How America's State Police Got Military Weapons
Summary
TLDR乔治·弗洛伊德死亡后,美国至少140个城市爆发抗议,警察通过1033计划获得军事装备。视频回顾了自1968年《安全街道法》以来,美国警察军事化的历史,包括SWAT队伍的兴起、里根时代禁毒法案的影响、老布什时期国防授权法案的通过,以及克林顿时期1033计划的扩展。尽管存在争议和奥巴马时期的限制尝试,特朗普后来撤销了这些限制。视频还提到了警察部门改革的案例,如辛辛那提警察部门的改革,以及建立社区信任可能比使用军事武器更有效的论点。
Takeaways
- 📈 乔治·弗洛伊德死亡后,全美至少140个城市发生了抗议活动,导致警察部门的军事化问题受到关注。
- 🚨 通过1033计划,美国警察部门获得了免费的军事装备,该计划允许警察部门获取剩余的战争装备。
- 🇺🇸 1968年安全街道法案的通过,导致了执法援助管理局(LEAA)的成立,为SWAT队伍提供了资金支持。
- 🔫 20世纪60年代末,SWAT队伍开始使用军事化手段,首次大规模使用是在对抗加州黑豹党时。
- 💰 LEAA的预算高达75亿美元,其中大部分用于美国地方执法机构的军事化。
- 🚨 1982年LEAA因未能降低犯罪率而受到批评并被废除,但SWAT队伍的军事化已成常态。
- 📉 1980年代,SWAT事件的数量从每年约3,000起增加到45,000起,其中75.9%与毒品有关。
- 🤝 1989年,老布什总统签署的国家国防授权法案,允许冷战期间的剩余国防部装备转移到美国执法部门。
- 🚔 克林顿政府继续使用军事剩余物资,通过执法支持办公室(LESSO)实施了1033计划。
- 🚨 9/11事件后,小布什总统签署的爱国者法案,进一步扩大了执法部门的搜查和扣押权力。
- 🚨 2014年,由于迈克尔·布朗被谋杀引发的民愤,奥巴马总统发布了行政命令1368,限制了1033计划的某些装备转移。
- 🔄 2017年,特朗普总统撤销了奥巴马的行政命令,认为这些限制过于表面,不利于公共安全。
- ⚖️ 通过建立社区信任,而不是使用军事武器对抗公民,可能是一个更有效的解决方案。
Q & A
乔治·弗洛伊德死后,美国至少有多少个城市发生了抗议活动?
-乔治·弗洛伊德死后,美国至少有140个城市发生了抗议活动。
美国警察如何通过一个军事项目获得武器、车辆和装备?
-美国警察通过一个名为1033计划的军事项目获得武器、车辆和装备,这个项目允许警察免费获取剩余的战争装备,只需支付运费和手续费。
SWAT(特种武器和战术部队)的成立和资金来源是什么?
-SWAT的成立和资金来源于1968年通过的《安全街道法案》,该法案创建了执法援助管理局(LEAA),确保了联邦资金的分配,用于打击有组织犯罪。
SWAT在1980年代初期和中期每年的平均事件数量有何变化?
-在1980年代初期,SWAT每年的平均事件数量约为3,000起,而到了1990年代中期,这个数字增长到了大约45,000起。
1033计划允许哪些类型的军事装备被转移给美国执法机构?
-1033计划允许包括靴子、无线电、盾牌、M16突击步枪、坦克和消音器等在内的军事装备被转移给美国执法机构。
《爱国者法案》对执法机构的影响是什么?
-《爱国者法案》创造了一个灰色地带,允许执法机构在打击恐怖主义的名义下进行更多的搜索和扣押,包括延迟执行的搜查令、窃听、电子邮件和网络搜索监控。
2014年,多少个州和地方警察部门被暂停了1033计划?
-2014年,有184个州和地方警察部门被暂停了1033计划。
奥巴马总统在2015年发布的行政命令1368号对1033计划有何影响?
