Sistem Konstitusi [3]

Summary

The speaker discusses Indonesia's constitutional system, focusing on the history and amendments of the 1945 Constitution. The video highlights the need for the constitution to adapt to modern times and touches on significant reforms during 1999-2002. It also explores the concept of social contracts, absolute monarchies, and the balance of power in government. The speaker delves into the role of amendments in improving governance, limiting executive power, and enhancing democracy. Students are encouraged to analyze the current constitutional system to see if further changes are necessary for the country's development.

Takeaways

• 📜 The constitution of Indonesia, particularly the 1945 Constitution, is expected to evolve with the times to accommodate the nation's changing dynamics.
• 📅 Indonesia's constitutional amendments began in 1999 and continued until 2002, triggered by the reform era post-1908.
• ⚖️ The history of constitutions often involves social contracts, as described by philosophers like Hobbes, to manage power and prevent chaos in society.
• 👑 Historical examples like Louis XIV highlight how absolute power led to tyranny, which ultimately influenced the emergence of more democratic systems.
• 🇬🇧 Documents like the Magna Carta and the U.S. Declaration of Independence showcase the evolution of rights and the limitation of absolute power.
• 🗣️ Constitutions are designed to control political power and safeguard the rights of the people, contributing to the development of democratic governance.
• 📜 Indonesia's constitution has undergone four amendments, primarily focusing on decentralizing power and ensuring greater democratic oversight.
• 🗳️ The process of constitutional amendments can vary, involving referendums, conventions, or legislative processes as outlined in Indonesia’s Article 37.
• 🔧 The purpose of constitutional amendments is to refine governance structures, promote checks and balances, and address societal needs.
• 🏛️ A significant challenge today is ensuring the constitution remains a guiding framework for the country's democratic and national goals, reflecting Pancasila as the ideological foundation.

Q & A

What is the primary focus of the lecture presented in the transcript?

The lecture focuses on the constitutional system of Indonesia, particularly discussing constitutional amendments and their relevance in the context of Indonesia's legal and political evolution.

What historical event triggered constitutional amendments in Indonesia?

The constitutional amendments in Indonesia were triggered by the Reform Era (Reformasi) in 1998, which was a period of political and societal changes that led to constitutional reforms between 1999 and 2002.

Why is it important for the constitution to evolve according to the lecturer?

According to the lecturer, the constitution must evolve to keep up with the changing dynamics of society, governance, and the nation's legal structure, ensuring that it remains relevant and effective in addressing contemporary issues.

What does 'factum subjectionis' refer to in the context of the lecture?

'Factum subjectionis' refers to the concept of people surrendering their sovereignty to a ruler in a social contract to maintain social order and prevent chaos, as discussed in political theories like Leviathan.

What role did the concept of divine right play in monarchy according to the lecturer?

The concept of divine right in monarchy meant that rulers claimed to be chosen by God, giving them absolute authority and often leading to the oppression of their subjects, as exemplified by figures like King Louis XIV of France.

What is the significance of Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Indonesian Constitution mentioned in the lecture?

Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Indonesian Constitution states that sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised in accordance with the constitution, forming a foundational principle for Indonesia's democratic system.

What is the purpose of constitutional amendments according to the lecturer?

The purpose of constitutional amendments is to improve and modernize the constitutional framework, ensuring it reflects the aspirations of the people and resolves issues of power distribution and governance, particularly in creating a balanced system of power.

What key difference is noted between the pre- and post-amendment constitutions in Indonesia?

A key difference is that prior to the amendments, the president held significant power in both governing and forming laws. After the amendments, this power was distributed more evenly between the executive and legislative branches, particularly in law-making.

What challenges are mentioned regarding the post-amendment constitutional system?

The lecturer mentions that challenges still remain in the post-amendment system, including how well the constitution is functioning in guiding the nation towards its goals and whether certain laws still fail to adequately support societal governance.

What analogy does the lecturer use to describe the role of the constitution in governance?

