American Pageant Chapter 2 APUSH Review (Period 2)
Summary
TLDRThis video script explores the history of the Southern Colonies from 1588 to 1733, highlighting the unique challenges and developments of English colonization in North America. It delves into the establishment of Jamestown as the first permanent English colony, the rise of the tobacco industry, and the transition to a plantation system reliant on indentured servants and, eventually, African slave labor. The script also touches on the political and social tensions that shaped the colonies, including Bacon's Rebellion and the establishment of religious freedom in Maryland. The narrative concludes with the founding of Georgia as a buffer against foreign threats and its eventual shift to a plantation-based economy.
Takeaways
- π¬π§ England was a latecomer to colonization, only gaining the power to challenge other countries post-Spanish Armada defeat in 1588.
- π° English colonization was influenced by its Protestant identity, contrasting with the Catholicism of Spain.
- π€ Colonies were established through various systems including joint-stock companies, proprietorships, and royal colonies.
- π’ The first English attempt at colonization, the Colony of Roanoke under Sir Walter Raleigh, ended with a deserted settlement.
- π³ The Chesapeake Bay region, including Virginia and Maryland, was key to the early success of English colonization in North America.
- ποΈ Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the first permanent English settlement in North America, driven by the motive of wealth.
- π¨ John Smith's introduction of military discipline and the 'no work, no eat' policy helped stabilize Jamestown.
- π± Tobacco cultivation introduced by John Rolfe provided a cash crop and led to the rise of the plantation system in Virginia.
- π¨βπΎ Indentured servants were the early labor force in Virginia, but many did not outlive their contracts.
- ποΈ The House of Burgesses, established in 1619, was an early form of representative government unique to British colonies.
- π₯ Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 highlighted tensions between the wealthy and the poor, and led to the transition to racial slavery.
- π Maryland, a proprietorship, was unique for offering religious freedom to Christians, particularly Catholics, in 1649.
- π± North Carolina was characterized by small tobacco farming with less reliance on slavery compared to South Carolina.
- πΎ South Carolina developed a plantation economy based on rice, with a significant reliance on African slave labor.
- ποΈ The Caribbean colonies, like Barbados and Jamaica, had close economic ties with South Carolina, both relying on cash crops and slave labor.
- π‘οΈ Georgia was the last to be established in 1733, initially as a buffer colony and penal colony, but later adopting a plantation-based slave economy.
Q & A
What was the significance of the year 1588 in relation to English colonization?
-The year 1588 marked the defeat of the Spanish Armada by England, which positioned England as a powerful nation capable of challenging other countries, particularly Spain, and beginning the process of establishing colonies.
How did the religious differences between England and Spain influence their colonization efforts?
-England, being a Protestant country, had different motivations and approaches to colonization compared to largely Catholic Spain, which was part of the broader context of the Protestant Reformation.
What are the three types of colonies mentioned in the script and how were they financed and managed?
-The three types of colonies were joint stock companies, where stockholders invested and shared profits or losses; proprietorships, where land was given by the king to individuals or groups; and royal colonies, which were directly financed and ruled by the monarchy.
Why did England's first attempt at colonization, the colony of Roanoke, fail?
-The colony of Roanoke failed because when individuals returned in 1590, they found the colony deserted with all the men and women gone, likely due to a combination of factors including disease, conflict with Native Americans, and lack of resources.
What was the role of the Virginia Company of London in the establishment of Jamestown?
-The Virginia Company of London was a joint stock company that financed the establishment of Jamestown in 1607. It was set up under a corporate structure where the investors shared in the potential profits and losses of the colony.
How did John Smith's leadership contribute to the survival of Jamestown?
-John Smith introduced military discipline and implemented a policy of 'no work, no eat,' which helped stabilize the colony by ensuring that only those who contributed to the community's survival were fed.
What crop introduced by John Rolfe became the economic backbone of the Jamestown colony?
-John Rolfe introduced the cultivation of tobacco, which provided the colony with a profitable cash crop and led to the rise of the plantation system.
What was the 'headright' system and how did it affect land distribution in colonial Virginia?
