Group 7 - The Halogens | Properties of Matter | Chemistry | FuseSchool
Summary
TLDRThis script delves into the chemistry of halogens, elements from Group 7 of the periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. It highlights their reactivity, physical states, and key reactions such as displacement, interaction with metals to form metal halides, and combination with hydrogen to produce hydrogen halides. The lesson illustrates the reactivity trend within the group and demonstrates how more reactive halogens displace less reactive ones in compounds. It also covers the formation of common compounds like sodium chloride and hydrogen chloride, emphasizing the exothermic nature of these reactions.
Takeaways
- π Halogens are elements in Group 7 of the periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
- π« Halogens in their elemental form are toxic, but their compounds have various real-life applications.
- π Halogens have seven electrons in their valence shell and can form an ion with a -1 charge by accepting one electron.
- π Atomic radii, melting points, boiling points, and density of halogens increase as you move down the group.
- π¬οΈ Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine and astatine are solids, each with distinct colors.
- β¬οΈ Reactivity of halogens decreases as you move down the group, with a more reactive halogen displacing a less reactive one.
- π§ Displacement reactions of halogens in aqueous solutions demonstrate their reactivity with other halide compounds.
- π Adding chlorine water to potassium bromide or iodide displaces bromine and iodine, respectively, due to chlorine's higher reactivity.
- π« No displacement reaction occurs when bromine water is added to potassium chloride due to lower reactivity.
- π Halogens can react with certain metals to form metal halides, such as sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt.
- π₯ Halogens also react with hydrogen gas to produce hydrogen halides, with most reactions being highly exothermic.
Q & A
What are the elements in Group 7 of the periodic table known as?
-The elements in Group 7 of the periodic table are known as halogens.
Name the halogens and describe their physical states at room temperature.
-The halogens are fluorine (a very pale green gas), chlorine (a greenish yellow gas), bromine (a reddish brown liquid), iodine (a gray solid that sublimes to a purple vapor), and astatine (a black solid and radioactive).
What is the common characteristic of halogens in terms of their valence electrons?
-Halogens all have seven electrons in their valence shell and can accept one electron to form an ion with a -1 charge.
How do the properties of halogens change as you move down the group in the periodic table?
-As you move down the group, atomic radii increase by one electron shell, and as a consequence, melting points, boiling points, and density also increase.
Why are halogens in their elemental form considered toxic?
-Halogens in their elemental form are toxic due to their highly reactive nature and ability to form ions with a -1 charge.
What happens when chlorine water is added to an aqueous solution of potassium chloride?
-No reaction occurs when chlorine water is added to an aqueous solution of potassium chloride because chlorine is more reactive than bromine, and no displacement reaction takes place.
Describe the outcome of adding chlorine water to an aqueous solution of potassium bromide.
-When chlorine water is added to an aqueous solution of potassium bromide, chlorine displaces bromine, producing potassium chloride and liberating bromine, resulting in a reddish-brown solution.
What is observed when chlorine water is added to an aqueous solution of potassium iodide?
-A displacement reaction occurs, liberating iodine and producing a dark brown solution due to the presence of iodine, since chlorine is more reactive than iodine.
Predict the outcome when bromine water is added to an aqueous solution of potassium chloride.
-The solution turns reddish-brown, but no displacement reaction occurs because bromine is less reactive than chlorine.
What happens when bromine water is added to an aqueous solution of potassium bromide?
-No reaction occurs because bromine is already present in the compound, and it is not displaced by itself.
Describe the reaction when bromine water is added to an aqueous solution of potassium iodide.
-Bromine displaces and liberates iodine in potassium iodide, producing a dark brown solution due to the presence of iodine, as bromine is more reactive than iodine.
Why are no displacement reactions observed when iodine is added to the aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, bromine, and iodide?
-No displacement reactions occur because iodine is less reactive than both chlorine and bromine, and thus cannot displace them from their compounds.
How can sodium chloride, or table salt, be produced from its elemental form?
-Sodium chloride can be produced from the reaction of heated sodium metal with chlorine gas, resulting in a highly exothermic reaction that forms table salt.
What is the general reaction of halogens with hydrogen gas?
-Halogens react with hydrogen gas to produce the corresponding hydrogen halide, with most of these reactions being highly exothermic.
In summary, what are the key reactions of halogens as described in the script?
-The key reactions of halogens include displacement reactions where a more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive one in a compound, reactions with metals to produce metal halides, and reactions with hydrogen to produce hydrogen halides.
Outlines
π§ͺ Chemistry of Halogens: Properties and Reactions
This paragraph introduces the halogens, which are elements in group 7 of the periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. It discusses their common property of having seven valence electrons and their ability to form ions with a -1 charge. The paragraph also covers their physical states, ranging from gases to solids, and their color variations. It explains the trend of increasing atomic radii, melting points, boiling points, and density as we move down the group. The reactivity of halogens decreases down the group, with a more reactive halogen displacing a less reactive one in a compound. The paragraph demonstrates this with displacement reactions using aqueous solutions of potassium halides and chlorine water. It also touches on the reactivity of halogens with metals to form metal halides and with hydrogen to produce hydrogen halides.
