How Coronavirus Will Force Destinations to Stop Overtourism | Doug Lansky: reTHINKING TOURISM #4

ReThinkingTourism
27 Apr 202013:12

Summary

TLDRこのビデオスクリプトは、観光の新しいモデルを模索しています。従来の観光モデルでは、多くの観光客が文化や環境に悪影響を及ぼし、地元住民の生活質も低下します。スクリーニングやソーシャルディスタンスが求められる現代において、過剰な観光は考え直されなければなりません。スクリプトでは、Appleの店舗のように「少なくとも」という考え方を取り入れて、観光地の持続可能性と収益性を高める方法を提案しています。観光客の数と観光地の収益は線形関係ではなく、最適な観光客数を見つけることが重要です。

Takeaways

  • 🌍 旅行業界は、過剰な観光によって地域の文化や環境に悪影響を及ぼす可能性があると示唆しています。
  • 🏙️ 都市やビーチが混雑すると、地元の生活や観光客の体験の質が低下するという問題が指摘されています。
  • 📈 観光収益は線形であると考えられがちですが、実際には過剰な観光客が地域の収益にマイナス影響を与える可能性があることが述べられています。
  • 🛍️ アップルストアのように、少ない商品で多くの販売を達成する「少なさは多いほど良い」という考え方が必要です。
  • 📊 観光業は、多くの観光客が必ずしも多くの収益をもたらすとは限らないと示唆されています。
  • 🏨 宿泊施設や航空業界のように、観光業には一定の容量制限があり、過剰な観光はその制限を超えると問題が生じる可能性があると述べられています。
  • 📈 観光客の数と地域への支出の関係は、線形ではなく、ある程度の観光客数を超えると収益が減少する可能性があると主張されています。
  • 🚫 観光業のステークホルダーは、観光客の増加が利益につながると考えがちですが、実際には地域全体の利益に反する可能性があると警告されています。
  • 🤔 観光地は、観光客の数を制限することで、地元の生活の質や環境への影響を減らし、より良い観光体験を提供することができると提案されています。
  • 🛑 コロナ禍で導入された人出制限は、観光地の持続可能性と利益性のためにも良い機会であると示唆されています。
  • 📝 観光地は、観光客の適正な数を特定し、その数に基づいて観光客を管理することで、最適な観光モデルを見つける必要があると結び付けています。

Q & A

  • 旅行業界における「新しいモデル」とは何を指していますか?

    -「新しいモデル」とは、過剰な観光客の混雑を避け、地元の生活や環境、訪れた人々の体験を守るための観光モデルを指しています。これは、Appleストアのように、少ない商品で多くの売上を上げることを実現する「少なさは多いほど良い」という考え方です。

  • なぜ観光地は観光客の数と観光支出の線形関係を前提に考えてきたのですか?

    -それは、ファストフードチェーンやホテル、航空会社、ディズニーランドなど、多くのビジネスモデルが「多くの訪問者=多くの収益」という線形関係にあるからです。しかし、観光地全体ではこの考え方が通用しないことが多いです。

  • 観光地の過剰な観光客増加がもたらす問題とは何ですか?

    -観光地の過剰な観光客増加は、市中心やビーチの混雑、地元文化や自然への影響、環境への悪影響、地元の生活の質の低下を引き起こす可能性があります。

  • 1980年代以来、国際旅行者の数がどのように変化しましたか?

    -1980年代には約3億人の国際旅行者がおり、現在では15億人に達しました。これは40年間にわたって500%増加しています。

  • アイスランドの観光業の成長率は何パーセント増で、どのくらいの期間にわたっていますか?

    -アイスランドの観光業は7年間で400%増加しています。

  • 観光地が混雑することで失う可能性があるものは何ですか?

    -観光地が混雑することで、高消費層の観光客が不快に感じて他の場所を選んだり、新型コロナウイルスの心配から遠くの場所を選ぶ可能性があります。

  • 観光地が受け入れる観光客の数を制限することの利点は何ですか?

    -観光客の数を制限することは、地元の生活の質を向上させ、文化への影響を軽減し、環境に良い影響を与え、訪れた人々の体験を向上させ、観光地の需要を高め、シーズンオフの利用を促進し、収益を増加させる可能性があります。

  • 観光地のビジネスモデルとそのステークホルダーのビジネスモデルどうして対立するのですか?

