PKn Bab IV

Summary

In this lecture on Citizenship Education, Vera Budiarsa Arif discusses the constitutional values and norms of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. She explains the importance of the constitution in organizing the state, ensuring human rights, and limiting governmental power. The video highlights the need for constitutional amendments during the Reform Era to promote democracy, human rights, and prevent authoritarianism. It also covers the systematic and phased changes made by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) and the importance of maintaining constitutional compliance with national laws, with the Constitutional Court overseeing this process.

Takeaways

• 📜 The Constitution (Undang-Undang Dasar 1945) defines the basic rules for organizing the state.
• 🏛️ The Constitution includes both written and unwritten rules determining how state institutions are formed and operated.
• ⚖️ It serves to limit government power, divide state authority, and guarantee human rights for citizens.
• 📝 The Constitution contains provisions on state organization, human rights, procedures for amending the Constitution, and the state's ideology.
• 🔄 During the Reform Era, there was a demand for changes to the 1945 Constitution due to its lack of support for democratic life and human rights.
• 📑 Several articles of the 1945 Constitution were seen as multi-interpretive, creating opportunities for authoritarian, centralistic, and corrupt governance.
• 📚 The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) carried out four systematic changes to the 1945 Constitution between 1999 and 2002.
• 🚫 The changes were based on the need to reduce the excessive power of the president and to clarify the interpretation of several constitutional provisions.
• 📈 The revision process followed a systematic, progressive approach, adhering to a pre-agreed plan of reform.
• ⚖️ If a law contradicts the Constitution, citizens can request judicial review by the Constitutional Court to address issues of constitutionality.

Q & A

What is the main topic of Chapter 4 in the Citizenship Education course?

Chapter 4 discusses the constitutional values and norms of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and the constitutionality of laws under the Constitution.

How is the term 'Constitution' defined in both a narrow and broad sense?

In a narrow sense, the Constitution is a document or set of documents containing basic rules for running the state. In a broad sense, it includes both written and unwritten rules that determine how state institutions are formed and operated.

Why is a constitution necessary for a state?

A constitution is necessary to limit the powers of the government, divide state powers, and provide guarantees for human rights to its citizens.

What key content is included in a constitution?

A constitution typically contains content on the organization of the state, human rights, procedures for amending the constitution, and sometimes prohibitions on changing certain aspects of the constitution.

What was the demand for reform regarding the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia based on?

The demand for reform was based on the view that the 1945 Constitution lacked sufficient foundations for democratic life, empowerment of the people, and respect for human rights. It also contained articles that allowed for multiple interpretations, leading to the potential for authoritarianism and centralization.

What issues were identified with the original 1945 Constitution?

The original 1945 Constitution had articles that allowed for multiple interpretations, which opened opportunities for authoritarianism, centralism, and practices of corruption, collusion, and nepotism (KKN).

How was the process of constitutional reform carried out in Indonesia?

The reform of the 1945 Constitution was conducted in four systematic stages by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), beginning in 1999 and continuing through 2002.

What were some of the key changes made during the reform of the 1945 Constitution?

Key changes included the repeal of the MPR Decree No. 4/MPR/1983 regarding referendums, the introduction of term limits for the president and vice president, and the addition of human rights provisions.

What is the role of the Constitutional Court in Indonesia's legal system?

The Constitutional Court plays a role in reviewing the constitutionality of laws. If a law is deemed to be in conflict with the Constitution, it can be challenged and potentially annulled by the Court.

What happens if a law is found to be in conflict with the 1945 Constitution?

If a law is found to be unconstitutional, citizens can request a constitutional review by the Constitutional Court, which can then rule on the matter.

Outlines

00:00

📖 Introduction to Constitutional Values and Norms

This paragraph introduces the topic of civic education, focusing on the constitutional values and norms of Indonesia’s 1945 Constitution. The lecturer explains the difference between the narrow and broad definitions of a constitution, highlighting its role in organizing state institutions, limiting governmental power, and guaranteeing human rights. The constitution also outlines state organization, human rights, and procedures for constitutional amendments. The paragraph emphasizes the need for constitutional changes to promote democracy, empowerment, and human rights.

05:03

🔄 The Need for Reform and Constitutional Changes

This section explores the historical context of the 1998–1999 reform era, which brought demands to amend Indonesia’s 1945 Constitution. The original Constitution was seen as insufficient for fostering democracy and human rights, with some of its articles leading to authoritarian interpretations. Concerns over centralization, corruption, collusion, and nepotism also drove the call for reform. The need for systematic, phased amendments is explained, with the goal of addressing misinterpretations and making the Constitution align with democratic values.

⚖️ Four Phases of Constitutional Amendments

Here, the four phases of the constitutional amendments are outlined. The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) carried out these changes in stages through general and annual sessions from 1999 to 2002. The reforms aimed to address the limitations of the original Constitution, and the changes were part of a carefully planned, continuous process. Additionally, the importance of ensuring that laws do not contradict the Constitution is stressed, and if discrepancies arise, citizens can challenge the constitutionality of these laws through the Constitutional Court.