The lecturer compares the constitution to road signs that guide the journey of a nation, while Pancasila serves as the road itself, helping Indonesia achieve its goals safely and in accordance with its foundational values.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Introduction to the Constitutional System and its Evolution

The speaker introduces the topic of constitutional amendments, focusing on the Republic of Indonesia and the 1945 Constitution (Undang-Undang Dasar 1945). The discussion emphasizes the importance of adapting the constitution to changing times and the social dynamics in Indonesia. The speaker references the constitutional amendments made between 1999-2002 following the reforms of 1908. Before diving into amendments, they touch upon the historical roots of constitutions, citing social chaos and the 'bellum omnium contra omnes' (war of all against all) theory. The rise of absolute monarchies, such as in France, is linked to the social contract theory, where the power once held by the people is transferred to a ruling sovereign.

05:00

⚖️ Dynamics and Challenges of Constitutional Amendments

This section delves into the process of constitutional amendments in Indonesia, discussing the four amendments made since the country’s independence. The speaker explains various ways countries can amend their constitutions, such as through referendums or legislative decisions. In Indonesia, the amendments were primarily driven by the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR). The speaker outlines key aspects to consider, including the background, goals, and outcomes of constitutional changes. The major catalyst for Indonesia's constitutional reforms was the need to curtail excessive presidential powers, ensure political balance, and align with democratic values following the reformation era.

10:02

🚦 The Role of Pancasila and the Constitution in Guiding the Nation

The speaker analogizes the country's constitution to a road map where Pancasila is the guiding principle, and the constitution is the set of rules ensuring proper governance. They highlight the interconnectedness of the constitution, Pancasila, and national goals such as unity, legal order, and democracy. This section ends with a call for students to explore whether there are still constitutional articles that fail to serve as proper guidelines for society. The speaker invites critical analysis of the reforms and their effectiveness in structuring Indonesia’s political and social landscape.

Keywords

💡Constitution

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. In the context of the video, the speaker refers to the Indonesian Constitution, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945), and its amendments to address the changing political and social dynamics of the country.

💡Amendment

An amendment refers to a formal change or addition proposed or made to a constitution, law, or policy. The video discusses the amendments made to the Indonesian Constitution between 1999 and 2002, which were part of a broader reform process aimed at democratizing governance and limiting the power of certain political entities like the presidency.

💡Reformasi

Reformasi refers to the political reform movement in Indonesia that began in 1998 after the fall of President Suharto’s New Order regime. It led to significant changes in the political structure, including constitutional amendments. The speaker mentions reform as a driving force for constitutional change, highlighting the need for modernization and democratization.

💡Social Contract

The social contract is a theory from political philosophy, particularly associated with thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, which suggests that individuals consent to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of a ruler or government in exchange for protection and social order. The speaker references this concept to illustrate the foundational agreements behind governance and constitutional law.

💡Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the authority of a state to govern itself or another state. It is a key principle in political science and law. The speaker refers to the sovereignty of the people as enshrined in the Indonesian Constitution, noting that power resides with the people and is executed according to the constitutional framework.

💡Primus inter pares

This Latin phrase means 'first among equals,' often used to describe a leader who is formally equal to others but is accorded a higher status or influence. In the video, it is used to explain the concept of rulers or leaders who were seen as superior, especially in the context of monarchies or early governance systems.

💡Absolute Power

Absolute power refers to unrestricted and unchecked authority, often held by monarchs or dictators. The video discusses the historical context of kings and rulers, such as Louis XIV of France, who wielded absolute power, contrasting it with modern governance systems that have checks and balances to prevent such concentration of power.

💡Undang-Undang Dasar 1945

This refers to the Constitution of Indonesia, enacted in 1945. The speaker discusses its history, amendments, and how it has been adapted to meet the needs of the nation over time. The amendments were designed to balance the distribution of power and ensure democratic principles in the governance of Indonesia.

💡Checks and Balances

Checks and balances refer to the system that ensures no single branch of government becomes too powerful by giving each branch the authority to limit the powers of the others. In the video, the speaker emphasizes the importance of balancing executive, legislative, and judicial powers to avoid authoritarianism, a core principle in the constitutional amendments.

💡People's Consultative Assembly (MPR)

The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) is the legislative body in Indonesia with the power to amend the constitution. The speaker mentions that the MPR was responsible for constitutional amendments and highlights its evolving role post-reform, specifically noting the limitations on how often amendments can now be made, in contrast to the earlier system.

Highlights

The constitution of Indonesia, especially the 1945 Constitution, must adapt to changing times and societal dynamics.

