How Hot can it get?

Summary

This video script explores the upper limits of temperature, starting from absolute zero and ascending through various milestones such as the melting points of substances, average temperatures on Earth, and the boiling points of elements. It delves into the temperatures of celestial bodies, from the coldest stars to the hottest stars and nebulae, and touches on the theoretical limits of temperature, including the Planck temperature where our understanding of physics breaks down. The script provides a fascinating journey through the scale of heat, highlighting the relationship between energy input and system temperature, and the point at which matter and energy become indistinguishable.

Takeaways

• 🌡️ The script discusses the concept of temperature, starting from absolute zero and exploring the upper limits of heat based on energy input into a system.
• 🔥 It highlights that as temperature increases, so does the system's energy, leading to the question of how much energy can be added before the system overloads.
• 🌡️ Starting point for temperature is 0°C or 273.15K, which is the melting point of ice, and the script lists various temperatures relevant to everyday life and natural phenomena.
• 🌍 The mean surface temperature of the Earth is mentioned as 14.9°C, and the script provides a range of temperatures from the coldest to the hottest places on Earth.
• 🌡️ Extreme temperatures are detailed, such as the highest recorded temperatures on different continents and the hottest naturally recorded temperature on Earth at 56.7°C in Death Valley.
• 💧 The script explains the relationship between temperature and the phase changes of substances, including the boiling points of water at different altitudes and the melting points of various elements.
• 🔥 It describes the temperatures at which stars and celestial bodies exist, emphasizing the vast range from the coolest brown dwarfs to the hottest stars and their cores.
• 🌌 The script touches on the temperatures associated with extreme cosmic events, such as supernovae, and the theoretical limits of temperature in the early universe.
• 🔬 The script also delves into the highest man-made temperatures achieved in experiments, like those at the Large Hadron Collider, and the theoretical limits of temperature based on current physics.
• 🌡️ The Planck temperature is introduced as the highest conceivable temperature where physics as we know it breaks down, and temperatures beyond this point are purely speculative.
• 🔚 The video concludes by emphasizing the immense scale of temperatures and the limitations of our understanding of what happens at the highest temperatures.

Q & A

What is the starting point for measuring temperature in Celsius and Kelvin as mentioned in the script?

The starting point for measuring temperature is zero degrees Celsius, which is equivalent to 273.15 Kelvin.

What is the melting point of ice according to the script?

The melting point of ice is at 0 degrees Celsius or 273.15 Kelvin.

What is the average human body temperature as stated in the script?

The average human body temperature is 36.8 degrees Celsius, with a healthy range of deviation within 1 degree.

What is the highest recorded temperature in Europe?

The highest recorded temperature in Europe was 48 degrees Celsius, measured in Athens, Greece in July 1977.

What is the boiling point of water at the top of Mount Everest?

The boiling point of water on top of Mount Everest is 69 degrees Celsius due to the decreased air pressure at high altitudes.

What is the surface temperature of the Sun?

The surface temperature of the Sun is approximately 5778 Kelvin.

What is the temperature at which milk is pasteurized?

Milk is pasteurized at 63 degrees Celsius.

What is the temperature at which popcorn pops and is also the recommended temperature for deep frying food?

Popcorn pops at 180 degrees Celsius, which is also the recommended temperature for deep frying food.

What is the melting point of sodium?

The melting point of sodium is 98 degrees Celsius.

What is the hottest naturally recorded temperature on Earth?

The hottest naturally recorded temperature on Earth is 56.7 degrees Celsius, measured at Furnace Creek in Death Valley, North America.

What is the temperature at which the infrared heat signature shifts into visible red, known as the Draper point?

The Draper point, where the infrared heat signature shifts into visible red, is at 525 degrees Celsius.

What is the Planck temperature and its significance in relation to temperature limits?

The Planck temperature, approximately 141.7 nonillion Kelvins, is the highest theoretical temperature where physics as we know it breaks down, and it is considered the limit for temperature increase without violating quantum mechanics.

Outlines

00:00

🌡️ Temperature Extremes and Heat Thresholds

This paragraph explores the concept of heat as a byproduct of energy input into a system, starting from absolute zero and ascending to various significant temperature points. It covers the melting points of ice and peanut oil, recommended refrigerator temperatures, and the minimum temperature for plant growth. The paragraph also touches on average temperatures for different geographical locations, including Spain, Norway, Hawaii, and the highest and lowest recorded temperatures on Earth. It discusses the melting points of various substances like Francium, butter, and sodium, and the boiling points of water at different altitudes and for different substances like ethanol. The narrative continues with temperatures associated with various phenomena and materials, such as the melting points of metals, the temperatures of stars, and the boiling points of elements like lead and mercury. The paragraph concludes with the temperatures at which certain physical changes occur, like the transition of matter into plasma and the Draper point where metals begin to glow red.