📝 Conclusion and Final Reflections

The closing paragraph summarizes the key takeaways from Chapter 4, emphasizing the importance of understanding the Constitution and its amendments. It encourages learners to grasp the essence of constitutional law and its implications for governance and human rights. The speaker concludes by apologizing for any potential inaccuracies due to limited knowledge, and offers well-wishes and blessings. The closing invokes Islamic greetings and prayers for guidance and wisdom.

Keywords

💡Constitution

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed. In the context of the video, the Constitution of Indonesia, specifically the 1945 Constitution, is discussed in both a narrow and broad sense. The constitution is essential for outlining the structure of government and limiting the powers of those in control, as well as ensuring the protection of human rights.

💡1945 Constitution of Indonesia

The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia is the central legal document that provides the framework for governance in the country. The video highlights its role in defining the organization of state institutions, human rights, and the process for amending laws. The speaker also emphasizes its significance during the reform era, when demands for changes were made to promote democracy and address the issues of authoritarianism and corruption.

💡Human Rights (HAM)

Human rights (Hak Asasi Manusia or HAM in Indonesian) refer to the basic rights and freedoms that every individual is entitled to. In the video, the importance of incorporating human rights into the Indonesian Constitution is emphasized, particularly in response to the reform movement. The Constitution is seen as a guarantor of these rights, and amendments were made to further support the protection and promotion of human rights in Indonesia.

💡Reform Era (Era Reformasi)

The Reform Era refers to the period in Indonesian history following the fall of President Suharto in 1998, marked by significant political and constitutional changes aimed at promoting democracy and curbing corruption. The video discusses how the demands for constitutional amendments during this era were driven by the need for a more democratic governance structure, better human rights protections, and an end to centralized, authoritarian rule.

💡Constitutional Amendment

A constitutional amendment refers to the formal change or addition made to a constitution. In the video, the speaker discusses the four rounds of amendments made to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia between 1999 and 2002, emphasizing that these changes were systematic and aimed at addressing various issues like the over-concentration of power in the presidency and the need for clearer legal frameworks.

💡MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat)

MPR (People’s Consultative Assembly) is Indonesia’s legislative body, which played a crucial role in the amendments to the 1945 Constitution. The video details how the MPR conducted these amendments in stages, starting with general sessions in 1999 and continuing through annual sessions until 2002. The MPR’s actions were driven by the demands of the reform era for a more democratic and accountable government.

💡Power Separation

Power separation refers to the division of state power among different branches to prevent the concentration of authority. In the video, the Indonesian Constitution is portrayed as a tool to divide state power and limit the authority of the government. This ensures that no single institution or leader, like the president, holds excessive control, promoting a system of checks and balances.

💡Constitutionality

Constitutionality refers to the compliance of laws and regulations with the constitution. In the video, the speaker explains that all laws in Indonesia must align with the 1945 Constitution. If any law contradicts the constitution, citizens have the right to challenge it before the Constitutional Court, ensuring that the legal system remains consistent with the foundational legal document.

💡Multi-interpretation (Multi Tafsir)

Multi-interpretation refers to the potential for different interpretations of the same legal provision. The video discusses how certain articles in the 1945 Constitution were seen as too broad, leading to multiple interpretations. This ambiguity created opportunities for authoritarian practices, which were a key concern during the reform era and a driving force behind the constitutional amendments.

💡Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism (KKN)

KKN stands for Korupsi, Kolusi, dan Nepotisme, or Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism. These practices were rampant in Indonesia before the reform era, leading to widespread calls for constitutional change. The video explains that the amendments to the 1945 Constitution aimed to reduce KKN by promoting transparency, democracy, and accountability in governance.

Highlights

Introduction by Vera Budiarsa Arif in the Citizenship Education lecture.

Explanation of the 1945 Constitution as a document outlining basic rules for organizing the state.

Constitution limits the powers of government, divides state authority, and guarantees human rights.

Constitution includes content on state organization, human rights, procedures for constitutional amendments, and prohibitions on changing certain aspects.

Post-Reform era demands for amendments to the 1945 Constitution due to its insufficient democratic foundation and human rights protection.

Multi-interpretation of some articles in the 1945 Constitution leads to authoritarianism, centralism, and corruption, collusion, and nepotism (KKN).

MPR made four systematic constitutional amendments to address these issues, ensuring a democratic governance structure.

The original Constitution concentrated too much power in the hands of the MPR and the president, requiring reforms.

Systematic changes were carried out between 1999 and 2002 over four MPR sessions.

The amendments were gradual due to the complex and comprehensive nature of the proposed changes.

The Constitution holds the highest legal position in Indonesia’s legal hierarchy, requiring laws to conform to its principles.

If a law is deemed unconstitutional, citizens can challenge it before the Constitutional Court.

Reforms also addressed the limitation of presidential terms and human rights protection.

The importance of systematic, continuous reforms that are in line with previously agreed-upon drafts.

Conclusion expressing gratitude and acknowledging potential knowledge limitations.

