Ensiklopedia Indonesia | Kepahlawanan Si Ayam Jantan dari Timur Sultan Hasanuddin

Ensiklopedia Sejarah Indonesia

11 Apr 202011:45

Summary

TLDRThe video script provides a detailed history of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate, a prominent maritime kingdom in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It covers the strategic location, economic activities, and political alliances that shaped the Sultanate's development. The script highlights the leadership of Sultan Alauddin and Sultan Hasanuddin, who resisted Dutch colonial forces in the 17th century. Despite eventual defeat, Sultan Hasanuddin is celebrated as a national hero for his bravery. The video also discusses the lasting cultural and historical influence of the Sultanate, including its architectural and literary legacies.

Takeaways

📜 The Gowa-Tallo Sultanate, also known as the Makassar Sultanate, was located in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⚔️ In 1528, the Gowa and Tallo Sultanates formed an alliance, creating the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate, which became a powerful maritime kingdom.
🌊 The Sultanate was strategically positioned with a strong harbor, advanced maritime economy, and skilled sailors, making Makassar an international trading hub.
🏺 The Sultanate traded various goods such as rice, meat, and camphor, and imported items like clothing and ceramics from China.
📚 The legal system in Makassar included maritime trade laws, contributing to the region's economic growth and international trade relations.
🌍 The spread of Islam in Makassar was significantly influenced by a West Sumatran cleric, Dato Ribandang, leading to the conversion of King Gowa Daeng Manrabia to Islam, who was later known as Sultan Alauddin.
🛡️ Sultan Alauddin and his successors, particularly Sultan Muhammad Said and Sultan Hasanuddin, resisted Dutch (VOC) attempts to monopolize the spice trade in the region.
🐓 Sultan Hasanuddin, known as the 'Rooster of the East,' fiercely defended Makassar against Dutch colonial forces, leading to the famous Makassar War, which was one of the largest conflicts faced by the VOC in the 17th century.
🏛️ The fall of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate occurred after the signing of the Bongaya Treaty in 1667, which gave the Dutch significant control over the region, including the construction of Fort Rotterdam.
🏅 Sultan Hasanuddin remains a national hero in Indonesia, honored for his resistance against colonialism, with his name commemorated in several institutions, including Hasanuddin University and Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport.

Q & A

What was the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate, and where was it located?
-The Gowa-Tallo Sultanate, often referred to simply as the Makassar Sultanate, was a maritime kingdom located in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It was formed through a union between the Gowa and Tallo kingdoms in 1528.
What was the primary economic activity of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate?
-The primary economic activity of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate was maritime trade. Its strategic location and advanced ports allowed it to become a major hub for international trade, attracting merchants from Europe and Asia.
How did the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate's location contribute to its success?
-The Sultanate's strategic location on the coast of Makassar allowed it to control key maritime trade routes, making it a crucial port for international traders, including the Portuguese and the English. Its well-developed ports and skilled sailors also bolstered its defense and trade capabilities.
What evidence suggests that the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate had trade relations with China?
-The presence of ceramics from the Sung and Ming dynasties in the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate is evidence that the kingdom had established trade relations with China.
Who was Sultan Alauddin, and what was his significance in the history of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate?
-Sultan Alauddin was a ruler of the Gowa Sultanate who embraced Islam in 1605. His reign marked the beginning of the spread of Islam in the region, and he played a significant role in resisting Dutch colonial forces.
What was the significance of the Bongaya Treaty?
-The Bongaya Treaty, signed in 1667, marked the defeat of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate by the Dutch VOC. It granted the VOC monopoly rights over trade in Makassar, forced Makassar to release the Bone region, and allowed the Dutch to build Fort Rotterdam in the heart of the Sultanate.
How did Sultan Hasanuddin earn the title 'Rooster of the East'?
-Sultan Hasanuddin earned the title 'Rooster of the East' due to his fierce resistance against Dutch colonial forces. He led the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate during the Makassar War, which was one of the largest conflicts the VOC faced in the 17th century.
What were the consequences of the Dutch VOC's victory over the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate?
-The Dutch VOC's victory led to the signing of the Bongaya Treaty, the fall of the Sultanate's strongholds, and the eventual decline of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate as a maritime power. The Dutch gained significant control over trade in the region.
What role did the Islamic scholar Dato Ribandang play in the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate?
-Dato Ribandang was an Islamic scholar from West Sumatra who played a key role in spreading Islam in Makassar. His influence led to the conversion of the Gowa Sultanate's rulers to Islam, starting with Sultan Alauddin.
How is Sultan Hasanuddin's legacy preserved in modern Indonesia?
-Sultan Hasanuddin's legacy is preserved through various institutions and landmarks named after him, including Hasanuddin University, Kodam 14 Hasanuddin (a military command), and Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport in Makassar.

