How humanity got hooked on coffee - Jonathan Morris

Summary

故事起源于公元850年左右，牧羊人卡尔迪发现羊吃了咖啡果后异常活跃，自己也尝试后感受到了咖啡的提神效果。咖啡最初在埃塞俄比亚被采摘，后来通过贸易路线传入中东，成为流行的饮品。15世纪，咖啡在伊斯兰世界被用于宗教仪式，尽管曾一度受到争议。随着时间的推移，咖啡种植和消费在全球范围内扩散，尤其是在拉丁美洲。20世纪初，意大利展示了第一台商业浓缩咖啡机，咖啡品牌和工业烘焙设备的发展随之而来。然而，咖啡产业的工人面临着不人道的工作环境和低薪酬，这促使了符合伦理标准的咖啡认证努力。气候变化对咖啡种植带的影响也是一个日益严重的问题，科学家正在研究可能的解决方案。

Takeaways

• 🌿 咖啡的发现归功于9世纪的埃塞俄比亚牧羊人卡尔迪，他注意到山羊吃了某种浆果后行为异常活跃。
• 📜 人们在14世纪之前开始在埃塞俄比亚的森林下采集野生咖啡。
• ☕ 咖啡植物含有大量咖啡因，这可能是因为它对食草动物不具吸引力，或对传粉者更具吸引力。
• 🌍 咖啡通过贸易路线传入中东，并在15世纪中叶开始在奥斯曼帝国广泛流行。
• 🕌 1511年，麦加的宗教法庭对咖啡进行了审判，最终裁定它是允许的。
• 🏰 咖啡屋在大马士革、伊斯坦布尔等地兴起，成为社交和娱乐的场所。
• 🌾 到了16世纪末，也门开始种植咖啡并从阿尔马克哈港出口，该港在世界其他地方被称为摩卡。
• 🚢 咖啡最终被运输到印度，并很快在爪哇等地扎根。
• 🏙️ 17世纪，伦敦开设了第一家咖啡屋，到1663年已有超过80家。
• 🥛 法国人开始将牛奶和糖加入咖啡中，而18世纪的巴黎咖啡屋成为了启蒙运动人物的聚集地。
• 🌎 欧洲帝国从咖啡种植中获利，建立了在亚洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的被剥削劳动力。
• 🔄 随着非洲国家摆脱殖民关系，许多国家增加了咖啡生产，咖啡饮用也在东亚地区流行起来。

