Fascism and Mussolini | The 20th century | World history | Khan Academy

Summary

このスクリプトは、現代において「ファシズム」と「ファシスト」という言葉が侮辱的な意味で使われることが多いことを指摘し、その起源は1920年代から1930年代にかけてイタリアの政治家であるベニート・ムッソリーニとその思想であるファシズムにさかのぼる。ファシストは極端な国家主義や国民の利益を最優先にし、経済は国家のために存在すると考える。また、政治の暴力使用や民主主義への非難、強硬な外交政策を支持しており、特にナチス・ドイツとの同盟を通じてその思想が拡大した。

Takeaways

• 📚 今日、ファシズムやファシストという用語は、攻撃的で抑圧的、全体主義的なグループや体制、個人を指すために使われることが多い。
• 🇮🇹 ファシズムのルーツは、1920年代から第二次世界大戦にかけてイタリアを支配したベニート・ムッソリーニにある。
• 🌿 ファシズムという言葉は、イタリア語の「fascio」から来ており、これは束を意味し、団結の象徴として使われる。
• 🏛️ この束のシンボルは、ムッソリーニ以前から多くの革命的なグループによって使われていた。
• 📰 1915年にムッソリーニが創設したFasci d'Azione Rivoluzionariaは、イタリアの社会主義者の分派であり、戦争賛成の立場から設立された。
• 🇮🇹 第一次世界大戦後、1919年にこのグループはFasci Italiani di Combattimentoとして再結集し、極端なナショナリズムを掲げた。
• 🏳️ ファシストのイデオロギーは、国家の利益を最優先し、経済も国家に従属させるものであり、左右の政治スペクトルのいずれにも完全に一致しない。
• ⚔️ ファシストは、政治における暴力の正当性を認め、ムッソリーニの黒シャツ隊などの準軍事組織を通じて政治的権力を握った。
• 🚫 ファシズムは民主主義を否定し、国家の絶対的な支配を求め、一党制と強力なリーダーを掲げた。
• 🌍 積極的な対外政策を推進し、文化的優越性に基づいて他国の領土を獲得しようとした。ムッソリーニとヒトラーは、1930年代後半から第二次世界大戦にかけて親密な同盟を結んだ。

Q & A

ファシズムとファシストという言葉の現代における一般的な用法とは何ですか？

現代では、ファシズムやファシストという言葉は通常、過度に攻撃的で支配的、独裁的な集団、政権、または個人を指すために用いられます。

ファシズムの起源とその意味は何ですか？

ファシズムの起源はイタリアのベニート・ムッソリーニにあります。彼は1920年代から1930年代にかけて、第二世界大戦中にも権力を有しました。

Outlines

00:00

📚 ファシズムの起源とムッソリーニの影響

現代において「ファシズム」や「ファシスト」という言葉は、過度に攻撃的で統制的な体制や個人を指す侮蔑的な意味で使われることが多い。しかし、この用語の起源は1920年代から1930年代のイタリアで権力を握っていたベニート・ムッソリーニに遡る。ファシストという言葉はイタリア語の「fascio」（束）から来ており、束の力が個々の力よりも強いという考えを象徴している。このシンボルはローマ時代から存在し、団結と公的な力を表していた。ムッソリーニが1914年末から1915年初頭にかけて「革命行動グループ（Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria）」を設立し、社会党から分裂したのは、この理念に基づいていた。

05:00

🌍 ファシズムのイデオロギーと国家主義

第一次世界大戦後、ムッソリーニのグループは「戦闘イタリア人ファシ（Fasci Italiani di Combattimento）」として再結成され、過激な国家主義を中心としたイデオロギーを発展させた。ファシズムは、極端な国家主義を掲げ、国家の利益を他のすべてのものよりも優先する考えに基づいていた。ファシストは、自分たちを左右の政治スペクトラムのいずれにも属さないと考え、経済も国家に従属させるべきだと主張した。そのため、ファシズムはしばしば右派と同盟を結び、反共産主義および反社会主義の立場をとったが、純粋な市場主義者ではなかった。

Keywords

💡ファシズム

ファシズムとは、20世紀のイタリアを支配した政治思想であり、過激な国家主義、中央集権的な政治体制、そして非民主的な傾向を特徴とする。このビデオでは、ファシズムのルーツや発展、そしてその影響力について説明している。

💡ファシスト

ファシストは、ファシズムを支持する人々を指す言葉で、特にベニート・ムッソリーニを含みます。ビデオでは、彼らが過激な国家主義者として描写されており、国家の利益を他者よりも優先させる考え方を持つ。