-The headright system granted land to individuals who paid for someone's passage to the colony. This led to the wealthy acquiring more land, as they could afford to pay for more indentured servants' journeys, thus increasing their land holdings.
What was the significance of the House of Burgesses in the development of colonial government?
-Established in 1619, the House of Burgesses was an early form of representative government and the first of its kind in what would become the United States, marking the beginning of a tradition of self-rule within British colonies.
How did the relationship between the colonists and the Powhatan tribe evolve over time?
-The relationship between the colonists and the Powhatan tribe was initially hostile, with tensions increasing as settlers moved west into Native American lands. This led to the Anglo-Powhatan Wars from 1610 to 1646, which ended with the defeat of the Powhatan Confederacy due to factors such as disease, disorganization, and the English's disregard for their well-being.
What factors contributed to the transition from indentured servitude to chattel slavery in colonial Virginia?
-The transition to chattel slavery was influenced by several factors, including the outliving of contracts by indentured servants and their subsequent demands on the colony, as well as the need for a more stable and controlled labor force, which led to the increased reliance on African slave labor.
What was the purpose of the Maryland colony and how did it differ from Virginia?
-Maryland was a proprietorship colony given to Lord Baltimore by the king. It was unique in that it was established not only for economic reasons, like the cultivation of tobacco, but also for religious freedom, particularly to provide a refuge for Catholics seeking to escape hostility in England.
How did the economic and social structures of South Carolina differ from those of North Carolina?
-South Carolina was characterized by large plantations and a reliance on African slave labor, with a focus on cash crops like rice. In contrast, North Carolina had a more small-scale farming economy, with less reliance on slavery and a focus on tobacco farming by smaller farmers.
What was the original purpose of the Georgia colony and how did it change over time?
-Georgia was originally established in 1733 as a buffer colony against Spanish and French threats and as a penal colony for debtors. It initially banned slavery and the sale of rum. However, due to a lack of settlers and the need for better defense against threats, these restrictions were eventually dropped, and Georgia became a royal colony with a plantation-based slave economy.
Outlines
π° English Colonization and the Chesapeake Region
This paragraph introduces the historical context of English colonization in the Southern Colonies between 1588 and 1733. It highlights England's late start in colonization, influenced by the Protestant Reformation and the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The video discusses different types of colonies, including joint stock companies, proprietorships, and royal colonies. The first unsuccessful attempt at colonization by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587 and the establishment of the first permanent English colony at Jamestown in 1607 under the Virginia Company of London are also covered. The settlers' initial struggles with disease and starvation, the introduction of military discipline by John Smith, and the economic salvation brought by John Rolfe's cultivation of tobacco are detailed. The rise of the plantation system and the labor force, initially indentured servants, are also explained, along with the headright system that contributed to wealth disparity.
π« Tensions, Land Disputes, and the Transition to Slavery
This paragraph delves into the environmental and social challenges faced by the Virginia colony, particularly the detrimental effects of tobacco cultivation on the land and the subsequent need for more land and labor. The paragraph outlines the westward expansion of the colonists, the ensuing tensions with Native Americans, and the Anglo-Powhatan Wars from 1610 to 1646. It also discusses the pivotal event of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, which exposed class and regional tensions and led to the transition from indentured servitude to racialized chattel slavery. The paragraph explains how indentured servants began to demand more after their contracts ended, prompting the shift to African slave labor, and how this change was solidified after the rebellion.
π± Development of the Southern Colonies and the Emergence of Georgia
The final paragraph provides an overview of the development of the Southern Colonies, focusing on the economic and social structures that emerged. It describes Maryland as a proprietorship colony with a unique religious tolerance act, the rise of tobacco and rice plantations in the region, and the establishment of South Carolina's aristocratic elite. The paragraph also touches on the differences between North Carolina's small farming economy and South Carolina's large plantations, the influence of the Caribbean's cash crop economy on the region, and the establishment of Georgia in 1733 as a buffer colony. It discusses the original intent to create a penal colony, the restrictions on slavery and rum, and the eventual shift to a plantation-based slave economy after the restrictions were lifted in 1752.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Southern Colonies
π‘English Colonization
π‘Joint Stock Companies
π‘Proprietorship
π‘Jamestown
π‘Tobacco
π‘Indentured Servants
π‘House of Burgesses
π‘Powhatan Confederacy
π‘Bacon's Rebellion
π‘Georgia
Highlights
England began colonization after defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588, marking a shift in power dynamics.
