Masa Penjajahan Portugis di Indonesia

Summary

The Portuguese first arrived in Malacca in 1511, under Alfonso de Albuquerque, and established a monopoly over trade in the region. They formed a trade alliance with the Hindu Pajajaran Kingdom in Java in 1512, but this sparked conflict with the Islamic Demak Sultanate, which sought to protect its trade interests. Eventually, the Portuguese were driven out of Sunda Kelapa (modern-day Jakarta) in 1527. However, they continued to establish a presence in the eastern islands of Indonesia, particularly Ternate, where they traded in spices. Portuguese influence declined after they were defeated by Sultan Baabullah of Ternate in 1575 and later displaced by the Dutch in 1599.

Takeaways

• 😀 Alfonso de Albuquerque was the first Portuguese explorer to reach Malacca in 1511, where he gained control over the region and its trade monopoly.
• 😀 From 1511 to 1526, the Portuguese established Malacca as an important maritime port in Southeast Asia, especially for trade with Sumatra, Java, Banda, and Maluku.
• 😀 In 1512, the Portuguese allied with the Hindu Kingdom of Pajajaran in West Java, specifically in the regions of Jakarta and Banten, to establish a trade agreement.
• 😀 The trade agreement between the Portuguese and the Kingdom of Pajajaran was formalized in 1522 with the signing of a trade inscription called the 'Padrao Sunda Kelapa'.
• 😀 The trade alliance between the Portuguese and Pajajaran angered the Islamic Sultanate of Demak, which feared Portuguese dominance in the region.
• 😀 The Sultanate of Demak attacked Pajajaran in 1526 and 1527, driving the Portuguese out of Sunda Kelapa and renaming the region Jayakarta.
• 😀 Before being expelled from Java, the Portuguese sent three ships in 1512 to explore the spice-producing regions of Eastern Indonesia.
• 😀 Two of the Portuguese ships reached the Maluku Islands, with Francisco Serrao's ship landing on the islands and Antonio de Abreu's ship reaching Ternate.
• 😀 Despite being driven from Java, the Portuguese established trade relations with the Sultanate of Ternate in 1512, specifically in cloves and nutmeg.
• 😀 The Sultanate of Ternate allowed the Portuguese to build a fortress, which was named Fort São Paulo (now known as Fort Gamalama), to protect their interests in the region.
• 😀 The Portuguese lost their power in the region after Sultan Baabullah of Ternate defeated them in 1575, and they were eventually replaced by the Dutch in 1599, retreating to Timor and Flores (now part of East Timor).

Q & A

Who was the Portuguese explorer who reached the Malacca region in 1511?

The Portuguese explorer who reached the Malacca region in 1511 was Alfonso de Albuquerque.

What was the significance of Malacca for the Portuguese during the 1511-1526 period?

Malacca was an important maritime port for the Portuguese, allowing them to control trade in the region and monopolize commerce in areas like Sumatra, Java, Banda, and Maluku.

Which kingdom did the Portuguese ally with in 1512, and where was it located?

In 1512, the Portuguese allied with the Kingdom of Pajajaran, which was located in the western part of Java, specifically in areas like Jakarta and Banten.

What was the outcome of the Portuguese alliance with the Kingdom of Pajajaran?

The alliance led to the creation of a trade agreement in 1522, documented in a stone inscription known as the 'Padrao Sunda Kelapa'. However, it angered the Demak Sultanate, leading to conflicts.

Why did the Demak Sultanate oppose the Portuguese presence on Java?

The Demak Sultanate opposed the Portuguese because they feared that Portuguese control over trade would negatively impact their own influence and the prosperity of the island, leading to military action.

What did the Demak Sultanate do in response to the Portuguese alliance with Pajajaran?

The Demak Sultanate attacked the Kingdom of Pajajaran in 1526 and 1527, eventually expelling the Portuguese from Sunda Kelapa and renaming the area Jayakarta.

How did the Portuguese continue their influence in the region after being expelled from Java?

Even after being expelled from Java, the Portuguese sent three ships in 1512 to search for spice-producing regions in eastern Indonesia. Two of the ships reached Maluku and Ternate.

What relationship did the Portuguese establish with the Sultanate of Ternate?

The Portuguese established a trade relationship with the Sultanate of Ternate, particularly focusing on spices such as cloves and nutmeg. The Sultanate also allowed the Portuguese to build a fortress named Fort São Paulo (Fort Gamalama).

Why were the Portuguese allowed to build a fortress in Ternate?

The Portuguese were allowed to build the fortress in Ternate to help protect their trade interests, especially in the spice trade, as the Sultanate of Ternate benefited from the Portuguese presence and military support.

What led to the eventual decline of Portuguese power in the region?

The decline of Portuguese power in the region came after Sultan Baabullah of Ternate defeated the Portuguese in 1575, followed by the arrival of the Dutch in 1599, which ultimately led to the Portuguese retreating to the islands of Solor and Flores.