Martin Luther King, Jr: Crash Course Black American History #36

Summary

「クラッシュコース 黒人アメリカ史」では、現代市民権利運動の象徴であるマーティン・ルーサー・キング Jr.の物語が語られます。彼は平和、勇気、犠牲、そして優れたリーダーシップのシンボルとされていますが、南部キリスト教指導会議（SCLC）と共に、アメリカの市民権利立法を変える重要な役割を果たしました。1956年から1968年の間に、彼は市民権利運動の中で重要な役割を果たしました。また、彼の政治的信念を2次元的に簡略化することなく、彼の多面的な姿を紹介します。

Takeaways

• 📘 马丁·路德·金博士是现代民权运动中最显著的人物，他成为了和平、勇气、牺牲和卓越领导力的象征。
• 🤝 马丁·路德·金与南方基督教领袖会议（SCLC）一起，在1956年至1968年间，在美国民权立法方面发挥了关键作用。
• 👨‍🏫 马丁·路德·金在莫尔豪斯学院学习法律和医学，并受到了本杰明·埃利亚斯·梅斯博士的影响，最终走上了神职道路。
• 🎓 马丁·路德·金在完成神学学位后，获得了波士顿大学的系统神学博士学位，并在蒙哥马利担任牧师。
• 🚌 罗莎·帕克斯的逮捕成为蒙哥马利公交车抵制运动的导火索，马丁·路德·金因此成为该运动的领导者。
• 🏛️ 1957年，60位黑人牧师和民权领袖在亚特兰大聚集，成立了南方基督教领袖会议（SCLC）。
• 💡 SCLC将非暴力作为其核心策略，并且对所有种族、宗教或背景的个体开放。
• 📜 马丁·路德·金在《伯明翰监狱来信》中回应了对他领导的抗议活动的批评，并强调了非暴力抗议的重要性。
• 🌟 马丁·路德·金在1963年的华盛顿大游行中发表的“I Have a Dream”演讲，强调了他对平等社会的梦想。
• 🤝 SCLC与SNCC等其他组织合作，共同推动了1964年民权法案和1965年投票权法案的通过。
• 🏛️ 马丁·路德·金在1968年被暗杀后，SCLC继续活跃在支持黑人选民登记和南部抗议活动中。
• 🌱 马丁·路德·金的政治观点比通常被描绘的更为激进和广泛，他提倡普遍基本收入和反对越南战争。
• 🗳️ 尽管马丁·路德·金在生前并不总是受到广泛欢迎，但他的遗产和对社会变革的承诺激励了后来的世代。

Q & A

マーチン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニアはどこで生まれましたか？

マーチン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニアは1929年にジョージア州のアトランタで生まれました。

キングは最初のキャリアとして何を学びましたか？

キングは最初にモアハウス学院で法律と医学を学びましたが、後に神職者としてキャリアを築くことを決めました。

マーチン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニアは誰の影響を受けましたか？

キングはモアハウス学院の当時院長でもあり、神職者で人種平等を主張していたベンジャミン・イーライジャ・メイズ博士の影響を受けました。

南部キリスト教指導会議（SCLC）はどのように結成されましたか？

1957年1月10日から11日にかけてアトランタで60人の黒人牧師と市民権リーダーが集まり、モンゴメリーのバス拒乗を模索して成功した戦略を南部全体で展開する集会を開き、これがSCLCとして知られるようになりました。

SCLCはどのような戦略を採用しましたか？

SCLCは非暴力を基盤とする戦略を採用し、運動をすべての人種、宗教、または背景に関係なく公開することを決定しました。

マーチン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニアはなぜビルミンガム・ジェイルで手紙を書きましたか？

1963年4月12日に違法な抗議デモを行い、ビルミンガムで逮捕された後、地元新聞に8人の白人の神職者が彼のデモを非難するエッセイを発表したことに強い不満を感じ、その新聞の余白に手紙を書きました。

ビルミンガム・ジェイルの手紙でキングは何を主張しましたか？

ビルミンガム・ジェイルの手紙では、キングは不正義に耐えることはできないと主張し、自由が自ら来ることはないと、そして白人の温和派が市民権運動の成功にとって大きな障害であると述べています。

1963年のワシントンでのマーチはどのような目的を持っていましたか？

1963年のワシントンでのマーチは、就労と自由のための目的を持っており、SCLCとSNCCの協力により、1964年の民権法と1965年の選挙権法が成立するに至りました。

SCLCの貧困矯正キャンペーンとは何でしたか？

SCLCの貧困矯正キャンペーンは、白人と黒人の間のお金の格差を埋めるために開始され、アメリカ国内で増大している貧困と人種による脅威に対抗することを目的としました。

マーチン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニアはなぜ暗殺されましたか？

キングが経済正義に焦点を当てようとしていた1968年4月4日に、メphis、テネシーで暗殺されましたが、その正確な動機は明確ではありませんが、彼の市民権や平和運動への献身が原因とされています。