05:04

🔥 Melting Points, Star Temperatures, and Cosmic Heat

The second paragraph delves into the melting points of various elements like plutonium, aluminum, and barium, and the temperatures reached in natural phenomena such as forest fires and volcanic lava flows. It also examines the temperatures of different types of stars and celestial bodies, including brown dwarfs, main-sequence stars like Proxima Centauri and Barnard's Star, and red supergiants like Betelgeuse. The discussion extends to the temperatures within our solar system, such as the Earth's core and the Sun's surface, and contrasts these with the extreme temperatures found in the cores of various classes of stars, from F to O. The paragraph concludes with the mention of the highest man-made temperatures achieved in particle accelerators and the theoretical temperatures of the early universe and exotic celestial phenomena like quark stars and gamma-ray bursts.

10:07

🌌 Extreme Cosmic Temperatures and Theoretical Limits

This paragraph takes the exploration of temperature to the extreme, starting with the temperatures of Wolf Rayet stars and pulsars, and moving on to degenerate stars with astonishingly high surface temperatures. It discusses the temperatures associated with various cosmic events and objects, such as the Vela Pulsar, solar winds, and the cores of brown and red dwarfs. The narrative then shifts to the temperatures of the early universe, the conditions within a supernova, and the extreme temperatures reached in the Large Hadron Collider. The paragraph also touches on the theoretical limits of temperature, such as the Hagedorn temperature where matter becomes unstable, and the Planck temperature, which is considered the highest possible temperature where physics as we know it breaks down. It concludes with a speculative look at temperatures beyond our current understanding, suggesting that only a singularity or a kugelblitz could surpass these limits.

Keywords

💡Absolute Zero

Absolute zero is the theoretical lowest temperature where all molecular motion ceases, defined as 0 Kelvin or -273.15 degrees Celsius. In the context of the video, it serves as a starting point for discussing the upper limits of temperature, emphasizing the contrast between the coldest and the hottest possible states of matter.

💡Melting Point

The melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid. It is a key concept in the video, illustrating the relationship between temperature and phase changes. Examples include the melting points of ice at 0 degrees Celsius and Francium at 27 degrees Celsius.

💡Kelvin

The Kelvin scale is an absolute temperature scale that starts at absolute zero. It is used in scientific contexts and is the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI). The video uses Celsius and Kelvin to discuss various temperatures, emphasizing the scientific basis for measuring heat.

💡Boiling Point

The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into vapor. The video mentions the boiling point of water at 100 degrees Celsius and how it changes with altitude, such as on Mount Everest where it is 69 degrees Celsius, to demonstrate the effect of pressure on boiling points.

💡Temperature Extremes

Temperature extremes refer to the highest and lowest temperatures recorded or theoretically possible. The video explores these extremes, from the melting point of ice to the temperatures within stars and the universe, to convey the vast range of temperatures in the universe.

💡Thermal Maximum

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum was a period of rapid warming about 55.8 million years ago. The video uses this as an example to discuss historical climate changes and the associated average global temperature of 23 degrees Celsius.

💡Melting Point of Metals

The melting point of metals is the temperature at which they transition from solid to liquid. The script provides several examples, such as sodium at 98 degrees Celsius and iron at 1811 degrees Kelvin, to illustrate how different elements have different melting points related to their atomic structures.

💡Surface Temperature

Surface temperature refers to the temperature of the outer layer or surface of an object, such as a planet or star. The video discusses various celestial bodies' surface temperatures, like the Sun at 5778 Kelvin and Earth's core at 5700 Kelvin, to compare the thermal states of different astronomical objects.

💡Kelvin-Fahrenheit Intersection

The Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales intersect at -40 degrees Fahrenheit, which is equivalent to 233.15 Kelvin. This point is mentioned in the video to highlight a unique aspect of temperature measurement and the relationship between different scales.

💡Draper Point

The Draper point is the temperature at which a black or dark-colored object starts to glow red due to the high intensity of emitted infrared heat. The video mentions this as 525 degrees Celsius, indicating the transition from non-luminous to luminous heat emission.

💡Planck Temperature

The Planck temperature is the highest possible temperature in the universe, at around 1.4 x 10^32 Kelvin. The video discusses this as the limit of our understanding, where physics as we know it breaks down, and it is related to the earliest moments of the Big Bang.

Highlights

The concept of temperature increase is tied to the energy input into a system and its capacity to handle that energy before overloading.