Outlines

00:00

🌊 The Rise and Trade of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate

The Gowa-Tallo Sultanate, also known as the Makassar Sultanate, was a prominent maritime kingdom in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, established in 1528 through the unification of the Gowa and Tallo kingdoms. It was strategically located with advanced ports, robust sailors, and a strong naval defense, which facilitated its development into an international trade hub. The Sultanate was known for its maritime trade laws and rich natural resources like rice, meat, camphor, and black barus. It also imported foreign goods, including Bengali textiles and Chinese ceramics, indicating extensive trade relations with China. The society within the Sultanate was mainly composed of fishermen and traders, with strict adherence to Islamic customs and local laws. The early 16th century saw the introduction of Islam by Dato Ribandang from West Sumatra, influencing the conversion of King Daeng Manrabia to Islam, who then took the name Sultan Alauddin. Under his rule and that of his successors, Gowa-Tallo emerged as a formidable maritime power known for its robust seafaring vessels like the Phinisi and Lombok boats.

05:02

⚔️ Conflicts with the Dutch and the Makassar War

During the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) sought to monopolize the lucrative spice trade in the region, leading to tensions with the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate. Sultan Hasanuddin, known as the 'Rooster of the East' for his bravery, resisted the VOC's attempts to control trade in Makassar. In 1660, the VOC launched an unsuccessful attack on Makassar, but in 1667, they returned under Cornelis Speelman, this time with allied forces. This led to the protracted Makassar War, one of the largest conflicts faced by the VOC in the 17th century. Despite fierce resistance from Sultan Hasanuddin and his forces, the Dutch ultimately prevailed, forcing the Sultan to sign the Treaty of Bongaya on November 18, 1667, which severely restricted Makassar's sovereignty, granted the VOC trade monopoly rights, and allowed them to construct Fort Rotterdam. Continued resistance from the Sultan led to further battles, culminating in the fall of the Sultanate's stronghold, Fort Somba Opu, in 1669, marking the end of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate's power.

10:02

🏺 The Legacy and Cultural Impact of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate

The fall of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate marked the end of its political power but left a lasting cultural legacy. The influence of the Sultanate persists in various fields, including architecture, literature, and Islamic art, evident in the calligraphy and scripts influenced by Arabic and Persian cultures. The Sultanate's resistance against colonial powers, especially under Sultan Hasanuddin, provides a historical lesson in resilience and the pursuit of self-determination. Today, Sultan Hasanuddin is remembered as a national hero in Indonesia, with several institutions named in his honor, including Hasanuddin University, the 14th Military Regional Command, and Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport in Makassar. The legacy of the Sultanate serves as a symbol of courage and the relentless spirit of the Indonesian people in the face of adversity.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Kesultanan Gowa Tallo

The Gowa-Tallo Sultanate, also known as the Sultanate of Makassar, was a powerful maritime kingdom in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The video explains that it was a union of two smaller sultanates, Gowa and Tallo, formed in 1528, which played a crucial role in regional trade and defense. Its strategic location and strong naval forces made it a prominent center for commerce and a formidable power against foreign invaders like the Dutch VOC.

💡Maritime Kingdom

A maritime kingdom is a state whose power is primarily based on naval strength and control of sea routes. The Gowa-Tallo Sultanate is described as a maritime kingdom due to its strategic location, advanced port facilities, and skilled sailors, which allowed it to dominate regional trade and resist colonial powers. This concept is central to understanding the economic and military strategies of the Sultanate.

💡Persekutuan

Persekutuan refers to an alliance or federation. In the context of the video, it describes the political union between the Gowa and Tallo sultanates, forming a stronger entity that enhanced their collective power. This alliance was significant in consolidating power and resources, which contributed to the rise of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate as a dominant force in the region.

💡Perang Makassar

Perang Makassar, or the Makassar War, was a major conflict between the Sultanate of Gowa-Tallo and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the mid-17th century. The war is highlighted in the video as a significant event where Sultan Hasanuddin led the resistance against Dutch attempts to monopolize trade. Despite the eventual defeat and signing of the Treaty of Bongaya, the war exemplified the fierce resistance of the Sultanate against colonial forces.