-奥巴马总统发布的行政命令1368号禁止了通过1033计划向执法机构转移一系列装备,包括装甲车辆、武器化的飞机、50口径或更高的枪械和弹药、榴弹发射器、刺刀和迷彩服。
为什么在2017年,特朗普总统撤销了奥巴马总统的行政命令1368号?
-特朗普总统认为行政命令1368号中的限制过于表面化,对公共安全的关注过于肤浅,因此撤销了该命令。
美国每年有多少起警察相关的死亡事件?
-美国每年有超过900起警察相关的死亡事件。
挪威自2002年以来有多少起警察相关的死亡事件,他们是如何实现这一低数字的?
-挪威自2002年以来只有4起警察相关的死亡事件,他们通过面对面的社区建设方法和建立公民与警察部门之间的信任来实现这一低数字。
2001年,辛辛那提警察局如何改革以减少使用武力?
-辛辛那提警察局与司法部合作进行了改革,标准化了程序,使公民与警官的互动更加透明,并创建了一个专注于心理健康的培训项目,这导致了从2001年到2007年使用武力的情况减少了50%。
Outlines
😔 乔治·弗洛伊德之死引发的抗议与警察军事化
乔治·弗洛伊德在明尼阿波利斯的死亡引发了全国至少140个城市的抗议活动。在这些抗议中,印第安纳州的一名抗议者失去了一只眼睛,因为催泪瓦斯罐击中了他的脸部。北卡罗来纳州的抗议者被困在催泪瓦斯的云雾中,肯塔基州的一名警官用胡椒子弹攻击了一名新闻记者和摄像团队。底特律的警察在装甲车的支援下在街上行进。到目前为止,美国已经在警察军事化上花费了超过150亿美元。所有这些武器、车辆和设备都是通过一个名为1033的军事项目获得的,这个项目类似于警察的eBay,提供剩余的战争装备,而且是免费的,只需支付运费和手续费。2017年之前,警察不能加入这个项目,除非他们在收到装备的一年内使用它。文章探讨了当地警察如何获得所有这些军事武器,以及他们为什么需要这些武器。为了回答这个问题,我们将检视从德克萨斯州达拉斯开始的四个历史时刻。
🏛 法律与政策对警察军事化的影响
在约翰·F·肯尼迪总统遇刺后,林登·B·约翰逊总统在国会通过了1968年的安全街道法案。通过该法案,为了打击有组织犯罪和枪支暴力,成立了执法援助管理局(LEAA),它确保了联邦资金的分配,以打击有组织犯罪。这资助了我们所知的SWAT,确保SWAT获得了探照灯、紧急无线电、喇叭、警棍、身体护甲、面部盾牌和特殊武器,如M79榴弹发射器。在1968年之前,SWAT队伍很少使用,只在高风险情况,如银行抢劫或人质情况中使用。SWAT作为军事化前线的首次测试是在洛杉矶警察局使用加利福尼亚国民警卫队借来的坦克对抗南加州黑豹党时。黑豹党与警察之间的间歇性战争在洛杉矶爆发,他们用自动武器和手榴弹与警察作战。美国国务院授权洛杉矶警察局使用催泪瓦斯和狙击步枪,并受到全国关注。SWAT在全美普及,并在其他地方执法部门中创造了对军事装备的需求。LEAA的预算总计为75亿美元,其中很大一部分用于美国地方执法机构的军事化。在近十年的高预算和支出后,LEAA开始受到批评,因为它没有显示出在降低犯罪率方面的成功。1982年4月15日,当国会未能资助时,LEAA被废除,但到那时,SWAT队伍和他们的军事化方法已经成为常态。1986年,罗纳德·里根的反毒品滥用法扩大了无敲门或快速敲门令状的使用,并允许空军、海军和海军陆战队协助与毒品相关的搜索和扣押。它允许SWAT成员到达涉嫌犯罪活动地点,并在不敲门或宣布自己的情况下进入,用枪指向里面的任何人。他们经常使用像闪光弹这样的干扰战术,使他们的受害者聋和瞎。在某些情况下,个人认为他们正在经历家庭入侵,就像前美国海军陆战队员何塞·韦雷纳一样,他被怀疑出售大麻,他因为认为家被入侵而拔枪,警察在七秒内对他开了60枪,没有发现毒品。1980年代初,平均每年大约有3000起记录的SWAT事件,到1990年代中期,这个数字增长到大约45,000起SWAT事件,其中75.9%是毒品突袭。在这些突袭中,SWAT官员开了342次火,打伤了61人,杀害了139名公民。1989年,乔治·H·W·布什签署了国防授权法案,该法案允许冷战期间的剩余国防部装备转移到美国执法部门。第1207和1208节允许以下事项:服务的采购和设备的租赁以及个人财产的转移,包括小型武器和弹药。在这两个部分的基础上,八年后,1033计划诞生了,在比尔·克林顿政府下,使用军事剩余物资的贸易继续进行,引入了执法支持办公室(LESO),该办公室实施了美国法典第10篇第2576A节,也称为1033计划。