Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit | Sejarah SMA

Summary

The Majapahit Kingdom, spanning 234 years from 1293 to 1527, was the largest archipelago-unifying empire, with its zenith under Hayam Wuruk and Gajah Mada. Built on maritime trade, Majapahit's wealth and influence extended from the Malay Peninsula to the Philippines. The kingdom, the last Hindu-Buddhist state, saw internal strife, rebellions, and eventually succumbed to the Islamic Demak Sultanate. Majapahit's legacy includes historic buildings, inscriptions, and the Negarakertagama, chronicling its administration and glory.

Takeaways

• 🏰 The Majapahit Kingdom was the largest and most successful kingdom in the Indonesian archipelago, standing for 234 years from 1293 to 1527.
• 🌊 Majapahit's wealth and power were greatly enhanced by its vast maritime and trade network, particularly during the reign of Hayam Wuruk and under the governance of Gajah Mada.
• 🤝 Gajah Mada's Palapa Oath was a significant declaration of his intent to unify the entire archipelago under Majapahit's rule.
• 🕉 Majapahit was the last Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in the region before the rise of Islamic Demak.
• 📍 The government's center was initially in Mojokerto, East Java, and later shifted to the Trowulan area.
• 👑 Raden Wijaya founded the Majapahit Kingdom in 1293 after the fall of the Singasari Kingdom and was crowned as Prabu Kertarajasa Jayawardana.
• 🛡️ Majapahit's influence extended overseas, reaching the Malay Peninsula, Tumasik (Singapore), and parts of Thailand and the Philippines at its peak.
• 💔 A conflict with the Sunda Kingdom in 1357 led to a one-sided battle with significant casualties, after a failed marriage proposal from Hayam Wuruk.
• 🛑 The Paregreg War in 1404 marked the beginning of Majapahit's decline, with many areas breaking away due to internal strife and civil war.
• 📜 The Negarakertagama, written by Mpu Prapanca, chronicles the glory and administration of the Majapahit government.
• 🏛️ Majapahit's legacy includes numerous historical buildings and inscriptions, such as the Rat Temple, Bajang Ratu Gate, Kudadu inscription, and Canggu inscription.

Q & A

What was the Majapahit Kingdom known for in the archipelago?

The Majapahit Kingdom was known as the largest and most successful kingdom that united most of the archipelago, with a wealth built on a vast maritime and trade network.

Who were the key figures in building the wealth of Majapahit?

Hayam Wuruk and his patih (governor), Gajah Mada, were the key figures in building the wealth of Majapahit through their maritime and trade network.

What was the significance of the Palapa Oath?

The Palapa Oath was significant as it demonstrated Gajah Mada's determination to unite the entire archipelago under the rule of Majapahit.

How long did the Majapahit Kingdom last and where was its government center located?

The Majapahit Kingdom lasted for 234 years, from 1293 to 1527, with its government center initially in Mojokerto, East Java, and later shifting to the Trowulan area.

What event marked the beginning of the Majapahit Kingdom?

The beginning of the Majapahit Kingdom was marked by the fall of the Singasari Kingdom and the subsequent founding of Majapahit by Raden Wijaya in 1293.

Who was Raden Wijaya and how did he become the first king of Majapahit?

Raden Wijaya was the son-in-law of King Kertanegara of the Singasari Kingdom. After the death of Kertanegara, Raden Wijaya, with the help of Arya Wiraraja, defeated Jayakatwang and founded the Majapahit Kingdom, becoming its first king with the title Prabu Kertarajasa Jayawardana.

What was the role of Gajah Mada during the Majapahit era?

Gajah Mada served as the Mahapatih (governor) during the Majapahit era, took the Palapa Oath, and played a crucial role in the kingdom's expansion and administration.

What was the impact of the Paregreg War on Majapahit?

The Paregreg War caused significant losses and led to the breaking away of many areas of Majapahit power outside Java, marking the beginning of the kingdom's decline.

How did the Majapahit Kingdom eventually collapse?

The Majapahit Kingdom eventually collapsed after experiencing an economic crisis, political conflict, and being attacked twice by the Demak Sultanate, which was founded by Raden Patah, the son of Brawijaya V.

What are some of the historical artifacts and records left from the Majapahit era?

Historical artifacts from the Majapahit era include buildings like the Rat Temple and the Bajang Ratu Gate, inscriptions such as the Kudadu and Canggu inscriptions, and the Negarakertagama Book written by Mpu Prapanca, which details the kingdom's glory and administration.

What was the Majapahit Kingdom's relationship with the Sunda Kingdom?

The Majapahit Kingdom had a contentious relationship with the Sunda Kingdom, as evidenced by a battle in 1357. Initially, Hayam Wuruk wanted to marry Dyah Pitaloka, the daughter of the King of Sunda, but the situation escalated into a battle due to Gajah Mada's unilateral decision to treat her as a tribute.

