be
created also you can set up approval for
deletion as well so here are the
different steps you first commit the
code to Version Control System set up a
cicd pipeline that will check every time
you make a change inside your terraform
code and you push it to this repository
terraform the CD pipeline will run
in the pipeline you can execute
terraform commands such as init validate
and plan to ensure the configurations
are valid and generate an execution plan
you can do this by defining different
stages in the
pipeline use Terra forly command to
create or modify infrastructure based on
approved changes so whenever whenever
you make a change you can then create a
merge request when this merge request is
accepted only then the apply stage
should be done optionally you can also
use testing and verification tool to
validate and deploy infrastructure so
you can include different uh different
Frameworks or different tools to include
testing or to make sure your your
terraform syntax is correct finally
trigger additional pipeline stages for
application deployment and testing and
release optionally you can also have
other cicd pipelines where you can use
you can also add other cicd pipelines
for application deployment testing and
release so this is how you can integrate
cicd pipelines with terraform I highly
recommend you checking out this video
where I've explained step by step on how
you can use cicd with terraform to
automate deployment on the
cloud moving on the next question is
describe how you can use terraform with
infrastructure deployment tools like
anible or Chef so in this question it is
asking how you can use terraform with
configuration management tools like
Terra like anible or Chef so we all know
terraform is an infrastructure
provisioning tool which is used to
create infrastructure whereas anible or
Chef are configuration management tools
which are used to configure stuff so
using terraform you can create E2
instances but using anible you can
install something on it so terraform can
be used in conjunction with
infrastructure deployment tools like
anible or Chef to manage infrastructure
provisioning and configuration anible
and Chef can handle tasks such as
installing a software configuring
servers managing Services while
terraform focuses on infrastructure
provisioning and orchestration so it is
a very good practice to use these two
tools together to create or achieve a
comprehensive infrastructure automation
solution now if you have confusion
between what what is terraform and what
is anible and how they are different you
can check out this video where I've
explained how terraform and anible are
different from each other and what is
what do they actually
do so you can use terraform with anible
and that we have answered here moving on
the next question is your infrastructure
contains database passwords and other
sensitive information how can you manage
secrets and sensitive data in terraform
this is a very very important question
compan companies are very concerned
about how you manage Secrets when
working with terraform so you need to
know how to manage Secrets like database
passwords credentials when working with
terraform here are some best practices
that you can follow to manage Secrets
when working in terraform the first best
practice is never hard Cod secrets in
your terraform code never put your uh
database passwords never put your
credentials inside terraform code
because anyone will be able to see it
even if you push it on uh repositories
everyone will be able to see it so never
hardcoded in your code you can store
Secrets outside Version Control files
never push them on GitHub as well and
you can rather than rather than storing
it inside the code you can use tools
like hashiko Vault or also Cloud
specific secret Management Services like
Secrets manager in AWS also opt you can
also use terraform input variables or
environment variables where you can pass
this information while you run the
commands rather than storing them in the
code so here are few uh different best
practices that you can use to make sure
that you can protect sensitive
information and minimize the risk of
exposing Secrets
intentionally or unintentionally so
moving on the next question is you have
RDS database and ec2 instance created
using terraform ec2 instance should be
created before RDS how can you specify
dependencies between two resources so
you have RDS database and you also have
ec2 instances you want this ec2 instance
to be created before the RDS is created
so to do that you can use a meta
argument which is a depends on meta
arguments using this depends on met
argument you can Define that the ec2
should be created first and then the Rd
should be created so in terraform you
can specify dependencies between
resources using dependon attribute
within the resource block and I've
explained this again in this video where
I've shown how you can use dependon
argument to create resources first so
make sure to watch this video if you
want to learn how you can use dependon
meta argument to create resources before
any other
resource moving on the next question is
you have 20 servers you have 20 servers
created through terraform but you want
to delete one of them is it possible to
destroy a single resource out of
multiple resources using terraform so
this is again a very tricky question
whenever you want to delete stuff
through terraform you will run the
terraform destroy command but when you
run terraform destroy command everything
that is defined inside your
configuration will be deleted so let's
say you have 20 servers how can you
delete one of them so if you want to
delete just one of the resources defined
among the 20 resources in the terraform
you can use terraform destroy command
with a Target attribute here so it is
possible we can use terraform destroy
Target command followed by the resource
type and the name to destroy a specific
resource so you can use Target with the
instance that you want to create that
you want to delete and it will only
delete the particular instance rather
than deleting all the 20
servers and again there's a
documentation by ashiko which will tell
you how you can use terraform destroy
with a Target attribute here so make
sure you go through this if you want to
understand more on how you can destroy a
particular resource rather than
destroying
everything now moving on the next