与国防授权法案第1208节非常相似,1033计划扩大到其他领域,包括反恐。这条线表明,剩余的军事装备可以用于禁毒和反恐工作。这条线表明,剩余的军事装备是免费的,除了运费和手续费。自该计划开始以来,已经转移了超过7.4亿美元的财产,超过8000个执法机构已经注册。运送的物品包括靴子、无线电、盾牌、M16突击步枪、坦克和每个合格官员的消音器。每个部门可以为每三名官员获得一支M1911手枪、M16步枪或M14步枪,一个部门可以获得一辆悍马车,每个执法机构都有能力申请获得一辆防地雷伏击车(MRAP)。三天后的9/11事件,乔治·W·布什签署了爱国者法案,它创建了一个灰色地带,执法机构能够在打击恐怖主义的名义下进行更多的搜索和扣押,获得延迟令状、窃听、电子邮件和网络搜索监视,但实际上赋予警察的自由往往用于与毒品有关的案件。2010年,只有1%的潜行和窥视搜索与恐怖主义有关,76%与毒品有关。美国的国际行动也影响了国内的执法,由于在伊拉克和阿富汗的美国行动的增加然后减少,多年来,有更多的军事剩余装备可供执法部门使用,创造了1033计划分发的战术物品的激增。国防部不为接收军事武器的执法机构提供培训,而是留给接收者每年自行证明他们的培训。因为没有联邦授权要求警察机构报告SWAT行动,所以没有办法真正告诉或量化SWOT相关事件的影响。为了访问该计划的生产力和安全协议,政府问责办公室创建了一个假的联邦机构,该办公室获得了价值超过120万美元的100多项物品,该办公室建议实施一个防止欺诈的流程,以及一个可以跟踪设备和它被发送到的机构的网站。在调查之前,几乎没有记录和跟踪武器的记录,在转移后,有几个机构没有报告丢失的武器或处理多余的设备,圣马特奥和纳帕县并不是全国唯一丢失设备的部门,实际上有大约200个部门有军事人员或军事装备失踪。184个州和地方警察部门被暂停了1033计划。2014年,由于迈克尔·布朗的谋杀,民权骚乱席卷了密苏里州弗格森的街道,美国家庭观看电视时,对看起来像军队降临这样一个小镇感到震惊。2015年1月16日,巴拉克·奥巴马总统发布了第1368号行政命令。我们知道,军事化的装备有时会给人一种感觉,就像有一个占领军而不是一个保护他们、服务他们的社区力量。该命令禁止通过1033计划将一列表备转移到执法部门,追踪装甲车、武器化的飞机、50口径或更高的火器、50口径或更高的弹药、榴弹发射器、刺刀、迷彩服。行政命令没有持续很长时间,就在2017年被唐纳德·特朗普总统撤销了,这些限制被反对,走得太远了。我们不会把表面的公共安全问题放在今天,2020年,在乔治·弗洛伊德被杀的余波中,抗议者面临着武装有1033计划战争剩余物资的军事化警察,无敲门令状仍然导致无辜公民的死亡,像26岁的紧急医疗技术员布里安娜·泰勒一样。催泪瓦斯仍然合法用于国内对抗议者使用,但自1993年以来已被禁止用于战争。
🚨 警察使用武力的统计与社区信任建设
美国的执法部门每年杀死超过900人,与挪威相比,自2002年以来,挪威只有四起与警察相关的杀戮事件。挪威将这些数字归功于其面对面的社区建设方法,并相信它已经创造了公民和警察部门之间更多的信任。我们也看到了类似的变革在美国。2001年,一名辛辛那提警察在蒂莫西·托马斯抵抗轻微罪行的逮捕后开枪打死了他。在骚乱和抗议之后,为了防止更多的动乱,该市开始与司法部合作改革其警察部门。他们标准化了程序,使文职官员的互动更加透明。他们还创建了一个专注于心理健康的培训计划。这些改革遭到了市政府官员和敌对警察工会的反对,但结果是从2001年到2007年武力使用减少了50%。数据显示,建立社区内的信任可能是拯救生命比使用军事武器对抗他们更好的解决方案。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡乔治·弗洛伊德(George Floyd)
💡警察军事化(Militarization of Police)
💡1033计划(1033 Program)
💡SWAT(特殊武器和战术)
💡安全街道法案(Safe Streets Act)
💡禁毒滥用法案(Anti-Drug Abuse Act)
💡爱国者法案(Patriot Act)
💡不敲门搜查令(No-knock Warrant)
💡橡胶子弹(Rubber Bullets)
💡社区信任(Community Trust)
💡警察改革(Police Reform)
Highlights