    -観光地のビジネスモデルは、多くの観光客がもたらす混雑や環境への悪影響を避けることが目的ですが、航空会社やホテル、ツアー、レストラン、テーマパークなどのステークホルダーは、多くの観光客がもたらす利益を追求しています。

  • 観光地の持続可能性を高めるために、どのような措置が提案されていますか?

    -観光地は、観光客の数を制限するスマートな方法を見つけ、キャリーングキャパシティの評価や環境評価を行い、良い影響を与える訪問者数を特定する必要があります。また、観光地管理組織を設立し、訪問者数を制限することも提案されています。

  • 観光地のDMO(目的地マーケティング組織)はなぜ多くの観光客を引き込むことに力を入れてきましたか?

    -DMOは、政治的な上司からの圧力や観光税収益の増加に応じて、多くの観光客を引き込むことで自分たちの効果を証明しようとしています。しかし、これは観光地全体の持続可能性と対立することがあります。

  • 新型コロナウイルスが提供する機会とは何ですか?

    -新型コロナウイルスが提供する機会は、公衆衛生の名前の下で混雑を制限したり、訪問者制限を設けることが政治的に可能になったことです。これにより、観光地の持続可能性や利益性にも良い副作用が生まれます。

Outlines

00:00

🌏 観光モデルの変革

この段落では、従来の観光モデルの限界と新しいアプローチの必要性が議論されています。観光は過剰に成長し、地元の生活や訪れた客の体験に悪影響を及ぼしていると指摘。Appleストアのように「少なさは多い」という哲学を取り入れるべきで、観光地も最適な「甘いポイント」を見つける必要があると主張しています。また、観光支出が線形であるという従来の考え方と、実際には観光地の容量に制限があり、多くの訪問者が増えると体験の質が低下するという現実について触れています。

05:00

📉 観光客数の増加と収益の関係

第二段落では、観光客数の増加が必ずしも収益の増加につながるとされている誤解に挑み、実際には逆に目的地の魅力が失われ、長期的な収益に悪影響を及ぼすことがあると警告しています。低支出の観光客を排除することで、目的地の体験やサービスの質が向上し、滞在客が増えることで平均支出が向上するという仮説を示しています。また、観光の持続可能性と環境への影響にも配慮しながら、最適な観光客数を見つけることが目的地の重要性について述べています。

10:02

🛑 観光の過剰化と対策

第三段落では、観光の過剰化とそれに伴う問題、特に現地の生活や環境への影響について触れています。また、観光地が観光客数を制限することで得られる利益、例えば地元の生活の質の向上や環境への影響の軽減、観光客の経験の向上などが説明されています。さらに、観光地のビジネスモデルとステークホルダーの利益との間の対立、政治的意志の欠如、そしてコロナ禍を通じて得られる機会についても議論されています。最後に、観光地管理組織の設立、訪問者数の適正な管理、そして観光地の持続可能性を高めるための具体的な対策が提案されています。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡観光

観光は、人々が自分の住む場所を離れて新しい場所を訪れる行為を指します。このビデオでは、観光が過剰になれば、地元の文化や環境に悪影響を及ぼすことが示されています。例えば、観光客の数を増やすことで、地元の生活の質や環境が低下する可能性があると述べられています。

💡ソーシャルディスタンス

ソーシャルディスタンスは、感染症の予防のための人々同士の距離を保つことを指します。ビデオでは、ソーシャルディスタンスが求められる現代において、過去の観光モデルが考え直される必要があると議論されています。

💡Appleストア

Appleストアは、商品を少なく保ちながら、広く開けた店内で多くの販売を達成するビジネスモデルを採用しています。ビデオでは、観光地がAppleストアのように「少なさは多い」という理念を採用し、観光客の質を高める必要があると主張しています。

💡観光収益

観光収益は、観光客によって生成される経済的利益を指します。ビデオでは、観光収益が単純に観光客の数と比例すると誤解されがちであり、実際には最適な観光客数を見つけることが重要だと述べています。