💡ムッソリーニ

ベニート・ムッソリーニは、ファシズムの創始者であり、イタリアの政治家でナチス・ドイツと同盟関係にあった。ビデオでは、彼がファシズムを確立し、その思想を発展させた過程が語られている。

💡ファシオ

ファシオは、イタリア語で「束」を意味し、ファシズムの象徴として使われる。ビデオでは、ファシオが集団の力が個々体より強いという思想を表していると説明されている。

💡国家主義

国家主義は、国家の利益を最も優先する思想であり、ビデオではファシズムの核心的概念として触れられている。極端な国家主義は、他者を排除したり、国家の優越性を主張する傾向がある。

💡ブラックシャツ

ブラックシャツは、ムッソリーニのファシスト運動の民兵組織で、ビデオでは彼らが政治的な支配力を強制的に獲得した手段として触れられている。

💡ファシ・イタリアーノ・ディ・コンバッティメント

これは、第一次世界大戦後のイタリアの戦闘者のファシスト集会を指し、ビデオでは、彼らが国家主義的な思想を支持し、政治的な変革を目指していたと説明されている。

💡極端主義

極端主義は、ideoロジーの極端な形態を指し、ビデオではファシズムが極端な国家主義や政治的支配を主張する思想として紹介されている。

💡ナチズム

ナチズムは、アドルフ・ヒトラーが率いたドイツの政治運動で、ビデオではファシズムと比較され、同じく極端な国家主義と人種優越感を主張していると説明されている。

💡総統制

総統制は、国家の全ての側面を一つの党や指導者によって制御される政治体制を指し、ビデオではファシストが支持する政治形態として触れられている。

Highlights

The term 'fascism' originates from Benito Mussolini's regime in Italy during the 1920s and 1930s.

Fascism's roots lie in the Italian word 'fascio', symbolizing strength in unity.

The fasces symbol predates Mussolini, originating from Roman times as a symbol of unity and strength.

Mussolini established the Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria in 1915, initially as a splinter group from the Socialist Party.

Fascism began as a nationalist movement, advocating for Italy's involvement in World War I.

Mussolini's pro-war stance led to his expulsion from the socialist paper and the establishment of his own group.

Post-World War I, the group regrouped as Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, emphasizing nationalism and a revolutionary spirit.

Fascism's ideology was not well-established initially but developed around extreme nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s.

Fascism is often viewed as right-wing but is more accurately described as neither left- nor right-wing, focusing on national interests above all.

Fascists believed the economy should be subordinate to the state, serving national interests rather than free-market principles.

Fascism embraced the use of force in politics, exemplified by Mussolini's Black Shirts paramilitary group.

Fascist ideology rejected democracy in favor of strong, totalitarian leadership and one-party rule.

Mussolini and the Fascists shared a belief in Italian cultural superiority, justifying an aggressive foreign policy.

Nazism is considered an extreme form of fascism, with Hitler looking to Mussolini as a role model.

Despite initial differences, Mussolini and Hitler found common ground in aggressive foreign policies and territorial expansion.

Mussolini's Fascists and Hitler's Nazis formed a close alliance in the second half of the 1930s, leading into World War II.

Transcripts

When people use the terms "fascism" or "fascist"

today, they're usually using it in a derogatory way

to refer to a group, a regime, or even an individual that

is overly aggressive, and controlling, and totalitarian.

But its roots, actually, lie with Benito Mussolini,

who was in power in Italy during the 1920s, and 1930s,

and through World War II.

And they proudly call themselves the Fascists and their ideology

as fascism.

And the root of fascist and fascism

come from the Italian word "fascio,"

which literally refers to a bundle.

It comes out of this idea that a bundle of things

will be stronger together than individually.

And this is actually the symbol for fascism.

And this symbol of this bundle, this sheath of sticks, this

actually predates Mussolini by thousands of years.

It goes back to Roman times.

And even, based on some of the things I've read,

even predates Roman times as a symbol

of unity, a symbol of official strength.

And even before Mussolini came around,

the term was used by many, many, many groups that

viewed themselves as a league of revolutionaries.

A group of people somehow fighting for change.

And Mussolini was no different.

When in the end of 1914 and then in early 1915,

he establishes the Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria.

And I'm, once again, so sorry for my butchering

of an Italian word.

But this literally translates to group action revolutionary,

or you could say the revolutionary action

group, founded by Mussolini in 1915.

And it was really a splinter of the Socialist Party.

Well, there's an irony there because Mussolini and fascism,

in particular, is associated with strongly anti-socialist

ideology.

But as Europe was entering into World War I in 1914,

some of the mainstream of the Italian Socialist Party

was against Italy entering the war.

They wanted Italy to maintain their neutrality.