キングの政治的見解はどのように広がってきましたか？

キングの政治的見解は、基本的な所得や就労の保証、ベトナム戦争やアメリカの帝国主義への反対を含む、より広範かつより過激なものであったと、より深い分析から明らかになりました。

キングはなぜ人々に好かれなかったのですか？

1966年のギャロップ調査によると、国王の支持率は2年以上前に彼が殺害される直前に低下しており、2/3以上のアメリカ人が彼または彼の仕事を支持しておらず、彼は社会の変化を主張し、既存の状況に反対し、権力者の戦いの中で人気を得ることはないことを示しています。

Outlines

00:00

😀 マーチン・ルーサー・キングJr.と現代市民権運動

この段落では、マーチン・ルーサー・キングJr.が現代市民権運動の象徴として知られており、彼が南部キリスト教指導者会議(SCLS)と共にアメリカの市民権立法を変える重要な役割を果たしたと紹介されています。また、彼の政治的信念は単純化されることが多かったが、本動画ではその多面性を探求すると述べています。キングは1929年にジョージア州アトランタで生まれ、15歳でモアハウス学院に入学し、アルファ・ファイ・アルファ兄弟団に加入しました。後に神学を学び、神職に就くことを決めました。1955年にボストン大学で神学博士号を取得し、その後モンゴメリー・アラバマでディクター教会の牧師となりました。1955年のローザ・パークス事件を契機に、モンゴメリーバス bojcottの指導者となりました。

05:01

📰 ビルミントン・ジェールからの手紙と市民権運動の広がり

この段落では、1963年にビルミントンでのデモンストレーションで逮捕され、地元新聞に8人の白人の神職者が彼の運動を非難するエッセーを発表したことを受けて、キングは「ビルミントン・ジェールからの手紙」でその批判に反論したと語られています。彼は不正義に対する忍耐を求める声に反して、自由は要求されるべきであり、待つことだけが解決しないと主張しました。この手紙はアメリカの魂に訴えかけ、市民権運動の重要な文書となりました。また、SCLSとSNCC（学生非暴力協調委員会）は目標は似ていたが、アプローチには違いがあり、時には1963年のワシントンでの行進や1965年のセルマでの行進で協力しました。

10:03

🌟 マーチン・ルーサー・キングJr.の政治的信念と暗殺

この段落では、キングの政治的信念が非暴力にとどまらず、より広範な視点を持っていたことが強調されています。彼は安定を重んじる白人の中道者を市民権運動の大きな障害と見なしていたと語られています。また、基本所得や就業の保障、ベトナム戦争とアメリカの帝国主義に反対する立場をとっていました。1966年のギャロップ調査では、彼の支持は低く、しかし彼は社会の変化を求めるためには人気に左右されることなく、理想の社会を目指すことを理解していました。1968年にテネシー州メンフィスで暗殺された直前に、彼の最後のスピーチで「山の頂に登った」と述べ、彼の願いと夢を語っていました。

Keywords

💡马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King Jr.)

马丁·路德·金是美国民权运动的代表人物之一，以其和平、勇气、牺牲和卓越的领导力而闻名。在视频中，他被描述为与南方基督教领袖会议(SCLC)一起，在1956年至1968年间对美国民权立法产生了重要影响。例如，他领导了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动，这是他首次展示领导力的重要事件。

💡南方基督教领袖会议(Southern Christian Leadership Conference, SCLC)

南方基督教领袖会议是一个与黑人教会紧密联系的民权组织，马丁·路德·金是该组织的第一任主席。SCLC将教堂视为民权活动的重要组织空间，并且以非暴力作为其核心策略。例如，SCLC在伯明翰运动中发挥了重要作用，旨在结束歧视性做法并加速学校和商店的种族隔离。

💡非暴力(Non-violence)

非暴力是SCLC和马丁·路德·金所倡导的核心策略，他们认为通过和平的方式可以更有效地实现社会变革。视频中提到，巴伊登·拉斯坦帮助马丁·路德·金发展了非暴力的修辞，这成为了SCLC工作的基础。

💡蒙哥马利巴士抵制(Montgomery Bus Boycott)

蒙哥马利巴士抵制是1955年由罗莎·帕克斯因拒绝让座引发的抗议活动，它标志着民权运动的一个重要转折点。马丁·路德·金在此事件中首次担任领导角色，领导了抵制运动，并最终取得了胜利。

💡种族隔离(Segregation)

种族隔离是指根据种族将人们分开的政策或做法，视频中提到了吉姆·克劳法(Jim Crow laws)下的种族隔离，以及民权运动如何努力结束这种制度。例如，伯明翰运动就是旨在结束商店和学校的种族隔离。

💡伯明翰运动(Birmingham Campaign)