The video starts with a comparison of Celsius and Kelvin scales, emphasizing the scientific preference for the latter.

Absolute zero is defined as 0 degrees Celsius or 273.15 Kelvin, the theoretical point where all molecular motion stops.

The melting point of ice is highlighted as a reference point for temperature scales.

Temperatures of various natural and man-made environments are listed, from peanut oil to the melting point of Francium.

The highest recorded temperatures on Earth and other planets are compared, showing the extremes of heat.

The video explains how temperature affects the phase changes of substances like water and ethanol.

The melting and boiling points of various elements are detailed, including sodium, sulfur, and mercury.

The temperature at which metals start to glow red, known as the Draper point, is discussed.

Extreme temperatures of stars and celestial bodies are presented, from the coolest brown dwarf to the hottest neutron stars.

The video covers the temperature ranges within the Earth's core and the Sun, highlighting their significance for geology and astronomy.

The theoretical limits of temperature increase are explored, including the Planck temperature and the implications for physics.

The concept of temperature in relation to the early universe and the Big Bang is introduced, discussing the cosmic microwave background.

The video concludes by emphasizing the speculative nature of temperatures beyond our current understanding and the limits of physics.

The importance of temperature in various scientific fields, from chemistry to astrophysics, is underscored throughout the video.

The transcript provides a comprehensive overview of the scale of temperatures, from everyday experiences to the farthest reaches of known science.

Transcripts

Last video we decreased the temperature all the way till absolute zero this of course left us with the other question

How hot can it get heat is released as waste energy when you pump energy into a system as the temperature increases

So does the system's energy so asking how hot it can get really comes down to how much energy can be put into the system

Before it overloads. So let's do that. Once again, we will be using Celsius and Kelvin because imperial units are unscientific

Once again, our starting point will be zero degrees Celsius or 273.15 Kelvin

The melting point of ice

At 3 degrees above 0 is the melting point of peanut oil

At 5 degrees is the recommended refrigerator temperature for food cooling

And at 10 degrees is the minimum temperature for most plants to grow

11 degrees is the average temperature during winter in Spain

And the mean surface temperature across all of the earth is 14 point 9 degrees

18 degrees is the average summer temperature in Norway

While 19 degrees is the average winter temperature in Hawaii

The highest temperature ever recorded at Antarctica was 19 point 8 degrees at the South orkney islands in 1982

And average room temperature is 21 degrees Celsius and probably the temperature you are watching this video in

23 degrees is the average mean temperature on earth during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum

About 55 point eight million years ago

the average summer temperature in France is 26 degrees

and 27 degrees is the estimated melting point of the radioactive lkali model Francium

29 degrees go for heated indoor swimming pools for recreational swimming

At around 30 degrees we find one of the coldest stars we have ever discovered

CWISEP J1935-1546

Though there is a lot of uncertainty regarding it's temperature

At 31 degrees is the melting point of butter

And at 34.4 degrees lies the hottest annual mean temperature on earth at Dallol, Ethiopia

At 35 degrees is the average temperature of the warmest sea, the Red sea

At 36.8 degrees is the average human body temperature, withing 1 degrees deviation this is still considered healthy

The average temperature of the Sahara Desert

During the day can get to 40 degrees long exposure to these temperatures can cause severe dehydration and cellular breakdown

The highest recorded temperature in Europe was measured at 48 degrees in Athens, Greece July 1977

The highest temperature ever recorded in South America was 48.9 degrees in 1905 Argentina

While the record high temperature for Australia was 50.7 degrees in 1960

For Asia the highest recorded temperature was 54 degrees in 2017 Iran

And for Africa 55 degrees in Kebili, Tunisia 1931

at 56.7 degrees is the hottest naturally recorded temperature on earth

measured at Furnace Greek in Death Valley North America

Milk is pasteurized at 63 degrees

The boiling point of water on top of Mount Everest is 69 degrees

This is because at high altitudes air pressure decreases. As it decreases there is more room for particles to move

Hence the melting and freezing points will get lower.