But you had splinter groups, more nationalist groups,

that said, hey, look, this is Italy's chance

to claim its right.

It should join the war on the side of the Entente.

And Mussolini was one of these individuals.

And because of his strong pro-war stance,

he was actually kicked out of his--

he was head of a socialist paper in 1914.

And then he eventually, by 1915, establishes the Fasci d'Azione

Rivoluzionaria.

And by the end of World War I, as we get into 1919,

it regroups under the name Fasci Italiani di Combattimento.

So this literally translates as, you could view Fasci

as a group, or league, or revolutionary league

of Italians of Combatants.

Or the Combatant Italian Revolutionary Group--

I guess is one way to think about it--

or the Group of Italian Combatants,

is another way to think about it.

And their ideology-- and their ideology

wasn't well established right when they set up.

It was just really around this idea

of being super pro-nationalist-- but it

began to develop over the course of the '20s and the 1930s.

The core idea, and I've already said it multiple times,

is an extreme nationalism.

And when we talk about extreme nationalism, or nationalism

in general, it's talking about the interests

of one nation, of one group, above all others.

About putting the state above all other things.

Oftentimes, fascism is viewed as a right-wing group.

But in its purest form, it's neither left- or right-wing.

At the left end of the spectrum, you

could imagine communist or socialism.

I'll write communism, which you could

view as an extreme form of socialism.

Communism.

And at the extreme right, you could

imagine just complete free-market.

Complete, unfettered, free-market.

Ultra small government.

And fascists and extreme nationalists,

they didn't view themselves as either end of the spectrum.

They kind of viewed themselves as a separate way

where everything was subordinate.

The economy itself was subordinate to the state.

Now with that said, they tended to align themselves

more with folks on the right.

So even though they weren't completely

free-market capitalists, they were

staunchly anti-communist and anti-socialist,

which caused them to form alliances a little bit more

with the right.

But from their point of view, it wasn't

one of these extreme right-wing ideologies

that the government should be subordinate to the economy,

that the government should be as small as possible.

It was much more that the economy was there

to serve national interests.

Some of the other ideologies that the fascists began to hold

is this idea that force was a legitimate part of politics.

So force in politics.

And you would see this when Benito Mussolini's fascists,

through the use of the Black Shirts,

which was their paramilitary group, which

allowed them to eventually take political control

and enforce political control.

And we later see it with other groups like the Nazis.

Who are also tended to be associated with fascism.

And their storm troopers and their storm battalions,

their paramilitary forces, that are used to, essentially,

take political control.

The other aspect of them-- and, as you

could imagine, when we're talking about either Mussolini

or the Nazis-- is that they weren't really

fans of democracy.

Not only did they think that everything

should be subordinate to the state,

but that the state should have absolute control.

So it's not about democracy.

It's about having a strong leader at the top.

A strong one party at the top.

And in the case of Mussolini it was the fascists.

In the case of Hitler it ends up being the Nazis.

So totalitarian.

Completely totalitarian.

And then, they also-- and these all

gel together-- this idea of aggressive foreign policy.

And this aggressive foreign policy

is really rooted in this belief of cultural superiority.

And, if you take the case of the Nazis,

this belief in extreme racial superiority,

cultural superiority.

And I'm making a slight distinction

there because in Mussolini's eyes,

he was actually quite disparaging.

Even though Hitler looked to Mussolini

as something of a role model when Mussolini took power

in 1922, it inspired Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch.

Mussolini did not think much of Hitler

through much of the 1920s and even early 1930s.

He thought Hitler's ideas of racial purity

were really an illusion.

That there was no racially pure race.

He didn't really appreciate Hitler calling the Italians

a mongrel race.

But Mussolini himself did think that the Italians

were culturally superior.

And that would be their justification

for an aggressive foreign policy.

For them taking over other territory in Europe

and in Africa.

And as we'll see, because they shared

so much in common ideologically, the Nazis

were, you could kind of view as a more extreme form.

And the fascists themselves were quite extreme.

But the Nazis were a more extreme form

of the same ideology.

They will, even though in the '20s and early '30s

Mussolini is more eager to align himself

with some of the other powers in Europe,

in particular Great Britain and France.

As we go into the second half of 1930s,

Mussolini and Hitler find themselves

to be kindred spirits.

They both want to be aggressive in their foreign policy.

They both want to secure other territory.

They both have this idea that they

need space for their superior populations,

to their culturally superior, and in the case of the Nazis,

racially superior populations to grow and thrive.

And so as we enter into the second half

of the 1930s and World War II, you

have Mussolini and the fascists become

close allies of Hitler and the Nazis.