Reforms that began in 1908 led to the constitutional amendments of 1999-2002.

The social contract theory is highlighted, where power is transferred from the people to the ruler, as seen in Leviathan by Hobbes.

The rise of absolute monarchs, such as King Louis XIV, is linked to the belief in divine right, where rulers claimed to have been chosen by God.

Notable historical documents, such as the Magna Carta, the Declaration of Independence, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man, marked the reduction of absolute power and respect for human rights.

Constitutions limit political power to ensure the protection of people's rights and contribute to democratic political structures.

In Indonesia, sovereignty is in the hands of the people, as outlined in Article 1, paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution.

Indonesia has undergone four constitutional amendments, showing its evolving approach to governance and democracy.

Amendments to the Indonesian Constitution reflect demands from the Reformasi era, aimed at increasing democratic accountability.

Before the amendments, the president of Indonesia held both executive and legislative power, leading to concerns over authoritarianism.

The constitutional amendments limit the presidency to a maximum of two terms, addressing concerns over excessive presidential power.

The role of the legislative branch, particularly the DPR, has been strengthened post-amendment, reducing executive dominance.

One key challenge post-amendment is ensuring the constitution provides adequate guidance for democratic governance.

The ultimate goal of the constitutional amendments is to achieve a balanced division of power and protect human rights.

The analogy of a highway is used to explain that Pancasila serves as the nation's direction, while the constitution acts as a guide to achieve national goals.

Transcripts

Hai baik Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh Selamat pagi salam sejahtera