English colonization differed due to England being a Protestant country, unlike Catholic Spain.
Colonies were categorized into joint stock companies, proprietorships, and royal colonies, each with distinct funding and governance.
The first English attempt at colonization, the Colony of Roanoke, ended in mystery with the disappearance of all settlers.
Jamestown, established in 1607, became the first permanent English colony in North America, driven by the motive of wealth.
Jamestown settlers initially suffered from disease and starvation, highlighting the harsh conditions of the New World.
John Smith's introduction of military discipline and the 'you don't work, you don't eat' policy helped stabilize Jamestown.
The cultivation of tobacco by John Rolfe provided a profitable cash crop for the struggling colony.
The plantation system emerged in colonial Virginia, leading to the need for a cheap labor force.
Indentured servants served as the early labor force in Virginia, with the headright system granting land to those who paid for their passage.
The House of Burgesses, established in 1619, marked the beginning of representative government in the British colonies.
Tobacco cultivation led to land and labor scarcity, increasing tensions with Native Americans as settlers moved west.
The Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646) were a series of conflicts between colonists and the Powhatan tribe.
Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 was a significant uprising against colonial governance, leading to a transition to racial slavery.
Maryland, a proprietorship colony, was unique for its religious tolerance act, though it was limited to Christians.
North Carolina and South Carolina developed distinct economies, with South Carolina focusing on large rice plantations and North Carolina on smaller tobacco farms.
Georgia, the last colony established in 1733, initially banned slavery and rum sales but later transitioned to a plantation-based slave economy.
The Southern Colonies' economic reliance on cash crops and slave labor was influenced by the Caribbean's similar economic model.
Transcripts
welcome to another joe's productions
video today we're taking a look at the
southern colonies roughly from 1588 to
1733
and as always no matter which a push
book you are using
this video is going to help you with all
the important content
so it's important to keep in mind that
england is a little bit slow
to the colonization game it wasn't until
after
england defeats the spanish armada in
1588
that england is really in a position of
being powerful enough to challenge the
other countries especially spain
and to begin the process of planting
colonies
english colonization is going to be
different for a variety of reasons but
one important one to keep in mind is
that england was a protestant country
we learned about in world history the
protestant reformation
and england was a protestant country
whereas spain was
largely catholic it's important to note
the different types of colonies how
they're going to be paid for
and how they are run for example you
have joint stock companies
where stockholders invest in a company
such as the virginia company of london
and they share in the potential profits
or
losses from the colony this can also be
referred to as a corporate colony
another type of colony you're going to
see as a proprietorship where a land is
given by the king to an individual
or to a group of individuals and then
finally a
royal colony it's paid for and ruled
directly
by the monarchy england's first attempt
at colonization is not
going to go well the colony of royal oak
under sir walter raleigh in 1587
in what is today north carolina in fact
walter raleigh goes
back to europe and when some individuals
return in 1590
the colony is found to be deserted all
of the men and women
are gone england's first success in
colonization of north america
is going to take place in the chesapeake
and make sure you know
this geographic region the chesapeake
colonies
are going to refer to virginia and
maryland it's really in the upper south
you could see that right there in the
chesapeake bay
and the first permanent english colony
in north america will be established at
jamestown in 1607 its motive
was wealth the king king james the first
gives a charter to the colonists and in
1607 they
establish jamestown it's set up under a
joint stock
company the virginia company of london
remember they're going to share in the
profits as well as the losses
100 male settlers arrive at jamestown
and they suffer a starving period these
are men who are wealthy they're
looking for gold like the spanish had
achieved they're not wanting to do all
the hard labor
many of the original settlers die of
disease and starvation because the land
was
hot humid mosquito infested and the
settlers were not prepared for this
hard work luckily john smith comes in
and establishes
military discipline and saves the colony
he implements uh you don't work you
don't eat policy
and the colony starts to stabilize john
rolfe is gonna give the
colony something to make money on when
he introduces the cultivation of tobacco