💡Sultan Hasanuddin

Sultan Hasanuddin was a prominent ruler of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate, known for his leadership during the Makassar War against the Dutch VOC. He is referred to as the 'Rooster of the East' for his bravery and determination in defending his kingdom. His resistance against the Dutch made him a national hero, and his legacy is commemorated in various institutions named after him.

💡VOC (Dutch East India Company)

The VOC, or Dutch East India Company, was a powerful colonial trading company that sought to control the spice trade in Southeast Asia. The video describes how the VOC's attempts to monopolize trade and enforce harsh policies led to conflicts with the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate, including the Makassar War. The VOC's involvement in the region had significant impacts on the political and economic landscape of Southeast Asia.

💡Perjanjian Bongaya

The Perjanjian Bongaya, or Treaty of Bongaya, was an agreement forced upon the Sultanate of Gowa-Tallo by the Dutch VOC in 1667 after their victory in the Makassar War. The treaty marked the decline of the Sultanate's power, as it granted the VOC significant trade rights and control over the region. The video emphasizes this treaty as a turning point in the history of the Sultanate.

💡Benteng Somba Opu

Benteng Somba Opu was the strongest fortress of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate, symbolizing its military might. The video details how this fortress was the site of intense battles during the Makassar War, ultimately being destroyed by Dutch forces in 1669. The fall of Benteng Somba Opu marked the end of the Sultanate's resistance against the VOC.

💡Phinisi

Phinisi is a traditional Indonesian sailing ship that originated from the Bugis and Makassar people of South Sulawesi. The video mentions Phinisi as a cultural and historical artifact, reflecting the maritime heritage of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate. These ships were crucial for trade and naval defense, symbolizing the seafaring prowess of the region.

💡Islamic Influence

Islamic influence in the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate is significant, as seen in the adoption of Islam by its rulers and the integration of Islamic law and customs into society. The video highlights how the spread of Islam, particularly through figures like Dato Ribandang from Sumatra, shaped the cultural and religious landscape of the Sultanate. This influence is still evident in the region's cultural practices today.

Highlights

The Sultanate of Gowa-Tallo, often called the Makassar Sultanate, was located in Makassar, South Sulawesi, and was a maritime sultanate known for its strong economic focus on trade.

In 1528, the Sultanates of Gowa and Tallo formed an alliance, leading to the creation of the Gowa-Tallo Sultanate.

The Sultanate was strategically located with an advanced port and skilled sailors, making Makassar a major international trading hub frequented by foreign traders like the Portuguese and English.

The Gowa-Tallo Sultanate had its own maritime laws, including 'Adat Bicaranna Pabbalue,' which regulated trade and navigation, further boosting Makassar's economic growth.

The Sultanate was rich in local resources like rice, meat, and camphor, and it imported goods such as textiles and ceramics, indicating active trade relations, including with China.

Islam played a central role in the Sultanate, influencing both the legal system and social norms, with Islamic scholar Dato Ribandang spreading Islam in the region.

In 1605, the ruler of Gowa, Daeng Manrabia, converted to Islam, taking the name Sultan Alauddin, marking a significant religious and political shift in the region.

Sultan Alauddin opposed Dutch influence, particularly their attempts to control Makassar's port, leading to ongoing resistance against the Dutch.

Under Sultan Muhammad Said and Sultan Hasanuddin, the Sultanate reached its peak, expanding its territory to Flores and Solor, and gaining control over other regions like Wajo and Bone.

The Dutch VOC, aiming to monopolize the spice trade, clashed with the Sultanate, leading to the famous Makassar War, where Sultan Hasanuddin fiercely resisted Dutch aggression.

Sultan Hasanuddin, known as the 'Rooster of the East' for his bravery, led one of the most significant and prolonged wars against the VOC in the 17th century.

The 1667 Bongaya Treaty, forced upon Sultan Hasanuddin by the VOC, marked the beginning of the Sultanate's decline, granting the Dutch monopoly rights and the construction of Fort Rotterdam.

Despite signing the Bongaya Treaty, Sultan Hasanuddin continued to resist Dutch control, leading to further conflicts until the eventual fall of the Sultanate.

The destruction of Fort Somba Opu in 1669 marked the final blow to the Sultanate, leading to the death of many defenders and the ultimate surrender to the VOC.

Sultan Hasanuddin is remembered as a national hero in Indonesia, with his legacy honored in institutions like Hasanuddin University and Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport.