Sejarah Kerajaan Gowa Tallo - Kerajaan Makasar

Summary

The video discusses the rise of the Gowa-Tallo Kingdom (also known as the Makassar Kingdom) in South Sulawesi during the 17th century. It explores the kingdom's strategic location in trade routes between Malacca and Maluku, and how political shifts, like the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511, shaped its growth. The kingdom flourished under leaders like Sultan Hasanuddin, who resisted Dutch VOC monopolies, leading to conflicts that culminated in the Bongaya Treaty of 1667, severely weakening the kingdom. The video also highlights Makassar's cultural significance, maritime trade, and the impact of external pressures on its decline.

Takeaways

• 📜 The Kingdoms of Gowa and Tallo were significant political powers in 17th century South Sulawesi.
• 🌍 Makassar's strategic location between Malacca and the Moluccas made it a key player in regional trade.
• ⚔️ The fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511 impacted the dynamics of trade in the region.
• 🕌 In 1605, the rulers of Gowa and Tallo converted to Islam, marking a significant shift in the kingdom's governance.
• 👑 Sultan Hasanuddin of Makassar, ruling from 1654 to 1670, earned the title 'Rooster of the East' for his resistance against Dutch colonial forces.
• 🚢 The Dutch VOC sought to monopolize trade in the region, leading to a major conflict with Sultan Hasanuddin in 1666.
• 📜 The Treaty of Bongaya, signed in 1667, was highly unfavorable for Makassar, limiting its territory and economic activities.
• 🏴 Makassar's influence extended over nearby regions, including Bone, Selayar, Buton, Lombok, and Sumbawa, to support its economy.
• 🚤 The Makassar people were renowned for their maritime culture, notably their Phinisi and Lambo ships used in international trade.
• 📉 The Treaty of Bongaya marked the beginning of Makassar's decline, though resistance to Dutch control persisted for several years.

Q & A

What were the key factors that contributed to the rise of the Makassar Kingdom (Gowa-Tallo)?

The rise of the Makassar Kingdom (Gowa-Tallo) was due to several factors: its location on the riverbank, its strategic position along the trade route between Malacca and the Moluccas, the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511, and the shift of governance in Central Java towards an agrarian system. Additionally, the rulers of Gowa and Tallo embraced Islam in 1605, which contributed to its growth.

Who were the rulers of Gowa and Tallo when they converted to Islam?

The ruler of Tallo at the time of the conversion to Islam was Karaeng Matoaya, who took the title Sultan Abdullah. The ruler of Gowa was Daeng Manrabia, who became known as Sultan Alauddin.

During whose reign did the Makassar Kingdom reach its peak of power?

The Makassar Kingdom reached its peak during the reign of Sultan Hasanuddin, from 1654 to 1670.

Why was Sultan Hasanuddin given the title 'Ayam Jantan dari Timur' (Rooster of the East)?

Sultan Hasanuddin earned the title 'Ayam Jantan dari Timur' (Rooster of the East) due to his courage in resisting Dutch monopolistic policies and efforts to dominate Makassar.

What was the VOC's involvement in Makassar, and how did it lead to conflict?

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) sought to establish a monopoly over trade in Makassar, leading to strained relations that eventually turned into open conflict. A major battle occurred in 1666, with the VOC, led by Admiral Speelman, allied with Aru Palaka, the ruler of Bone, against Sultan Hasanuddin.

What was the outcome of the conflict between Sultan Hasanuddin and the VOC?

Sultan Hasanuddin was forced to sign the Treaty of Bongaya on November 18, 1667. The treaty was highly unfavorable to Makassar, restricting its territorial boundaries, imposing VOC control over trade, and demanding the destruction of all fortresses except Fort Ujung Pandang (later renamed Fort Rotterdam).

What were the terms of the Treaty of Bongaya, and how did they affect Makassar?

The Treaty of Bongaya imposed several harsh terms on Makassar: its territory was limited to Gowa, Bone was returned to Aru Palaka, Makassar's ships could not sail without VOC permission, and the port was closed to all nations except the VOC. All forts except Fort Ujung Pandang (renamed Fort Rotterdam) were to be destroyed, and Makassar had to pay war reparations of 250,000 ringgit.

How did the economy of the Makassar Kingdom function before the Treaty of Bongaya?

Before the Treaty of Bongaya, Makassar thrived as a major international port. It controlled surrounding regions like Bone, Selayar Island, Buton, Lombok, and Sumbawa, which supplied essential goods. Makassar attracted foreign traders, including the Portuguese, English, and Danes, with its locally-made ships like the Pinisi and Lambo playing a key role in trade across Indonesia.

What were some of the notable cultural achievements of the Makassar Kingdom?

As a maritime kingdom, Makassar’s culture was heavily influenced by its seafaring and trading activities. The Pinisi and Lambo boats were famous cultural products, and laws regulating trade and navigation, such as Ade Allopiloping Bicaranna and Pabbalue, were established. Additionally, there was a significant manuscript written on lontar leaves by Amanagappa, documenting the kingdom’s commercial laws.

How did the Treaty of Bongaya impact the Makassar Kingdom in the long term?

The Treaty of Bongaya greatly weakened Makassar, marking the beginning of its decline. The VOC’s control over trade and restrictions on Makassar's territorial reach hindered its economic and political power. Though Makassar attempted to resist VOC domination in later years, it was ultimately absorbed into VOC control.