At 78.37 degrees is the boiling point of ethanol or common alcohol

At 82 degrees is recommended for coffee brewing and dishwasher water

98 degrees is the melting point of sodium

And at 100 degrees above zero we reach the boiling point of water

Exposure to temperatures above this are instantly harmful to humans

At 115 degrees we reach the melting point of sulphur

An oven on low is around 135 degrees

Sucrose or table sugar caramelizes at 160 degrees

The mean surface temperature of the innermost planet mercury is about 177 degrees

And popcorn pops at 180 degrees which is also the recommended temperature for deep frying food

At 218 degrees is an oven on high

And at 231.9 degrees is the melting point of Tin

Polonium melts at 254 degrees

And at 301 degrees the Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales intersect

Lead melts at 327 degrees

And mercury boils at 357

And then zinc melts at 419

Sulfur evaporates at 444 degrees

And the mean surface temperature of Venus, the hottest planet of our solar system is 465 degrees

As we pass 500 degrees we are far above anything survived by humans ever

Even with life support suits exposure to these temperatures is strongly disadvised

At 525 degrees we pass the Draper point at this point the infrared heat Signature has become so high intensity that it shifts into visible red

Meaning every metal hated above this temperature starts to glow a dim red

At 639.4 degrees is the melting point of plutonium

Aluminium melts at 660

And barium has a melting point of 1000 Kelvin

Then at 1115 Kelvin calcium melts

During an average forest fire temperatures can soar up to 1170 Kelvin

At about 1200 Kelvin lies the average temperature of T class brown dwarfs

At 1235 degrees silver melts

The average volcanic lava flow has the temperature of 1300 Kelvin

While gold melts a little above that at 1337 Kelvin

Followed by copper at 1357 Kelvin

And uranium at 1405 Kelvin

A typical basalt flow can reach temperatures of 1500 Kelvin

Which is also the typical surface temperature of L class brown dwarfs

Lithium boils at 1603 Kelvin

While blue candle flames are around 1670 Kelvin

And nickel melts at 1728 Kelvin

As does cobalt at 1768 Kelvin

And iron at 1811 Kelvin

Titanium melts at 1941 Kelvin

And the coolest non brown dwarf star in the universe is

2MASS J0523-1403

At 1970 Kelvin

At 2000 degrees Kelvin we have far surpassed any survivable temperature with or without protection

Wile insanely hot it will dwarf by the numbers yet to come

Lead melts at 2022 Kelvins

Silver boils at 2435 Kelvins

And the average surface temperature of M class start is about 3000 Kelvin

Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to earth after the sun has a surface temperature of 3042 Kelvins

The surface temperature of Barnards star is 3134 Kelvins

Which is also the boiling point for iron

Silicon boils away at 3538 Kelvin

And the red supergiant Betelgeuset has a surface temperature of 3590 Kelvin

Large stars drop teir surface temperatures because the area the heat has to cover is increased significantly by their size

The non metal carbon melts at 3675 Kelvin

Carbon is one of the most vital elements in biochemistry making up about 20% of any living organisms mass on average

Slightly above this at 3687 Kelvins the last solid element of tungsten is forced into liquid form

The surface temperature of the red giant Aldebaran is 3900 Kelvins

Carbon boils at 4027 Kelvins

And the average temperature of a K class star is 4500 Kelvins

The star Epsilon Eridani has a surface temperature of 5084 Kelvin

Epsilon Eridani is a star about 10 lightyear away which is relatively young

Tau Ceti is nearby solar analog start and has a surface temperature of 5344 Kelvins

The average G class star has a surface temperature around 5500 Kelvin

The surface of the Earth's core is estimated to be a good 5700 Kelvin

The surface temperature of the sun rises to approximately 5778 Kelvins

Our star is in fact slightly hotter than the surface of our planet's core

At 5903 Kelvin the last liquid element, The heavy metal of Rhenium at last boils away

We are now very far above any naturally familiar temperature every element has been forced into a gaseous state

Yet we can go much higher still

At 6000 Kelvin is the temperature of the absolute core of our planet. It is also the mean temperature of our universe about

300,000 years after the Big Bang and the surface temperature of Polaris the northern pole star

At 6300 Kelvin is the average surface temperature of an F class star

Procyon, the nearest F class star has a surface temperature slightly higher at 6530

The average A class star has a surface temperature of 7600 Kelvin

At 7735 Kelvin monoatomic ideal gas has one electron volt of kinetic energy

The star Fomalhaut clocks in at 8590

Vega at 9600

And Sirius at 9900 Kelvins

The pistol star has a surface temperature of 11800 Kelvins

Rigel has 12000

And Regulus has 12460

Algol at 13000

The average temperature of a B class star is 15200 Kelvins

The mean temperature of universe 10,000 years after the big bang was 25,000. As is on the white dwarf Sirius B

Mintaka and Alnitak are at 29,500 Kelvin

And the average surface temperature of an O class star is 30,000 Kelvins

Eta carinae one of the most volatile start in the milky way has a soaring surface temperature of 35,000 Kelvins

And the core of a protostar which as yet to begin nuclear fusion is estimated at 50,000 Kelvins