Outlines

00:00

🏰 Rise and Fall of the Majapahit Kingdom

The Majapahit Kingdom, the largest and most influential kingdom in the Indonesian archipelago, lasted from 1293 to 1527 with its center in East Java. It was founded by Raden Wijaya after the fall of the Singasari Kingdom and the death of King Kertanegara. Under the rule of Hayam Wuruk and his governor Gajah Mada, Majapahit reached its zenith, expanding its maritime trade network and extending its influence to the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and parts of Thailand and the Philippines. The kingdom is known for the Palapa Oath, Gajah Mada's vow to unify the archipelago, and the Negarakertagama, a detailed account of Majapahit's glory and administration. However, internal strife, rebellions, and the Paregreg War led to its decline, and it was eventually replaced by the Islamic Demak Sultanate.

05:03

📜 Legacy of the Majapahit Era

The Majapahit Kingdom's legacy is preserved in its historic buildings, such as the Rat Temple and Bajang Ratu Gate, and inscriptions like the Kudadu and Canggu inscriptions. The kingdom's narrative is further documented in the Negarakertagama, penned by Mpu Prapanca. After the reign of Queen Suhita, who had no heir, her brother Kertawijaya took over, marking the beginning of a series of rulers until the kingdom's eventual collapse due to economic crises, political conflicts, and the rise of the Sultanate of Demak, founded by Raden Patah, the son of Brawijaya V. The Majapahit era's end came after two attacks by the Demak Sultanate.

Keywords

💡Majapahit Kingdom

The Majapahit Kingdom was the largest and most successful kingdom in the history of the Indonesian archipelago, known for its vast maritime and trade network. It played a central role in the video's narrative as the main historical entity being discussed, representing the pinnacle of Hindu-Buddhist civilization before the rise of Islamic states in the region.

💡Hayam Wuruk

Hayam Wuruk was a significant ruler of the Majapahit Kingdom, known for expanding its wealth and influence through maritime and trade networks. His reign, along with his governor Gajah Mada, marked the kingdom's peak of glory, which is a key point in the video's exploration of the kingdom's history.

💡Gajah Mada

Gajah Mada was the patih, or governor, of Majapahit under Hayam Wuruk and is famous for his Palapa Oath, which demonstrated his determination to unite the entire archipelago under Majapahit. His role is crucial to the video's theme of the kingdom's expansion and unification efforts.

💡Palapa Oath

The Palapa Oath was a declaration of intent by Gajah Mada to consolidate the Indonesian archipelago under Majapahit's rule. It symbolizes the kingdom's ambition and is a central concept in the video's portrayal of Majapahit's drive for unity and dominance.

💡Hindu-Buddhist

The term Hindu-Buddhist refers to the religious and cultural practices of the Majapahit Kingdom, which was the last of its kind in the archipelago before the spread of Islam. It provides context to the religious and cultural landscape of the time, which is essential for understanding the kingdom's identity and legacy.

💡Islamic Demak

The Islamic Demak represents the shift in religious and political power in the region, as it replaced the Majapahit Kingdom. The rise of Demak signifies the transition from Hindu-Buddhist to Islamic influence in the Indonesian archipelago, which is a significant turning point in the video's historical narrative.

💡Mojokerto

Mojokerto was the center of government for the Majapahit Kingdom during its early years. It serves as a geographical reference point in the video, indicating the kingdom's initial political and administrative focus.

💡Singasari Kingdom

The fall of the Singasari Kingdom led to the rise of Majapahit, as the death of King Kertanegara and the subsequent actions of his son-in-law Raden Wijaya set the stage for the establishment of the new kingdom. The Singasari Kingdom's downfall is a critical event in the video's recounting of Majapahit's origins.

💡Raden Wijaya

Raden Wijaya was the son-in-law of the last king of Singasari and the founder of the Majapahit Kingdom. His actions and alliances were pivotal in the establishment of the kingdom, which is a foundational aspect of the video's story.

💡Trowulan

Trowulan became the new center of Majapahit's government during the reign of Jayanagara, indicating a shift in the kingdom's political focus. It is an important geographical marker in the video's depiction of the kingdom's evolution.

💡Negarakertagama

The Negarakertagama is a literary work by Mpu Prapanca that documents the glory and administration of the Majapahit government. It serves as a historical source in the video, providing insights into the kingdom's governance and cultural achievements.

Highlights

The Majapahit Kingdom was the largest and most successful kingdom to unite most of the Indonesian archipelago.

Majapahit's wealth was built on a vast maritime and trade network under Hayam Wuruk and his governor, Gajah Mada.

Gajah Mada took the Palapa Oath, expressing his determination to unite the entire archipelago under Majapahit.

Majapahit was the last Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in the archipelago before being replaced by the Islamic Demak.

Majapahit stood for 234 years, from 1293 to 1527, with its government center in Mojokerto, East Java.

The kingdom was founded after the fall of the Singasari Kingdom and the death of King Kertanegara.

Raden Wijaya, son-in-law of Kertanegara, fled and later founded the Majapahit Kingdom in 1293.

Raden Wijaya was crowned the first king with the title Prabu Kertarajasa Jayawardana, ruling for 16 years.

The Majapahit government center shifted to the Trowulan area during the reign of Jayanagara.

Ratu Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, Jayanagara's half-sister, led Majapahit from 1328 to 1350, appointing Gajah Mada as Mahapatih.