Transcripts

Assalamualaikum

warahmatullahi wabarakatuh

alhamdulillahirobbilalamin jumpa kembali

dengan saya Vera budiarsa Arif dalam

mata kuliah pendidikan kewarganegaraan

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Pada kesempatan ini Izinkan saya

menyampaikan ringkasan dari bab 4

Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan yang

berbicara tentang bagaimana nilai dan

norma konstitusional undang-undang Dasar

Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945 dan

konstitusionalitas ketentuan-ketentuan

perundang-undangan di bawah

undang-undang dasar

dalam arti sempit Konstitusi merupakan

suatu dokumen atau seperangkat dokumen

yang berisi aturan-aturan dasar untuk

menyelenggarakan negara sedangkan dalam

arti luas Konstitusi merupakan peraturan

baik tertulis maupun tidak tertulis yang

menentukan Bagaimana lembaga negara

dibentuk dan dijalankan

konstitusi diperlukan untuk membatasi

Kekuasaan pemerintah atau penguasa

negara

membagi kekuasaan negara dan memberi

jaminan HAM bagi warga negara

konstitusi mempunyai Materi muatan

tentang organisasi negara hak asasi

manusia

prosedur mengubah undang-undang dasar

kadang-kadang juga berisi larangan untuk

mengubah sifat tertentu dari

undang-undang dasar

cita-cita rakyat dan asas-asas ideologi

negara

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pada awalnya di era reformasi adanya

tuntutan perubahan undang-undang Dasar

Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945

hal ini didasarkan pada pandangan bahwa

undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik

Indonesia tahun

1945 belum cukup memuat landasan bagi

kehidupan yang demokratis

pemberdayaan rakyat dan penghormatan

terhadap Hak Asasi Manusia disamping itu

dalam tubuh undang-undang undang-undang

Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun

1945 terdapat pasal-pasal yang

menimbulkan penafsiran beragam atau

istilahnya multi Tafsir dan membuka

peluang bagi penyelenggaraan negara yang

otoriter sentralistik tertutup dan

praktek kolusi korupsi dan nepotisme

atau KKN dalam perkembangannya tuntutan

perubahan undang-undang Dasar Negara

Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 menjadi

kebutuhan bersama bangsa Indonesia Oleh

karena itu majelis Perwakilan Rakyat

atau MPR melakukan perubahan secara

bertahap dan sistematis dalam empat kali

perubahan keempat kali Perubahan

tersebut harus dipahami sebagai satu

rangkaian dan satu kesatuan

dasar pemikiran perubahan undang-undang

Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun

1945 adalah kekuasaan tertinggi di

tangan MPR kekuasaan yang sangat besar

pada presiden

pasal-pasal terlalu luas sehingga dapat

menimbulkan multi tafsir kewenangan pada

presiden untuk mengatur hal-hal penting

dengan undang-undang dan rumusan

undang-undang dasar negara Republik

Indonesia tahun 1945 tentang semangat

penyelenggaraan negara belum cukup

didukung ketentuan konstitusi yang

sesuai dengan tuntutan reformasi

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awal dari proses perubahan undang-undang

Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun

1945 adalah

pencabutan ketetapan MPR nomor 4 garis

miring MPR garis miring

1983 tentang referendum pembatasan masa

jabatan presiden dan wakil presiden

Republik Indonesia dan ketetapan MPR

mengenai hak asasi manusia mengawali

perubahan undang-undang Dasar Negara

Republik Indonesia tahun 1945 dari

proses perubahan undang-undang Dasar

Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945

dapat diketahui hal-hal sebagai berikut

yang pertama perubahan undang-undang

Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun

1945 dilakukan oleh MPR dalam satu

kesatuan perubahan yang dilaksanakan

dalam empat tahapan yakni yang pertama

sidang umum MPR tahun

1999 sidang tahunan MPR tahun 2000 2001

dan 2002 yang kedua hal ini terjadi

karena Materi perubahan undang-undang

Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun

1945

yang telah disusun secara sistematis dan

lengkap pada masa Sidang MPR tahun 1999

2000 tidak seluruhnya dapat dibahas dan

diambil keputusan hal itu berarti bahwa

perubahan undang-undang Dasar Negara

Republik Indonesia tahun 1945

dilaksanakan secara sistematis

berkelanjutan karena senantiasa mengacu

dan berpedoman pada materi

rancangan yang telah disepakati

sebelumnya

undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik

Indonesia tahun 1945

menempati urutan tertinggi dalam jenjang

norma hukum di Indonesia berdasarkan

ketentuan ini secara normatif

undang-undang isinya tidak boleh

bertentangan dengan undang-undang dasar

jika suatu undang-undang isinya dianggap

bertentangan dengan undang-undang dasar

maka dapat melahirkan masalah

konstitusionalitas undang-undang

tersebut

warga negara dapat mengajukan pengujian

itusionalitas suatu undang-undang kepada

Mahkamah Konstitusi Alhamdulillah

demikianlah

uraian dari bab 4 semoga bermanfaat

mohon maaf jika terdapat kekeliruan

karena keterbatasan ilmu yang kami

miliki apabila taufik wal hidayah

wassalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh

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