💡過剰観光

過剰観光は、観光客の数が多いほど良いとは限らないという概念です。ビデオでは、過剰観光が地元の文化や環境に悪影響を与え、観光地の魅力を損なう可能性があると警告しています。

💡地元の生活の質

地元の生活の質は、住民の日常生活の満足度や幸福度を指します。ビデオでは、観光客の過剰な数によって地元の生活の質が低下するリスクがあると述べており、観光地の持続可能性に関わる重要な要素です。

💡環境への影響

環境への影響は、観光活動が自然環境や生態系に及ぼす影響を指します。ビデオでは、観光地の環境への影響を最小限に抑えることが、観光地の持続可能性と魅力を維持するために必要だと述べています。

💡観光客の質

観光客の質は、彼らが消費する金額や滞在期間、観光地に対する貢献の質を指します。ビデオでは、観光地がより多くの高消費額の観光客を引き寄せることで、持続可能な観光モデルを築くことができると議論されています。

💡観光地の限界

観光地の限界は、観光地が持続可能で健康的な状態を保つために受け入れ可能な観光客の最大数を指します。ビデオでは、観光地がその限界を見つけ出し、最適な観光モデルを見つけることが重要だと主張しています。

💡観光地のマーケティング

観光地のマーケティングは、観光地を宣伝し、魅力的に見せることを目的とした活動です。ビデオでは、観光地のマーケティングが過剰観光に寄与し、観光地全体のビジネスモデルと矛盾する可能性があると指摘しています。

💡観光地の管理

観光地の管理は、観光地の持続可能性や魅力を維持するための計画的な取り組みを指します。ビデオでは、観光地管理組織の設立や、観光客の受け入れ能力の評価が、観光地の健全な発展に不可欠だと述べています。

Highlights

The need for a better model for tourism in the age of social distancing.

Apple's sales strategy of 'less is more' as a potential model for sustainable tourism.

The misconception of linear tourism spending and its impact on overcrowding.

The limitations of synthetic experiences in tourism compared to authentic cultural and natural ones.

The exponential growth of international travelers and its effects on destinations.

The case of Iceland's rapid tourism growth and its consequences.

The potential for destinations to have more visitors but make less revenue.

The importance of avoiding mass tourism crowds for a better visitor experience.

The economic impact of overcrowding on a destination's revenue.

The concept of finding the 'sweet spot' in tourism for optimal visitor experience and revenue.

The difference in business models between stakeholders and the overall destination.

The role of destination marketing organizations (DMOs) in promoting tourism.

The challenge of balancing short-term profits with long-term destination sustainability.

The opportunity presented by the coronavirus to reassess tourism strategies.

The proposal to create a destination management organization separate from marketing.

The importance of conducting carrying capacity and environmental assessments for tourism.

The concept of diminishing returns in tourism and finding the optimal visitor number.

Transcripts

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[Music]

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let's not forget the travel used to look

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like this

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destinations weren't just addicted to

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tourism they always wanted just a little

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bit more not only is the aura crowding

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unpleasant for both locals and visitors

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now there's a new twist in this age of

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social distancing such crowds seem

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unthinkable clearly we need a better

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model for tourism there's a reason the

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Apple store looks like this and not like

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this it's open and sleek and there

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aren't many products yet they have more

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sales per square meter than any other

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retailer they have plenty of space for

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more products but they realized that

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less is more they found that sweet spot

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and tourism needs to find its sweet spot

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as well here's what I mean by that

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conventional wisdom says that tourism

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spending is linear that means if one

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tourist spends $100 to tourist gets you

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203 tourists you get the idea but let's

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put spending on the x-axis and the

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number of visitors on the y-axis as one

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goes up so does the other we've been

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thinking this way because this is

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exactly how it works at fast food chains

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at hotels on airplanes at Disney more

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visitors equals more money but there are

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two important distinctions one these are

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synthetic experiences there's no

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authentic culture or nature that gets

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destroyed and two they all have limits

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restaurants have a certain number of

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seats or there's a building limit set by

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the fire department hotels don't knock

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at 3:00 a.m. and put extra people in

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your hotel room and airlines don't seat

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extra passengers on your lap when you

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fly

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even Disney closes its gates when it