in colonial
virginia so what's life like in colonial
virginia
tobacco provided the colony with a cash
crop and led to the rise of the
plantation system you have the rise of
very large farms you can see tobacco
right there in the image
and with the cultivation of tobacco you
need a cheap labor supply
and early on in colonial virginia
jamestown's
history it's going to be indentured
servants
they are going to serve as the early
labor force of virginia
indentured servants basically serve for
a period of time
usually around four to seven years in
exchange for
passage to the colony they would work
and at the end of their service
in theory they would be granted their
freedom and perhaps some land
to encourage this the head right system
was introduced
where individuals would get land if you
paid for somebody's journey to the
colony
and what this ends up doing is the rich
end up getting
richer the wealthy people are paying for
indentured servants to come over
and getting more and more land and the
sad part is many indentured servants
weren't outliving the terms of their
contract they would die
as the colony develops they establish
some government structures the house of
burgess is established in 1619
this is a form of early representative
government in fact it's the
first in what will be the future united
states
this elected representative government
didn't happen in french or spanish
colonies so this is unique
to the british colonies it starts a
tradition of self
rule but the house of burgess was
largely made up of the wealthy
planters problems are going to begin to
develop in the colony tobacco destroyed
the land
it always kind of required more and more
land to cultivate this crop
and as the demand for land goes up so
does the demand for
labor and as this demand for land goes
up people
keep moving further and further into the
interior
into the frontier as you can see on the
map along
the river the james river tensions
increase with the natives
as colonists move west into native
american land and that's going to lead
to
two important developments one the
relationship with native americans in
the region
and the development of slavery so first
things first
what was going on with the native people
there was a very
hostile relationship that developed
between the colonists and the pohatan
tribe
pohatan was the chief in the area and
all the different
tribes of the chesapeake region kind of
were lumped together
under chief pohatan as we already
mentioned tensions increased as the
settlers moved west you can see on the
map
the english settlements are very close
to existing native american
settlements amongst the pohatan
confederacy
a series of wars are going to break out
between the years 1610 to 1646
these are collectively known as the
anglo-pohatan wars
the first one ends in 1614 with the
marriage between pocahontas and john
rolfe
they looked nothing like that at all
peace is temporary
with this first known interracial union
in virginia this was very rare for the
english and the natives to intermarry
and another war will begin with the
massacre
of 1622 pohatin's confederacy attacks in
1622
tired of the continual taking of their
land and the decimation of their
population by european diseases
and with the massacre of 1622 over 300
colonists are killed which is about
one-third of the population the war goes
on for a while and by 1624
jamestown becomes a royal colony the
virginia company of london was bankrupt
the crown
takes over colonial virginia and by
1646 the powhatan confederacy
is largely defeated and there's a
variety of reasons why they are defeated
and it's largely due to disease which
had destroyed the population
disorganization keep in mind these
tribes were different
and so it was hard to put up a united
front and they were disposable in the
minds of the english
they had no need for them so they're
going to wipe them out
it's important to note labor relations
in colonial virginia and the transition
to slavery
we've already seen in the early period
the primary labor source
was indentured servants but the problem
was
eventually these individuals were
outliving their contract
and making demands on the colony the
first africans were brought
into the colony in 1619 aboard a dutch
ship
but in this early period indentured
servants were the majority of the
workers
so how does this change take place well
very important event to keep in mind is
bacon's rebellion it takes place in 1676
bacon and it has nothing to do with the
tasty food
here is the background to it there was
growing frustration
with a lack of land in fact many of
these
indentured servants were beginning to
outlive the end of their contract and
they
wanted land and governor berkeley the
governor of the colony
did not allow land hungry settlers to
move
too far west you can see on the map why
part of the reason is he wants to avoid
clashes with native americans on the
frontier
there also was frustration with the lack
of political power
remember the house of burgess was
dominated by the plantation
elite so many of these former indentured
servants had no political or
economic opportunities in the colony and