Under Hayam Wuruk and Gajah Mada, Majapahit reached its peak of glory, with influence extending overseas.

A battle with the Sunda Kingdom in 1357 involved a failed marriage proposal and a one-sided conflict.

After Hayam Wuruk's death, Majapahit was led by his son-in-law Wikramawardhana, opposed by Hayam Wuruk's son Bhre Wirabhumi.

The Paregreg War in 1404 caused significant losses and led to the breakaway of many areas of Majapahit power.

Majapahit's glory declined after the Paregreg War, and the kingdom eventually fell under the rule of Queen Suhita and her successors.

The Sultanate of Demak, founded by Raden Patah, became a new power center in Java, contributing to Majapahit's decline.

Majapahit completely collapsed after two attacks by the Demak Sultanate.

Historic buildings from the Majapahit era, such as the Rat Temple and Bajang Ratu Gate, still stand today.

Majapahit inscriptions like the Kudadu and Canggu inscriptions provide historical records of the kingdom.

The Negarakertagama Book by Mpu Prapanca documents the story of Majapahit's glory and its administration.

Transcripts

History of the Majapahit Kingdom

The Majapahit Kingdom was the largest and most successful kingdom ever to unite most of the archipelago.

Majapahit's wealth was built on the vast maritime and trade network under Hayam Wuruk and his patih (governor), Gajah Mada.

The Palapa Oath that was taken by Gajah Mada was very well known. It laid out his determination to unite the entire archipelago under Majapahit.

Majapahit itself was the last Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in the archipelago,

before being replaced by the Islamic Demak.

Majapahit stood for 234 years, starting from 1293 to 1527, with the center of government in Mojokerto, East Java.

The founding of Majapahit began with the fall of the Singasari Kingdom at the peak of its glory.

A regent of Gelang-gelang named Jayakatwang intended to attack the Singasari Kingdom.

At that time the Singasari Kingdom was led by King Kertanegara.

The attack killed Kertanegara.

After Kertanegara's death, his son-in-law, Raden Wijaya, fled across the Madura Strait.

He enlisted the help of Arya Wiraraja, the ruler of Sugeneb, and took advantage of the arrival of Mongolian troops to attack Jayakatwang.

Jayakatwang was defeated.

Raden Wijaya then founded the Majapahit Kingdom in 1293.

Raden Wijaya was crowned the first king with the title Prabu Kertarajasa Jayawardana.

He ruled for 16 years until his death in 1309.

Raden Wijaya was succeeded by his son named Jayanagara until 1328.

The center of Majapahit government shifted slightly to the Trowulan area.

During the Jayanagara era, there were many rebellions.

One of the most dangerous ones was Ra Kuti's rebellion because he did succeed in occupying the palace.

After Jayanagara's death, Majapahit was led by Ratu Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, Jayanagara's half-sister, from 1328 – 1350.

During this time, Gajah Mada was appointed Mahapatih and took the Palapa Oath.

Tribuwhana was then succeeded by his son Hayam Wuruk from 1350 – 1389.

During the leadership of Hayam Wuruk and Gajah Mada, Majapahit reached the peak of glory.

The influence of Majapahit also reached overseas, from the Malay Peninsula, Tumasik, to parts of Thailand and the Philippines.

During Hayam Wuruk's time, there was a battle with the Sunda Kingdom in 1357.

Initially, Hayam Wuruk wanted to marry the daughter of the King of Sunda named Dyah Pitaloka.

The Sunda Kingdom delegation arrived at the Bubat area to deliver Dyah Pitaloka.

However, Gajah Mada made a unilateral decision stating that Dyah Pitaloka was only a tribute from the Sunda Kingdom to Majapahit.

Unsurprisingly the Sunda Kingdom refused and became angry, which then lead to a one-sided battle that took many victims.

After Hayam Wuruk died, Majapahit was led by Wikramawardhana, Hayam Wuruk's son-in-law, from 1389 – 1429.

This decision was opposed by Bhre Wirabhumi, Hayam Wuruk's own son.

Finally, there was a civil war called the Paregreg War in 1404.

This war caused a lot of losses.

Many areas of Majapahit power outside Java broke away.

Majapahit's glory gradually declined since then.

After Wikramawardhana's death, Majapahit was led by his daughter, Queen Suhita.

Because Suhita did not have any son, she was later replaced by her younger brother, Kertawijaya or Brawijaya I.

After that, Majapahit was led by Brawijaya II to Brawijaya VII.

At that time, Majapahit was experiencing an economic crisis and political conflict.

There was also the establishment of the Sultanate of Demak as a new center of power in Java.

Demak was founded by Raden Patah, the son of Brawijaya V.

Majapahit finally completely collapsed after being attacked by the Demak Sultanate twice.

There are quite a number of historic buildings left from the Majapahit era, including the Rat Temple and the Bajang Ratu Gate.

The Majapahit kingdom also left many inscriptions, such as the Kudadu inscription and the Canggu inscription.

The story of the glory and the administration of the Majapahit government is written in the Negarakertagama Book by Mpu Prapanca.