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hits maximum capacity so they carefully

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protect the experience they offer to

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prevent overcrowding but this thinking

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simply doesn't cross over to entire

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destinations with tourism when you add

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more people the city centers and beaches

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get crowded the authenticity visitor

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experience local life quality and

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environment all go down and for decades

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we failed to place a real value on those

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things and for decades it's gone down in

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1980 there were about 300 million

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international travelers now we've hit

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1.5 billion that's a 500% increase in 40

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years and some places are growing even

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faster

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Iceland's tourism grew 400% in seven

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years sometimes it can happen overnight

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with the publication of an article or a

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hit movie after the Swiss restaurant

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appeared on the cover of a book it got

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so inundated with tourists that it shut

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down for years take a moment and imagine

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if your destination suddenly got an

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extra five million visitors next year

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chances are you don't have a single

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policy in place to keep that from

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happening sure you might say there

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aren't enough hotel rooms but if there's

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a big enough demand

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Airbnb rooms will pop up and tour buses

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will start dropping people off it may

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not be 5 million but certainly enough to

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overwhelm your city and as Corona lifts

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an international travel is slow to

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resume a swarm of domestic travel is

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likely to engulf many places this year

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as the destination gets crowded you're

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more discerning customers are gonna go

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someplace else either because it's

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unpleasant or because of social

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distancing when I go back I don't want

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to stand in line I don't want to be in a

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crowd so I'm going to look for places

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where you know what I'm going to enjoy

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it the way it was meant to be enjoyed

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and if I have to pay a little more to do

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it I'll be happy to write that check now

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let me be clear this isn't an elitist

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thing it's not about just trying to

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attract only rich customers it's about

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their spending Bill Gates might visit

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but if he shows up on a tour with a

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guide and gets out of his car for only

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two hours he may not spend a thing

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I'm talking about the economic impact on

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the destination and if a destination

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lets in too many people it can have a

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negative impact on revenue yeah well

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last summer me and my family did a road

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trip through Croatia and Montenegro and

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basically if we saw a cruise ship in

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port we just kept going didn't stop it's

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it's just not worth fighting the massive

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crowds that sort of pile into these

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ancient medieval cities I mean well I

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mean we're not high rollers but you know

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we were there for a week and we would

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like eating and restaurants staying in

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hotels doing activities so you heard

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both Peters say they would avoid places

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that get mass tourism crowds they're not

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alone many people feel this way and many

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more will when they're worried about a

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virus can a destination actually have

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more visitors but make less money yes

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that's exactly what I'm saying you're

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definitely on to something here more

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visitors do not guarantee more revenue

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when a place gets crowded there will

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always be bottom feeders who will set up

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little stands and cell imported fridge

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magnets to day visitors but that doesn't

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mean the destination is earning more

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money let's take a look at how this can

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affect total spending with this purely

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hypothetical example now let's say we

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limit visitors by 30 percent but we just

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limit the low spenders by restricting

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say tour buses again not poor people I'm

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just talking about day visitors who

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aren't spending much so it keeps the

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destination more authentic keeps the

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service and experience high and attracts

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overnight guests this will increase the

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average amount each visitor spends so

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this hypothetical model without low

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spenders could look like this

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the specific numbers here aren't real

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but the concept is there are seven big

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wins better life quality for locals

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lower impact on the culture better for

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the environment better experience for

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the visitors and limiting access creates

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a higher demand for the destination

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which is great PR and will likely spread

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visitors into the shoulder and off peak

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seasons plus potentially more revenue

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which also means it's not linear the

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spending visitor curve would look more

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like this with diminishing returns or

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even a negative Bend

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so here's max revenue there will be some

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number of visitors where the local

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quality of life starts to suffer there's

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another point when environmental damage

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begins to increase let's say that here

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is where the authenticity diminishes and

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finally here's where that combo of

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crowds eco damage and lost authenticity

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starts to deter higher average spending

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the basic idea is not new by the way

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Stanley plog made a very similar graph

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about tourism decline in 1967 and the

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European Commission paid for this report

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what are the main things that brings

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down tourism is too many tourists so if

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a destination can make a smart

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calculation with those things and find a