finally they wanted the government
in jamestown the indentured servants and
the free whites wanted the government
in jamestown to do something about
native american attacks
on the frontier governor berkeley was
reluctant to do
so because he was benefiting from a
lucrative fur trade with native
americans
on the frontier and all of these
tensions
erupt into something called bacon's
rebellion
the leader of the rebellion is nathaniel
bacon he leads a group
a rebellion against the indians on the
frontier where they start
randomly indiscriminately killing native
americans
who had allegedly attacked the colonists
and they also moved their frustrations
to jamestown
where they burned down the capital this
is a big crisis in the colony nathaniel
bacon i'd like to think
wore this bacon-covered suit but
unfortunately for the rebels
bacon suddenly dies of dysentery the
rebellion
collapses some of the rebels are hung
and peace
comes to the colony the impact of
bacon's rebellion would be huge
it would lead to a transition to african
chattel slave labor in other words
slavery based upon race
where individuals would be considered
property and the idea was you could not
enslave the native people
for a variety of reasons indentured
servants were outliving their contracts
and demanding things
they'd then switch to african slave
labor
bacon's rebellion also reveals tensions
in colonial society between the wealthy
and the poor as well as regions those
poor farmers out in the frontier in the
back country
versus the more wealthy tidewater elite
in the east another important colony in
the chesapeake that you should know
about
is maryland it is north of virginia you
can see there
right along the chesapeake bay maryland
is a proprietorship
unlike virginia which was a joint stock
company
the king gives land to lord baltimore
otherwise known as
george calvert it's the first proprietor
colony
and much like virginia tobacco
plantations are going to be
the thing in maryland but unlike
virginia there was something unique
because not only are they there to make
money but they're also there for
religious
reasons an act of toleration is passed
in 1649
this guarantees religious freedom for
all christians
and it's intended specifically to
protect catholics
catholics were seeking a refuge from the
hostility of
england and maryland is going to be
intended
partially for that purpose it is
important to note that this is one of
the first laws
granting religious freedom to all
christians in the english colonies
but there are limits to it because it
promised
death to anyone who denied the divinity
of jesus so religious freedom did not
extend to jews muslims and other
religious groups who were not
christian finally the other colonies in
the south
south of the chesapeake region we have
north carolina south carolina and good
old
georgia south carolina is going to be
characterized by a cash crop economy
really rice plantations are going to be
hugely important here
you're going to get the development of a
very wealthy aristocratic elite
huge plantations and very important
african slave labor south carolina is
going to be characterized by
very long growing seasons and so
plantation economy
is going to be very profitable in this
region north carolina is going to be
very different than south carolina it's
going to be
mainly small tobacco farmers very
similar to virginia but much more
small farming centered and there's going
to be less of a reliance on slavery
than in south carolina it's important
you know that the british also had
colonies in the caribbean barbados and
jamaica
are two great examples and in the
caribbean they're going to have a very
close relationship with south carolina
they both have these long growing
seasons
and they're both going to rely on cash
crops and
slave labor in the case of the caribbean
you're going to see sugar cane
production
being the major economic enterprise and
they're going to have a very
strict slave labor system to ensure this
remains profitable and finally the last
colony to be established will be georgia
in 1733
it's intended to serve as a buffer
colony against spanish
threats in florida as well as french
threats over there in louisiana
its original purpose was to serve as a
penal colony for debtors
to kind of bring them over to the new
world to start over
and originally it banned slavery and the
sale
of rum james oglethorpe is one of its
key figures early on in its period he
successfully defends the colony against
the spanish
but the problem is nobody really comes
because of all these restrictions and
the spanish
and french threat so eventually they
drop these restrictions and in 1752
it becomes a royal colony fully
controlled by the british
and it will become a plantation based
slave
economy much like south carolina
that's going to do it for the southern
colonies if the video helped you out
click like if you haven't done so
subscribe to the channel
make sure you tell all your friends
about joe's productions if you have any
questions or comments you can put them
in the comment section
and until next time have a beautiful day
peace
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)