question is what are advantages of using
terraforms count feature over resource
duplication so in this question they're
asking you what is the advantage of
using count instead of resource
duplication so a count feature or count
meta argument is used to define how many
resources you want to create for example
you can check here here is the code to
create AWS instance in this block of
code we are defining count as four which
means it will create four instances of
these configuration other way to do this
is to rewrite the code four time with
this I'm not writing this code four
times so this is the benefit using count
you are you can create as many resources
as you want without actually writing the
code so using using terraforms count
feature provides advantage over resource
duplication by allowing you to
dynamically create multiple instances of
a resource based on given condition or a
variable with count you can define a
resource block with the count value that
evaluates an expression such as variable
or conditional statement this reduces
code duplication and enable more
efficient resource management and
scalability so it is always always
advised to use count rather than
defining your code blocks multiple times
you can also add some Advanced
Expressions to enhance your terraform
code here is the official documentation
by terraform on count met argument I
also have a short video on how you can
use count and count. index so if you
want you can check it
out moving on the next question is what
is terraforms module registry and how
can you leverage it this is again
something that you need to know if you
are working on terraform module registry
is a place where you can find different
modules that you can use rather than
writing the code yourself so here is the
module registry where are different
where you have different modules there
is a module for IM IM there is a module
for VPC for S3 bucket for eks everything
so let's say you want to create eks
cluster rather than writing the code
yourself you can just go ahead and use
this module if you want to check the
code for the module you can also check
the code here this module is created by
Anton uh and then the code is present
here on the GitHub so module registry is
like a place where you can find all the
different modules that you can reuse
rather than writing the code yourself so
terraforms module registry is a central
repository for sharing and discovering
terraform modules the module registry
allow users to publish their modules
which are reusable and sharable
components of terraform configuration by
leveraging the module register you can
easily discover existing modules that
address your your infrastructure need
reducing the duplication of f word and
you can reference modules in your
terraform code using their registry URL
andion for you to use any particular
module you can see a block here inside
the module block you can define a source
as the module that you want to
use now moving on the next question is
how can you implement automated testing
for terraform code this is again very
important security is something that you
need to put everywhere even in your
terraform code so how can you implement
automated testing by default terraform
provides you with terraform validate and
terraform format command which will
check the syntax and also format the
code according to terraform best
practice but along with this you can
also use other code other tools like
terat test uh TF lint there's also
kitchen terraform and a lot more I have
defined all the tools here so for you to
a for you to enable or Implement
automated testing uh you can use all
these different tools
so why do we use automated testing we
use automated t tting to validate if the
syntax is correct or if there are any
infrastructure changes to validate if
the syntax is correct to detect issues
earlier and also to ensure the desired
State matches the actual State uh this
involves creating text fixtures test
fixtures defining test scenarios
executing terraform operations and all
this so different tools that are used
for unit testing you can use terraform
Terra compliance or Terra test for
integration testing you can use Terra
Test Kitchen terraform for linting you
can use TF lint or check off and then
other tools as well for static analysis
for mocking for everything else here is
another great block on medium uh for
testing on terraform so you can go and
check it out if you want to know how to
enable automated
testing moving on the last question we
have is you are tasked with migrating
your existing infrastructure from
terraform version 1.7 to version 1.8
which is the latest version as of now so
what kind of considerations would you
take so whenever you are tasked with
migration how would you do the migration
from a particular version to another
version so whenever upgrading a
terraform version from a particular
version to another version always the
first step is to always review the
upgrade guide whenever terraform
releases a new version there is always
going to be a documentation similar to
this so you can see you can find how you
can upgrade a terraform to a particular
version which is version 1.8 the latest
one as of now so first step is to review
upgrade guide to understand what changes
are there what what has been deprecated
and then new features once you do that
you will then update your configuration
files according to the changes of the
new syntax and to handle deprecated
features as well ensure thorough testing
monitor after you make the change
monitor if everything is working fine
always check on the nonpr environments
before you shift to the prod environment
obviously and then document any changes
and also provide training to your Terra
to your team members this this is how
you should be upgrading a terraform
version from one version to another so
now in this video we have now covered a
very important terraform interview
questions I hope this video was
informative if you have any questions
any doubt do let me know in the comment
section also comment down if you want me
to share this document with you and also
comment down what should we cover next
should we
cover Docker interview questions or
kubernetes interview question let me
know in the com let me know in the
comment section thank you and have a
good day
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