Regor has a surface temperature of 57,000 degrees Kelvin

The central star also known as Planetary Nebula Nucleus

or PNN of the cat's eye nebula has an estimated surface temperature of 80,000 kelvins

Regor is in the lower class of wolf rayet stars, the average wolf rayet star has an surface temperature around 100,000 Kelvins

The PNN of the ring nebula clocks in at 125,000 Kelvins

At a temperature of 210,000 Kelvins WR 102 is the hottest star found

Degenerate stars however can far surpass this temperature

The Vela Pulsar for example has a surface temperature of 280,000 Kelvins

Pulsar stars are rapidly rotating neutron stars

300,000 Kelvins is the temperature you would experience about 17 meters from the atomic bomb dropped on hiroshima in 1945

The PNN of the Spirograph nebula clocks a surface temperature of 422,000 Kelvins

At 800,000 Kelvins is the temperature of the average solar winds and also the estimated surface temperature of the suspected Quark star 3C 58

The core of a Threshold brown dwarf can reach about 1,000,000 Kelvin

The crab pulsar has a surface temperature of 1,600,000 Kelvin

And the cores of red dwarfs reach 2,500,000

Orange dwarfs tend to reach 10 million in their core

And the Tsar Bomba the largest nuclear weapon ever to be detonated at a detonation temperature of over 11 million Kelvins

Our Sun itself has a core temperature of a soaring 15,600,000 Kelvins

An extremely hot temperature needed for it nuclear fission. At these teperatures gasious matter is no longer stable

The electrons melt free from the atom and matter transits to plasma

However, we find again no limit insight to the ever increasing temperature here

The average F class has a core temperature of 20,000,000

Followed by A class at 30,000,000

B class at 50,000,000

And finally O class at 80,000,000

The average Wolf Rayet stars reach 135 million kelvins in their core

And a newly formed white dwarf star as the core temperature between 500 million and 1 billion Kelvins

1 billion kelvins was the average temperature of the universe 100 seconds after the big bang

10 billion kelvin is the temperature achieved in an average supernova and 1 second after the big bang

In the accretion disk of a quasar temperatures reach 700 billion Kelvins

And in a newly formed nutrient star the core temperature rises to 1 trillion Kelvins

It's getting hot enough now to get matter to do some trippy stuff plasma itself melts into quark gluon plasma where the protons and neutrons

Themselves have moulded into that composite quarks

At 3.6 trillion Kelvin matter doubles in mass due to relativistic effects.

Around 4 trillion Kelvins proton to antiproton reactions occur

5.5 trillion Kelvin is the highest man-made temperature in thermal equilibrium, for large Hadron collider collisions

100 microseconds after the Big Bang the universe was still a hot 10 trillion Kelvins

In the core temperature of a theoretical quark star is estimated at 20 to 25 trillion Kelvins

When a Hypernova releases a gamma-ray burst. It generates a temperature of 67 trillion degrees Kelvin

At 2.8 Quadrillion, that is 2.8 Patakelvins. 2 of the 4 fundemental forces of our universe, the electromagnetic and the weak nuclear forces combine into electro weak force

The higher the temperature rises the more the forces move towards grand unification

At 2 quintillion as say Exakelvins is the temperature of heavy nuclear collisions at the LHC

Dark matter in an active galactius nucleus can reach to 1 sextillion, thats zetakelvin

At 10 octillion Kelvins that's 10,000 yottakelvins the strong nuclear force joins the electroweak force unifying into the electronuclear force

Then at 1 nonillion kelvins, 1 million yottakelvins we reach the hagedorn temperature of strings, normal matter is no longer stable and falls apart into energy

Then at 141.7 nonillion Kelvins gravity joins in and the grand unification theory is realized, current physics break down at or above this point because we lack a quantum theory of gravity

This is also the temperature one planck time after the Big Bang happened

This temperature is known as the planck temperature. Remember when as a Draper point objects start to glow a dim red

that's because the hotter of the object gets the smaller the wavelength of the emitted light will be when an object reaches a temperature of

141.7 nonillion kelvins the radiation it would emit will have a wavelength of 1 Planck length

Which are according to quantum mechanics is the shortest distance possible

This is where we finally run into a wall this planck temperature set some weirdly limits for temperature increase

Theoretically you could still add more energy to the system

Thus heating it further but the wavelength would start to violate quantum mechanics. The point is that physics breaks down here

We don't know what would happen above this temperature

It's quite likely only a singularity would surpass this temperature meaning a kugelblitz would form

But other than that, we only have speculation above this temperature

So I have to end this video a bit inconclusive

About how hot it can truly get but I hope I made you able to grasp the immense scale of temperatures

This has been JG Science and thank you for watching