bagi kita semua baik kita lanjutkan

materi sistem konstitusi pada submateri

amandemen konstitusi

Hai Nah kalau kita bicara konstitusi

negara Republik Indonesia dalam hal ini

undang-undang Dasar 1945 tentu

konstitusi kita ini diharapkan bisa

mengikuti perkembangan zaman dan

Indonesia ini ada dinamika dalam hidup

berbangsa dan bernegara Pada masa

reformasi di tahun 1908 dan akhirnya

juga diikuti dengan amandemen konstitusi

mulai tahun 1999-2002 namun sebelum kita

bicara tentang amandemen konstitusi ini

kita bicara dulu sebenarnya apa sih

sejarah dari lahirnya konstitusi maaf

kalau kita bicara sejarah lahirnya

konstitusi tentu tidak bisa kita lepas

dari pada

Infocus yang ada gamenya homohominilupus

yang kuat mengalahkan yang lemah yang

banyak mengintimidasi mengeksploitasi ia

minoritas seterusnya Nah karena adanya

faktor-faktor seperti itu lalu kemudian

muncullah pandangan bellum omnium contra

omnes perang semua lawan semua jadi ada

kekacauan sosial terjadi ada barbarism

nangis itu air dan kemudian terjadi

perjanjian antar sesama manusia itu

disebut dengan empat tumbuh unionis

rakyat atau kebanyakan dari manusia itu

menyerahkan kekuasaannya kepada penguasa

untuk menjaga perjanjian rakyat itu yang

disebut dengan factum subjek ionized nah

eh dalam bukunya leviathan

Hai kewajiban politik disebut sebagai

kontrak sosial itu mengimplikasikan

pengalihan kedaulatannya ada pengalihan

kedaulatan dari rakyat kebanyakan

manusia kebanyakan kepada Primus

interpares itulah yang kemudian berkuasa

secara Absolut lahirlah itu mengancam

seluruh Dimana ada kerajaan-kerajaan

ngeblog dengan konsep desain right

artinya apa bahwa penguasa di bumi

merupakan pilihan Tuhan sehingga Ia

memiliki otoritas yang tidak tertandingi

itulah yang kemudian mendorong munculnya

raja-raja kehilangan dengan

mengatasnamakan Primus interpares dan

wakil Tuhan di bumi mereka berpuasa

sesuai nominal dan menindas rakyatnya

itu kita bisa diambil contoh misalnya

Raja Louis ke-14 lebih parahnya sihir

yang kemudian berkuasa

bisa lima tahun selama bertahun-tahun

dan ada kemudian ungkapan populer pada

saat itu yang negara adalah saya dia

memerintah Perancis 70 tahun tapi ya dan

temannya penguasa ensode itu juga

berakhirnya dengan dengan mengenaskan

nya dihukum dengan gergaji gede dengan

dulu hanume penghianatannya kemudian

selanjutnya adalah setelah lama-kelamaan

suasana itu terjadi lalu kemudian ada

perubahan kemudian terjadi dengan adanya

sebabnya charter di Inggris Ia ada biro

pray Declaration of independence bisa

jadi sejarah Amerika kalau ada deklarasi

lebih Perancis dimana itu sudah

menunjukkan adanya penghargaan terhadap

hak-hak rakyat hak asasi manusia yaitu

juga yang mereduksi kekuasaan Absolut

dari raja

pikiran merasa gitu nah kemudian kau oke

kobayashi mengatakan bahwa undang-undang

dasar yang bukan mengendalikan dan

membatasi kekuasaan politik untuk apa

untuk menjamin hak-hak rakyat melalui

fungsi ini mencoba dasar dapat memberi

sumbangan kepada perkembangan badan

pembinaan tatanan politik yang

demokratis jadi dikatakan bangunan dasar

itu ya memberi sumbangsih terhadap

pembinaan tatanan politik dan demokratis

seperti yang kita lihat di Indomaret

sakit daerah pasal 1 ayat 2 bawah

kedaulatan itu ditangan rakyat dan

dilaksanakan menurut undang-undang dasar

undang-undang dasar yang berlandasan

posisional bagi demokrasi

Hai kemudian selanjutnya kita masuk pada

dinamika dan tantangan konstitusi kita

tadi sinilah kita bicara tentang

amandemen bahwa Kalau kita bicara di

tadi kan tentu di negara kita sejak

merdeka kita pernah menggunakan

konstitusi RIS Kita pernah menggunakan

posisi undang-undang dasar sementara

1950 kita menggunakan undang-undang

Dasar 1945 yang ditetapkan oleh PPKI dan

sekarang kita ada di masa amandemen

konstitusi jadi kalau kita bicara

amandemen itu kita sudah melakukan

amandemen terhadap konstitusi kita

sebanyak empat kali Nah kalau kita

bicara cara perubahan sebuah konstitusi

memang ada banyak cara yang menurut

strong bisa melalui referendum bisa

melalui penemuannya sepakatan

negara-negara bagian bisa juga lewat

Konvensi ketatanegaraan kemudian bisa

juga melalui kekuasaan legislatif Bank

Indonesia

akhir-akhir itu dilakukan oleh MPR itu

juga lemon dimuat dalam konstitusi kita

di pasal 37 walaupun sekarang memang

sudah berbeda kalau dulu bisa dilakukan

per tahun kalau sekarang ini setelah

manajemen tidak bisa lagi lakukan selama

setahun sekali tapi bisa dilakukan

sekali lima tahun atau pada saat ada 100

mil

Hai Nah kalau kita bicara pakai paint

ada tiga hal yang mudah-mudahan kita

bisa pahami pertama Apa yang

melatarbelakangi kemudian Apa tujuannya

