Pengangguran

Summary

In this macroeconomics lecture, the topic of unemployment is discussed in-depth. The lecturer explains key concepts like the working-age population, the workforce, and different employment statuses, such as working full-time, part-time, temporarily unemployed, and open unemployment. The lecture also introduces various types of unemployment: frictional, structural, and cyclical. Frictional unemployment is short-term, typically occurring when individuals are transitioning between jobs, while structural unemployment is caused by mismatches in skills. Cyclical unemployment arises from economic recessions. Additionally, the natural unemployment rate consists of frictional and structural unemployment.

Takeaways

• 😀 **Working Age** refers to individuals aged 15 years or older who are considered able to be employed.
• 😀 **Workforce** includes individuals within the working age group who are either employed, temporarily unemployed, or actively seeking employment.
• 😀 **Not in the Workforce** includes individuals who are working-age but not seeking or available for employment, such as students, retirees, or those unable to work.
• 😀 **Working** is defined as engaging in any economic activity, even if it is only for one hour a week, with the intent of earning income.
• 😀 **Temporarily Unemployed** refers to individuals who are employed but temporarily not working, such as due to illness, leave, or waiting for harvest.
• 😀 **Open Unemployment** describes individuals who are jobless, looking for work, or starting a business, but not working.
• 😀 **Full-Time Employment** requires individuals to work 35 or more hours per week.
• 😀 **Part-Time Employment** refers to working less than 35 hours a week and may include voluntary part-time workers or those seeking more hours (semi-unemployed).
• 😀 **Unemployment Rate** is the percentage of the workforce that is unemployed, calculated by dividing open unemployment by the total workforce.
• 😀 **Natural Unemployment** consists of frictional and structural unemployment and exists even in a healthy economy without a recession.
• 😀 **Cyclical Unemployment** is caused by recessions and economic downturns, and it fluctuates with the business cycle.

Q & A

What is the definition of the working-age population?

The working-age population refers to individuals aged 15 years or older, who are considered eligible to work.

What is the workforce, and how is it defined in the context of this lecture?

The workforce includes the working-age population who are either employed, temporarily unemployed, or actively unemployed and looking for work.

How does the lecture distinguish between people who are in the workforce and those who are not?

Those in the workforce are either employed or actively seeking work. Those not in the workforce are individuals who are not working due to reasons like being students, retirees, or physically unable to work.

What constitutes 'working' according to the script?

Working is defined as engaging in an economic activity with the intention of earning income or profit, and this can be for at least one hour per week.

What does temporarily not working mean, and can it apply to someone already employed?

Temporarily not working refers to someone who has a job but is not working at the moment due to reasons like illness, taking leave, or awaiting a specific event like harvest. These individuals are still considered employed.

What is the difference between open unemployment and other types of unemployment?

Open unemployment refers to individuals who are not working and are actively seeking employment or preparing to start a business. It also includes those who have a job but have not started working yet.

What are the characteristics of full-time employment according to the script?

Full-time employment is when an individual works at least 35 hours per week.

What is the meaning of underemployment, and what are the two types mentioned in the lecture?

Underemployment occurs when individuals work fewer than 35 hours per week. The two types mentioned are voluntary underemployment, where individuals choose to work less, and involuntary underemployment, where individuals are seeking more work or higher-paying jobs.

What are the three main types of unemployment discussed in the lecture?

The three types of unemployment are frictional unemployment (temporary unemployment due to job transition), structural unemployment (permanent unemployment due to skills mismatch), and cyclical unemployment (unemployment due to economic recessions).

What is the difference between natural unemployment and cyclical unemployment?

Natural unemployment consists of frictional and structural unemployment, and it occurs even in a healthy economy. Cyclical unemployment, on the other hand, occurs due to recessions or economic downturns.