乔治·弗洛伊德死后,至少140个城市爆发了抗议活动。
印第安纳州一名抗议者因催泪瓦斯罐击中脸部而失去一只眼睛。
北卡罗来纳州的抗议者被催泪瓦斯困在街道两端。
肯塔基州一名警官用胡椒子弹攻击了一名新闻主播和摄像组。
底特律警察在装甲车的支援下沿街行进。
美国在警察军事化上的花费超过150亿美元。
通过一个名为1033的军事计划,警察获得了免费的剩余战争装备。
1968年,林登·约翰逊总统签署了《安全街道法案》,创建了执法援助管理局(LEAA)。
SWAT队伍首次作为军事化力量出现在洛杉矶警察局对抗黑豹党的行动中。
LEAA的预算高达75亿美元,大部分用于美国地方执法机构的军事化。
1982年,由于未能降低犯罪率,LEAA被废除。
1986年,里根总统的《反毒品滥用法案》扩大了无敲门令状或快速敲门令状的使用。
1989年,老布什总统签署了《国防授权法案》,允许冷战期间剩余的国防部装备转移到美国执法部门。
1033计划允许剩余军事装备用于禁毒和反恐工作,且免费提供,仅需支付运费和处理费。
自1033计划启动以来,已有超过74亿美元的财产被转移,超过8000个执法机构参与。
2001年,辛辛那提警察枪杀了19岁的蒂莫西·托马斯,引发了骚乱和抗议,随后该市开始改革警察部门。
数据显示,建立社区内的信任可能是比使用军事武器对抗他们更好的拯救生命解决方案。
Transcripts
after the death of george floyd in
minneapolis on may 25th
people protested in at least 140 cities
across the nation
here in indiana a protester lost an eye
from a tear gas container hitting him in
the face
in north carolina protesters were
trapped by a cloud of tear gas
on both ends of a street in kentucky an
officer attacked a newscaster and camera
crew with
pepper bullets and here in detroit
police backed by armored vehicles
marched down the streets
to date the u.s has spent over 15
billion dollars on the militarization of
police
all of these weapons vehicles and
equipment are acquired by the police
through a military program called
1033 it's like ebay for cops with
leftover war equipment
except everything is free and you only
pay for shipping and handling
up until 2017 police couldn't be in the
program unless they used equipment
within a year of receiving it
so how did local police acquire all of
these military weapons
and why do they even need them to answer
this question
we're going to examine four moments in
history
from dallas texas the flash apparently
official
president kennedy died at 1pm
central standard time in the wake of the
assassination of president john f
kennedy
president lyndon b johnson in congress
signed the safe streets act into law in
june of 1968.