Q & A

咖啡的发现与哪个人物有关？

咖啡的发现与一个名叫卡尔迪的牧羊人有关。

卡尔迪的羊群在吃了什么之后行为异常？

卡尔迪的羊群在吃了一些浆果之后开始行为异常。

人们最早在哪个世纪开始消费咖啡？

人们在14世纪之前开始消费咖啡，但具体时间不详。

咖啡植物含有大量咖啡因的可能原因是什么？

咖啡植物含有大量咖啡因可能是因为这使得它们对食草动物不具吸引力，或者对传粉者更具吸引力。

咖啡是如何传播到中东的？

咖啡通过贸易路线传播到中东，并在15世纪中叶开始在该地区广泛流行。

在哪个世纪，咖啡在伦敦的咖啡馆开始流行？

咖啡在17世纪中叶，即1650年代开始在伦敦的咖啡馆流行。

为什么在1675年英国国王查理二世试图禁止咖啡馆？

尽管具体原因不详，但查理二世试图在1675年禁止咖啡馆，尽管如此，咖啡馆仍然作为社交和知识交流的热点继续存在。

哪个世界博览会展示了第一台商业浓缩咖啡机？

1906年的米兰世界博览会展示了第一台商业浓缩咖啡机。

咖啡产业面临的主要环境问题是什么？

咖啡产业面临的主要环境问题是气候变化，预计未来几十年内，咖啡生长的赤道“豆带”将会缩小。

为了应对气候变化，科学家们正在研究什么？

为了应对气候变化，科学家们正在研究可能的解决方案，如培育能够适应不可预测未来的耐逆咖啡杂交品种。

咖啡工人面临的主要问题是什么？

咖啡工人面临的主要问题是不人道的工作条件和不足的报酬。

Outlines

00:00

🌿 咖啡的起源与早期历史

故事始于公元850年左右，一位名叫卡尔迪的牧羊人发现他的山羊吃了某种浆果后行为异常活跃。他尝试后也感到精力充沛，这可能是人类第一次接触到咖啡。在14世纪之前，埃塞俄比亚的人们开始在森林下采摘野生咖啡。咖啡植物含有大量咖啡因，可能是因为这使得它们对食草动物不具吸引力，或对传粉者更有吸引力。人们开始利用咖啡的优势，制作茶叶、将其浆果与黄油和盐混合作为零食，以及将咖啡樱桃干燥、烘焙和煮沸成提神饮料。咖啡通过贸易路线传入中东，并在15世纪中叶开始在奥斯曼帝国广泛流行。1511年，麦加的宗教法庭对咖啡进行了审判，最终裁定其为合法，随后咖啡屋在大马士革、伊斯坦布尔等地兴起。到了16世纪末，也门开始种植咖啡并从阿尔马克哈港出口，该港口在世界其他地方被称为摩卡。咖啡最终被运输到印度，并很快在爪哇等地扎根。奥斯曼帝国将这种刺激物质引入欧洲，伦敦的第一家咖啡屋在1650年代开业。尽管查理二世在1675年试图禁止咖啡屋，但它们仍然作为社交和智力的热点继续存在。18世纪，巴黎的咖啡屋成为了启蒙运动人物的聚集地。同时，欧洲帝国开始从咖啡种植中获利，建立了在亚洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的被奴役或被剥削的劳动力。随着拉丁美洲的种植热潮，种植者取代了土著人口，并烧毁森林以建立不断扩大的种植园。1906年，巴西出口了世界上超过80%的咖啡。同年，米兰世界博览会展示了第一台商业浓缩咖啡机。随着工业烘焙设备的发展，出现了各种咖啡品牌。到1950年代中期，约60%的美国工厂引入了咖啡休息时间。随着非洲国家摆脱殖民关系，许多国家增加了咖啡生产。咖啡饮用也后来在东亚地区流行起来，特别是作为罐装、预制饮料。近几十年来，强调优质咖啡豆和酿造方法的特色咖啡变得流行，并推动了中美洲和东非的农场发展。然而，全球咖啡工人继续忍受不人道的条件和不足的报酬。这促使人们努力认证符合伦理标准的咖啡生产，包括最低工资和可持续农业。但由于气候变化，咖啡生长的赤道“豆带”预计将在未来几十年缩小。科学家正在研究可能的解决方案。

05:01

🌱 咖啡的未来与挑战

为了应对未来不可预测的变化，科学家们正在研究可能的解决方案，比如培育能够适应变化的咖啡杂交品种，以保护这种已经成为全球日常仪式中不可或缺的饮料。

Keywords

💡Kaldi

Kaldi是一位牧羊人，他的故事是关于咖啡起源的传说。据说，他的羊吃了某种浆果后行为异常，Kaldi尝试后也感到精神亢奋。这个故事展示了咖啡对人类早期的影响，并且是视频中咖啡历史叙述的起点。

💡咖啡

咖啡是一种饮料，由咖啡豆制成，含有咖啡因。在视频中，咖啡的历史从埃塞俄比亚的野生咖啡开始，逐渐传播到中东、欧洲和全球。咖啡不仅是饮品，也是文化交流和社会活动的重要媒介。

💡咖啡因

咖啡因是一种天然兴奋剂，存在于咖啡植物中。视频中提到，咖啡因可能使咖啡植物对食草动物不具吸引力，同时吸引传粉者。咖啡因的这一特性对咖啡的传播和人类对其的利用起到了关键作用。

💡咖啡豆

咖啡豆是咖啡树的种子，用于制作咖啡。视频中描述了人们如何从野生咖啡植物中采集咖啡豆，以及如何通过烘焙、研磨和煮沸来制作咖啡。咖啡豆的处理和贸易对咖啡文化的发展至关重要。

💡咖啡贸易

咖啡贸易是指咖啡豆的买卖和运输。视频中提到，咖啡通过贸易路线进入中东，并在15世纪开始在也门和奥斯曼帝国流行。咖啡贸易不仅促进了文化交流，也导致了对咖啡种植园的殖民化和奴隶制。

💡咖啡屋

咖啡屋是提供咖啡和其他饮料的公共场所，也是社交和文化交流的场所。视频中提到，咖啡屋在大马士革、伊斯坦布尔等地兴起，成为人们聚集、交流思想的地方。咖啡屋的兴起反映了咖啡在社会生活中的重要地位。

💡殖民主义

殖民主义是指一个国家或地区对另一个地区的政治、经济控制。视频中提到，欧洲帝国通过殖民地种植咖啡，建立了依赖奴隶或被剥削劳动力的种植园。这种做法对咖啡产业的发展和咖啡工人的生活产生了深远影响。

💡咖啡种植

咖啡种植是指咖啡树的栽培和咖啡豆的生产。视频中描述了咖啡种植在拉丁美洲的扩张，以及对当地原住民和环境的影响。咖啡种植是全球咖啡供应链的基础，但也伴随着对工人的不公正待遇。

💡气候变化

气候变化是指全球气候系统长期变化，通常与人类活动产生的温室气体排放有关。视频中提到，气候变化可能导致咖啡生长带缩小，这对咖啡产业构成了威胁。科学家正在研究如何通过培育适应性强的咖啡品种来应对这一挑战。

💡可持续农业

可持续农业是指在不损害环境和未来资源的前提下，进行农业生产的方式。视频中提到，为了应对咖啡工人的不公正待遇和环境问题，出现了对符合伦理标准的咖啡生产的认证努力，包括最低工资和可持续种植。这体现了对咖啡产业可持续发展的关注。

Highlights

Kaldi, a goatherd, discovered coffee when his goats became hyper after eating certain berries around 850 CE.

The earliest known coffee consumption dates back to the 1400s in Ethiopia, where people foraged for wild coffee.