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smart way to limit visitors they will

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hit that sweet spot it all seems so

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obvious right so why aren't destinations

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doing it because within a destination

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over here you have stakeholders like

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airlines hotels tours restaurants theme

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parks that have successful linear

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business models where more tourists

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equals more money and over here you've

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got the destination as a whole that has

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a bell curve or at least diminishing

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returns and that puts the destinations

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business model at odds with its own

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stakeholders surely you can't be serious

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I am serious and don't call me Shirley

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over here if they're full they don't

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ruin the experience for their guests

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they just add more flights build more

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hotels and add more restaurants if the

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crowds annoy and scare off the high

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spenders well below budget and budget

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travelers take over

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the stakeholders diversify by adding

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budget airlines budget hotels and cheap

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souvenirs over here they see the big

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picture they see that it has essentially

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become a race to the bottom so with

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these two forces how does it play out

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here in the middle there's the DMO or

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destination marketing organization that

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government organization that promotes

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tourism and pays for ads when the key

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stakeholders want to grow they put

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pressure on the DMO to spend more to

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attract more visitors and the DMO is

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often getting bonuses or praised by

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their political bosses for attracting

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more visitors and showing that the tax

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money they're spending is really

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effective because the political bosses

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still think that tourism revenue is

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linear in part because many get their

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tourism tax revenue from hotels which

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are linear so the DMO has been siding

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with the Linear's and that's why we've

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got so much overcrowding or over tourism

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or as I prefer to call it unbalanced

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tourism I feel bad for demos they're

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often trapped in the middle it's

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politicians you need to understand

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tourism better and I think that if they

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did they'd often take different

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decisions one of the big problems with

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over tourism is that it rarely looks

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like this so most cities don't think

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they have it

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the media's use of huge crowd photos has

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made it tricky to self-diagnose it's

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like when they show what lungs look like

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after smoking for 30 years but this

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patient also has lung cancer all it

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takes is one bottleneck or some

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temporary congestion too few parking

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spots for cars or buses or too many

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people on the walking street a few weeks

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of the year a line outside the popular

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museum during peak season things that

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can be fixed with proper management and

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as with cancer the sooner you catch it

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the better the industry has known for

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some time the negative side effects I

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mentioned are more important for its

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long-term success than supporting the

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short-term profits of the Linear's

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but they lacked the political will to

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make some tough decisions

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the coronavirus provides that

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opportunity the ability to limit

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crowds or make visitor restrictions is

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now politically possible because it's

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done in the name of public health the

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fact that it's also good for the

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destination sustainability and

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profitability is a nice side effect

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because the capacity is being restricted

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even more it's important that they do

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things in a smart way so what should

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they do

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one show the linear stakeholders how

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this benefits them long-term

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then if the beaches and forests are

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polluted and overcrowded or there's not

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enough room for social distancing guests

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will go someplace else that these things

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aren't just a turn-off for visitors but

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for locals and that as many locals move

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away those stakeholders will have a

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challenge finding high quality employees

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to create a destination management

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organization one that is separated from

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the marketing department by a firewall a

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real firewall not just the same people

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with an extra role it needs to be

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treated like the separation between

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church and state or advertising and

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editorial you can't have the same people

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who are getting bonuses for bringing

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more tourists also be in charge of

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limiting them so this decision needs to

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happen at the Tourism Minister level of

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government and the good news is that

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there is a precedent for it Barcelona

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has its tourism marketing offices here

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and its management offices over here

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three use that new organization to find

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that sweet spot and regain control

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remember a destination can have tourists

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but the tourists shouldn't have the

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destination destination kind of tours to

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conduct a carrying capacity assessment

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and an environmental assessment and

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figure out what those actual curve

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levels are in your destination how many

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visitors can you handle in a good way

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before those things have a negative

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impact and if you need help figuring

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this out

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call me actually email works better

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[Music]

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okay I know I said last week that I was

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gonna talk about limiting cruise ship

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passengers and that was my intention but

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then I realized I needed to explain this

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bit first

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next week I'll get into the details of

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who to limit and how

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観光バランス持続性地域保護観光モデル社会距離観光収益観光過剰観光管理地元生活観光客観光政策
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