through that act in an effort to crack
down on organized crime and gun violence
the law enforcement assistance
administration was created
leaa guaranteed the distribution of
federal money to fight organized crime
this funded what we know as swat and it
ensured swat
received searchlights emergency radios
bull horns night sticks
body armor face shields and special
weapons
like m79 grenade launchers
prior to 1968 swat teams were used
sparingly
only in volatile high-risk situations
like bank robberies or hostage
situations
swat's first test as a militarized front
came when the lapd used a tank
on loan from the california national
guard on the southern california black
panther party
the intermittent warfare between the
black panthers and police
erupted today in los angeles there a
group of them
barricaded themselves in their
headquarters and fought police with
automatic weapons and hand grenades
the u.s department of state granted the
lapd authorization to use
tear gas and sniper rifles with national
coverage
swat grew in popularity across the u.s
and with other local law enforcement
creating a demand for military equipment
leaa's budget was a total of 7.5 billion
dollars
with a good portion going towards the
militarization of u.s
local law enforcement agencies after
nearly a decade of extremely high
budgets and spending
leaa began to receive criticism because
it had not shown success in decreasing
crime rates
on april 15 1982 leaa was abolished when
congress failed to fund it
but by that time swat teams and their
militaristic approach
had already become the norm
in 1986 ronald reagan's anti-drug abuse
act
expanded the use of no knock or quick
knock warrants
and assistance of the air force navy and
marines in drug related searches and
seizures
it allowed for members of swat to arrive
at suspected locations of criminal
activities
and enter without knocking or announcing
themselves
pointing guns at anyone inside they
often use diversionary tactics like
flash grenades
rendering their victims deaf and blind
in some cases
individuals believe they're experiencing
a home invasion
to which they grab a gun like jose
werena
a former u.s marine who is suspected of
selling marijuana
what you're about to see and hear might
upset you
he pulled a gun because he believed his
home was being invaded
and the police shot him 60 times in
seven seconds
no drugs were found in the early 1980s
there was on average about 3 000
recorded swat incidents per year
by the mid-1990s that number grew to
about 45
000 swat incidents per year 75.9 percent
were drug rates
of those raids swat officers fired 342
times
they injured 61 and killed 139 citizens
[Music]
in 1989 george h.w bush signed the
national defense
authorization act this act allowed for
surplus dod equipment from the cold war
to be transferred to u.s law enforcement
sections 1207 and 1208 allowed for the
following
the procurement of services and leasing
of equipment and the transfer to federal
and state agencies personal property
including small arms and ammunition and
from those two sections
eight years later the 1033 program was
born
under bill clinton's administration the
use of military surplus trade continued
with the introduction of the law
enforcement support office
lesso which enacted u.s code title 10
section 2576a also known as the 1033
program
much like national defense authorization
act 1208
the 1033 program expanded into other
areas including counter-terrorism
this line states that surplus military
equipment can be used for counter drugs
and counter-terrorism efforts
this line states that surplus military
equipment is free of charge
minus shipping and handling over 7.4
billion dollars worth of property has
been transferred since the program's
inception
more than 8 000 law enforcement agencies
have enrolled
items shipped include boots radios
shields m16 assault rifles
tanks and silencers for every one
qualified officer
one m1911 pistol m16 rifle or m14 rifle
is allocated for every three officers a
department can get a humvee
and every law enforcement agency has the
ability if they apply to receive one
mrap and then three days after 9 11
george w bush signed the patriot act it
created a
gray zone where law enforcement agencies
were able to perform more
searches and seizures with access to
delayed warrants wiretaps
email and web search surveillance all in
the name of fighting terrorism