lalu Apa hasilnya kalo pencatatan

belakang amandemen tentu itu tidak perlu

dengan reformasi dari informasi itu

tuntutannya banyak salah satu

diantaranya adalah amandemen

undang-undang dasar karena ibaratnya

kita membersihkan ruangan yang mungkin

situ ada ada kotoran diruangan itu Tapi

kalau sapunya juga tidak bersih maka

tidak akan pernah bisa membersihkan

harapannya Academy itu harus memberikan

landasan legalitas dari sebuah perubahan

kamu lakukan sehingga tentu Salah satu

tuntutan reformasi amandemen dasar itu

latar belakangnya apa kekuasaan

tertinggi di tangan MPR padahal

kedaulatan ditangan rakyat kekuasaan

yang sangat besar kepada Presiden jadi

presiden itu pemegang kekuasaan

pemerintahan Dia juga pegang kekuasaan

membentuk undang-undang pada saat itu

dan kemudian bisa juga mengintervensi

tiga bosan akibat nah Ada beberapa pasal

yang guys misalnya terkait dengan masa

jabatan presiden Kalau dulu kan bisa

dipilih kembali setelah lima tahun dan

seterusnya dan seterusnya sekarang tidak

bisa lagi karena hanya maksimal dua

priode kemudian selanjutnya adalah apa

yang terjadi sebelum amandemen Nah bisa

kita lihat di masa lima dari unsur dasar

kita sebelum amandemen pasal 56

mengatakan Presiden memegang kekuasaan

membentuk undang-undang kalau sekarang

kan Yang bukan pesawat bentuk

undang-undang ketua DPR dengan

persetujuan bersama mesinnya kalau ini

di undang-undang Dasar sebelum menjadi

seperti bunyinya segera bersalah

walaupun kekuasaan getaran presiden

karena mesti dengan persetujuan DPR Tapi

dulu di masa Pak Harto di masa orde baru

sebelum amandemen adanya penjelasan

dipenjara saja tertulis bahwa dewan

harus memberi persetujuannya kepada

tiap-tiap Dr

dari kemarin kita jadi makna pasal 5

ayat 1 huruf karena tetap anggota dewan

itu harus memberi persetujuan disitulah

sebenarnya namanya celah dari Undang

Dasar kekayaannya yang sebelum amandemen

ya bisa melahirkan otoritarian

absolutisme Terminal tidak serius benahi

kekuasaan eksekutif yang kemudian

selanjutnya adalah Apa tujuannya tentu

tujuannya Made begitu bagus setiap

perubahan itu tentu tujuannya bagus

walaupun dalam faktanya belum tentu

semuanya bagus karena bisa-bisa bersifat

destruktif bukan bersifat konstruktif

Nah apa yang menjadi tujuan tertentu

Untuk penyempurnaan apa yang mau

disempurnakan banyak hal kaitannya

dengan peta negara depan Negara yang

terletak rakyat atas manusia pembagian

kekuasaan negara balance of power ya Ada

seimbang kekuasaan ada cek yang balas

nah

Hai sebelum dan setelah menikah hal yang

berbeda yang mudah-mudahan nya nanti

masih sulit memahami dengan baik karena

dulu ada istilah pembukaan batang tubuh

dan penjelasan sekarang setelah panen

yang ada hanya pembukaan dan pasal-pasal

jadi penjelasan yang dianggap pujian

dijadikan pasal yang tidak dihilangkan

karena kalau dijelaskan lagi bisa

mengaburkan sama tadi pasal 5 pasal

jumlah kabur Kenapa karena penjelasannya

mengatakan harus dituju di seluruh

rancangan undang-undang pemerintah

kemudian selanjutnya adalah apa

tantangannya Tentukan tangan besarnya

dari noda saat ini adalah bagaimana

mengantar kita sampai di di cita-cita

dan tujuan kita saya semangat akan

begini bahwa jalanan itu adalah

Pancasila rambu rambu marka jalan itu

adalah undang-undang dasar undang-undang

dasar jadi ya harapannya seluruh

pengguna jalan tahap dengan RAM Bravo

lintas supaya kita sampai

dengan selamat jadi kira-kira seperti

itu ada login yang mudah-mudahan tepat

menganalogikan ya bahwa Bagaimana bangsa

dan negara ini dibawa oleh pemerintah ke

tujuan dan cita-citanya tentu dengan

berdasarkan undang-undang dasar kita

Pulau mendasar yang itu sumber hukumnya

dari Pancasila sehingga NKRI itu bisa

eksis sehingga Merah Putih tetap

berkibar lalu kemudian Bhinneka Tunggal

Ika itu terintegrasi dengan baik nah eh

ya apa cita-cita dan tujuan kita saja

jelas di pembukaan tertera di permukaan

Nah akhirnya kemudian Apa yang harus

kita diskusikan kali ini di bagian ini

disebut materi ini adalah silakan saja

mahasiswa mencari Masih Adakah

pasal-pasal yang belum mampu menjadi

pedoman dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat

berbangsa dan bernegara soalnya dulu ada

gede ae sekarang tidak boleh deh Apakah

di masa reformasi

Hai hasil amandemen itu lalu kemudian

itu dianggap tidak membuat pembangunan

menjadi terstruktur penemuannya tentara

dan seterusnya dia mengatakan begitu

tapi silakan saja mahasiswa melakukan

kajian mengenai itu karena nah

harapannya tentu amandemen itu bisa

menyempurnakan sistem ketatanegaraan

kita baik tapi itu untuk kali ini terima

kasih Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi

Wabarakatuh Alhamdulillah akhirnya