Coffee plants may have evolved high caffeine content to deter herbivores or attract pollinators.

Coffee was first used to make tea from its leaves and as a snack with berries, butter, and salt.

Coffee spread to the Middle East in the 1450s and was used in Sufi rituals.

Coffee was put on trial in Mecca in 1511, but was eventually deemed permissible for Muslims.

Coffeehouses became popular social and intellectual hubs in the Ottoman Empire and later in Europe.

The first coffeehouses in London opened in the 1650s, and by 1663 there were over 80.

Coffee cultivation expanded in Latin America, often at the expense of Indigenous populations and through slavery.

By 1906, Brazil was exporting over 80% of the world's coffee.

The first commercial espresso machine was showcased at the Milan World’s Fair in 1906.

Coffee breaks became common in US factories by the mid-1950s.

African countries increased coffee production after gaining independence.

Specialty coffees focusing on quality beans and brewing methods gained popularity in recent decades.

Coffee workers worldwide often face inhumane conditions and low pay, leading to ethical certification efforts.

Climate change threatens the shrinking of the equatorial 'Bean Belt,' the ideal region for coffee cultivation.

Scientists are exploring resilient coffee hybrids to adapt to future climate challenges.

Transcripts

One day around 850 CE, a goatherd named Kaldi observed that,

after nibbling on some berries, his goats started acting abnormally.

Kaldi tried them himself, and soon enough he was just as hyper.

This was humanity’s first run-in with coffee—

or so the story goes.

When exactly people began consuming coffee is unclear—

but at some point before the 1400s, in what’s now Ethiopia,

people began foraging for wild coffee in the forest undergrowth.

The reason coffee plants are equipped with lots of caffeine

might be because it makes them unattractive to herbivores

or more attractive to pollinators.

But either way, people caught on to coffee’s advantages

and began making tea from its leaves;

combining its berries with butter and salt for a sustaining snack;

and drying, roasting, and simmering its cherries into an energizing elixir.

Coffee rode trade routes into the Middle East,

and its widespread popularity began brewing in earnest in the 1450s.

Upon returning from a visit to Ethiopia,

a Sufi leader recommended that worshippers in Yemen

use coffee during ritual chants and dances.

Soon enough, people within the Ottoman Empire

began roasting and grinding the beans to yield a darker, bolder beverage.

Many gathered in guesthouses and outside mosques

to partake in coffee’s comforts.

But authorities grew concerned about whether coffee’s influence

was innocent or intoxicating,

and if Muslims should be allowed to drink it.

Indeed, in 1511, a religious court in Mecca put coffee on trial.

Scholars finally deemed it permissible,

so coffeehouses sprang up in Damascus, Istanbul, and beyond,

where clientele could sip coffee, smoke, and enjoy a variety of entertainment.

By the late 1500s, people in Yemen were farming coffee

and exporting it from the port of Al-Makha,

which became known in other parts of the world as Mocha.

But coffee was eventually transported— or smuggled— into India,

and soon took root in Java and beyond.

Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire introduced the stimulating substance to Europe.

Central London’s first coffeehouses opened in the 1650s.

By 1663 there were more than 80.

And despite King Charles II’s attempt to ban them in 1675,

coffeehouses kept simmering as social and intellectual hotbeds.

In 1679, for instance, patrons of Garraway’s coffeehouse

had the pleasure of watching Robert Hooke, the scientist who coined the term “cell,”

publicly dissect a porpoise.

In France, people began mixing coffee with milk and sugar.

And throughout the 1700s,

Paris’ coffeehouses hosted Enlightenment figures like Diderot and Voltaire,

who allegedly drank 50 cups of coffee a day.

Granted, these were likely small servings of comparatively weak coffee—

but still, impressive.

Meanwhile, European empires began profiting off coffee-growing,

establishing enslaved or exploited workforces

in Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

As cultivation boomed in Latin America, fueled by slavery,

growers displaced Indigenous populations

and burned forests to establish ever-expanding plantations.

By 1906, Brazil was exporting over 80% of the world’s coffee.

That same year, the Milan World’s Fair showcased

the first commercial espresso machine.

And alongside the development of industrial roasting equipment

came various coffee brands.

By the mid-1950s, about 60% of US factories incorporated coffee breaks.

As African countries cut colonial ties, many ramped up coffee production.

And coffee drinking also later made inroads in East Asia,

especially as canned, pre-prepared beverages.

In more recent decades,

specialty coffees with an emphasis on quality beans and brewing methods

grew popular and propelled farms in Central America and East Africa.

Yet coffee workers worldwide continued to endure inhumane conditions

and insufficient compensation.

This motivated certification efforts

for coffee production that met ethical standards,

including minimum wage and sustainable farming.

But issues still loom over the industry.

And because of climate change,

the equatorial “Bean Belt” where coffee thrives

is projected to shrink in upcoming decades.

It’s unclear exactly what this might look like.

But scientists are investigating possibilities

like resilient coffee hybrids that might help weather the unpredictable future—

all to protect the beverage that’s become a cherished part

of daily rituals worldwide.