but in reality the liberties given to
police were often used in drug related
cases
only one percent of sneak and peak
searches in 2010 were terrorism-related
76 were drug-related and the united
states international actions also
impacted law enforcement at home
as a result of an increase and then
decrease of u.s operations in iraq and
afghanistan over the years
there's been more military surplus
equipment available to law enforcement
creating a spike in tactical items
distributed by the 1033 program
the department of defense does not
provide training for law enforcement
agencies that receive military weapons
instead it's left to recipients to
certify their own training each year
because there is no federal mandate that
police agencies report on swat
operations
there's no real way to tell or quantify
the effect of swot related incidents
in an effort to access the program's
productivity and safety protocols
the government accountability office
created a fake federal agency
after acquiring more than 100 items
worth over 1.2 million dollars
the office recommended a process to
implement fraud prevention
in addition to a website that can track
the equipment and the agencies it was
sent to
prior to the investigation there was
very little record keeping
and tracking of weapons after transfer
there were several instances where the
agencies did not report lost weapons or
disposal of excess equipment
and san mateo and napa counties were not
the only departments in the nation
to have lost equipment about 200 in fact
have military personnel or military
equipment missing at this hour
and that includes actually some humvees
184 state and local police departments
were suspended from the 1033 program
in 2014 sparked by the murder of michael
brown
civil unrest rolled through the streets
of ferguson missouri
americans watching from home were
shocked to see what looked like an
army descending on such a small town on
january 16
2015 president barack obama issued
executive order
1368. you know we've seen how
militarized gear can sometimes
give people a feeling like
there's an occupying force as opposed to
a force that's part of the community
that's protecting them and serving them
the order prohibited a list of equipment
from being transferred to law
enforcement
through the 1033 program tracked armored
vehicles
weaponized aircraft firearms of 50
caliber or higher
ammunition of 50 caliber or higher
grenade launchers
bayonets camouflage uniforms that
executive order did not last long before
being revoked in 2017
by president donald trump these
restrictions that had been opposed
went too far we will not put superficial
concerns
about public safety today in 2020
in the wake of george floyd's killing
protesters are being met with
militarized police
armed with 1033 program war surplus
no knock warrants still result in the
deaths of innocent citizens
like 26 year old emergency medical
technician
brianna taylor tear gas is still legal
for domestic use on protesters
but has been banned for use in war since
1993
and studies on rubber bullets like the
ones used here show that
three percent of those injured by rubber
bullets died as a result of their
injuries
15.5 percent suffered permanent
disabilities like ilos
and nearly 50 percent of those who were
struck on the head
or neck were killed in the u.s law
enforcement kills over 900 people a year
compare that to norway where there have
been only four police-related killings
since 2002.
norway credits these numbers to its
face-to-face community-building approach
and believes it has created more trust
between citizens and their police
department
and we've seen similar changes stateside
in 2001 a cincinnati police officer
shot and killed 19 year old timothy
thomas after he resisted arrest over
minor crimes
after riots and protests in fear of more
unrest the city began to reform its
police department in collaboration with
the department of justice
they standardized procedures making
civilian officer interactions more
transparent they also created a training
program focused on mental health the
reforms were met with pushback from city
officials and a hostile police union
but the result was a 50 decrease in use
of force from 2001 to 2007.
data shows that building trust within
the community
may be a better solution to saving lives
than using military weapons against them
[Music]
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