π Displacement and Reactions of Halogens
The second paragraph summarizes the key reactions of halogens, emphasizing their displacement reactions where a more reactive halogen replaces a less reactive one in a compound. It reiterates the halogens' ability to react with metals to form metal halides and with hydrogen to form hydrogen halides. This paragraph serves as a concise recap of the main points discussed in the first paragraph, reinforcing the understanding of halogen chemistry.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Halogens
π‘Periodic Table
π‘Displacement Reactions
π‘Valence Electrons
π‘Atomic Radii
π‘Melting Points
π‘Boiling Points
π‘Density
π‘Reactivity
π‘Metal Halides
π‘Hydrogen Halides
Highlights
Halogens are the elements in Group 7 of the periodic table.
Halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
Halogens have 7 valence electrons and can accept 1 electron to form a -1 ion.
Atomic radii, melting points, boiling points, and density increase down the group.
Fluorine is a pale green gas, chlorine is greenish-yellow, bromine is reddish-brown liquid, iodine is gray solid, and astatine is black radioactive solid.
Reactivity of halogens decreases down the group.
More reactive halogens displace less reactive ones in compounds.
Displacement reactions demonstrated with potassium chloride, bromide, and iodide.
No reaction when chlorine water is added to potassium chloride solution.
Chlorine displaces bromine in potassium bromide, producing reddish-brown bromine.
Chlorine displaces iodine in potassium iodide, resulting in dark brown iodine.
Bromine water turns potassium chloride solution reddish-brown but no displacement.
No reaction when bromine water is added to potassium bromide solution.
Bromine displaces iodine in potassium iodide, producing dark brown solution.
No displacement reactions occur when iodine is added to halide solutions.
Halogens react with metals to form metal halides, like sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine.
Halogens react with hydrogen to produce hydrogen halides, like hydrogen chloride from chlorine and hydrogen.
Halogens' displacement reactions involve a more reactive halogen displacing a less reactive one in a compound.
Halogens can also react with metals to produce metal halides and with hydrogen to produce hydrogen halides.
Transcripts
the halogens are the elements in group 7
of the periodic table
they are fluorine chlorine bromine
iodine and astatine
in this lesson we will learn about the
halogens and their key reactions the
displacement reactions reaction with
metals and reaction with hydrogen
halogens in their elemental form are
toxic though their compounds have many
real-life applications
the halogens all have seven electrons in
their valence shell and can accept one
electron to form an ion with a -1 charge
moving down the group atomic radii
increases by one electron shell
as a consequence melting points and
boiling points and their density also
increase
to illustrate this
fluorine and chlorine are gases bromine
is a liquid and iodine and astatine are
solids
fluorine is a very pale green gas
chlorine is a greenish yellow gas
bromine is a reddish brown liquid
iodine is a gray solid that sublimes to
a purple vapor
astatine is the black solid and
radioactive
moving down the group the reactivity of
the halogens decreases
so a selected halogen is always more
reactive than the halogens below it
a more reactive halogen will always
displace a less reactive halogen in a
compound we will demonstrate these
displacement reactions
using aqueous solutions of potassium
chloride potassium bromide and potassium
iodide
note that these are all halogen
containing compounds
when we add chlorine water to an aqueous
solution of potassium chloride no
reaction happens
since chlorine is more reactive than
bromine
chlorine will displace bromine in
potassium bromide producing potassium
chloride and liberating bromine
the resulting solution is reddish brown
due to the presence of bromine
a similar observation occurs when
chlorine water is added to an aqueous
solution of potassium iodide
since chlorine is more reactive than
iodine a displacement reaction will
occur to liberate iodine according to
the reaction below
a dark brown solution is produced due to
the presence of iodine
let's predict what happens when bromine
water is added to the same three aqueous
solutions
please pause the lesson to think about
this and resume once you are done
when we add bromine water to aqueous
potassium chloride this causes the
solution to turn reddish brown but no
displacement reaction occurs as bromine
is less reactive than chlorine
no reaction occurs when bromine water is
added to aqueous potassium bromide
as bromine is more reactive than iodine
it will displace and liberate iodine in
potassium iodide
therefore a dark brown solution is
produced due to the presence of iodine
if we added iodine to the same three
aqueous solutions no displacement
reactions occur as iodine is less
reactive than both chlorine and bromine
halogens can react with certain metals
to form metal halides
a very common metal halide is sodium
chloride or regular table salt
sodium chloride is extracted from the
sea or from salt mines
sodium chloride can be produced from the
reaction of heated sodium metal with
chlorine gas
since it is a highly exothermic reaction
it is not recommended that this be done
in a laboratory
halogens can react with hydrogen gas to
produce the corresponding hydrogen
halide
most of these reactions are also highly
exothermic
as an example chlorine gas and hydrogen
gas can react to form hydrogen chloride
in summary the halogens are the group
seven elements
their displacement reactions involve a
more reactive halogen displacing a less
reactive halogen in a compound
halogens
can also react with metals to produce
the corresponding metal halides and can
react with hydrogen to produce hydrogen
halides
you
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