伯明翰运动是SCLC在1963年发起的一次运动，目的是结束伯明翰的歧视性做法和加速学校和商店的种族隔离。马丁·路德·金在这次运动中被逮捕，并在狱中写下了著名的《伯明翰监狱来信》。

💡民权法案(Civil Rights Act)

民权法案是美国在1964年通过的一项重要立法，旨在结束公共设施的种族隔离，并禁止基于种族、肤色、宗教、性别或国籍的歧视。视频中提到，民权运动的努力最终促使林登·约翰逊总统签署了这一法案。

💡投票权法案(Voting Rights Act)

投票权法案是1965年通过的另一项重要立法，它禁止了在选举过程中的种族歧视行为，确保了所有美国人的投票权。视频中提到，这一法案的通过也是民权运动努力的结果。

💡贫困人民运动(Poor People's Campaign)

贫困人民运动是SCLC在1967年发起的一项运动，目的是缩小白人和黑人之间的贫富差距，并对抗日益增长的贫困问题。然而，马丁·路德·金在1968年被暗杀后，这项运动因缺乏领导而崩溃。

💡黑人民权运动(Black Power Movement)

黑人民权运动是20世纪60年代后期兴起的一种更为激进的民权运动，它强调黑人的自豪感和自决权。视频中提到，随着这一运动的兴起，人们对非暴力和平抗议的想法感到失望，开始寻求更激进的变革方式。

💡基本收入(Basic Income)

基本收入是指无条件地向所有公民提供一定金额的金钱，以保障他们的基本生活需求。视频中提到，马丁·路德·金倡导了这一概念，他认为没有人应该被迫生活在贫困中，而其他人则生活在奢侈中。

Highlights

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a symbol of peace, courage, sacrifice, and leadership in the civil rights movement.

Dr. King worked with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to change civil rights legislation from 1956 to 1968.

The importance of understanding Dr. King's political beliefs in their full complexity, not just a simplified version.

Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1929 and attended Morehouse College at 15.

King initially studied law and medicine, not intending to become a minister like his father.

Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays, president of Morehouse College, influenced King's decision to pursue divinity.

King received a Bachelor's of Divinity and a PhD in systematic theology, influencing his approach to civil rights.

In Montgomery, Alabama, King became a pastor and was thrust into leadership during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

The SCLC was formed with 60 black ministers and civil rights leaders, focusing on church-based activism.

Rev. Ralph Abernathy co-founded the SCLC and played a key role in its success.

Bayard Rustin served as King's advisor, helping develop the non-violent rhetoric of the movement.

The SCLC's strategy was based on non-violence and inclusivity, regardless of race or religion.

King's 'Letter from a Birmingham Jail' was a central document of the civil rights movement, rejecting passive approaches to injustice.

The SCLC and SNCC had different approaches but worked together on significant events like the March on Washington.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were results of combined efforts of various groups.

The Poor People's Campaign aimed to address economic justice and reduce the wealth gap.

Dr. King's assassination in 1968 led to the collapse of the Poor People's Campaign.

Post-King's death, the SCLC continued to support black voter registration and protests.

The rise of the Black Power movement and disillusionment with non-violent protests post-1960s.

Dr. King's political views were more radical and expansive than commonly portrayed, including advocating for a universal basic income.

Dr. King's opposition to the Vietnam War and critique of American imperialism.

Despite his current popularity, Dr. King was not widely approved of or respected during his lifetime.

Dr. King's legacy and the importance of advocating for social change, even in the face of unpopularity.

Transcripts

hi i'm clint smith and this is crash

course black american history

perhaps the most notable figure of the

modern civil rights movement is dr

martin luther king jr dr king has become

a symbol of peace

courage

sacrifice and impeccable leadership

but it's important to remember

that he didn't do this alone together

with the southern christian leadership

conference dr king played a pivotal role

in changing the tide of civil rights

legislation in the united states from

1956 to 1968. another important thing

is that we're often taught about dr king

in a two-dimensional sort of way that

often flattens and oversimplifies or

just ignores the totality of his

political beliefs but we're not going to

do that today

so let's start the show

[Music]

martin luther king jr was born in 1929

in atlanta georgia at just 15 years old

king was admitted into morehouse college

which is an hbcu in atlanta there

he pledged alpha phi alpha fraternity

incorporate the oldest black fraternity

in the united states and one that i

joined when i was in college too

at morehouse he studied law

and medicine at first he had no

intention of following in the footsteps

of his father who was a minister

that is until he met dr benjamin elijah

mays

mays was then the president of morehouse

college and he was also a minister

he'd established a reputation of

advocating for racial equality and his

work had an enormous influence on the

young martin so after graduating from

morehouse king received a bachelor's of

divinity in theology from crosser

theological seminary in upland

pennsylvania and then a phd in

systematic theology from boston

university in 1955 while in boston he

met the woman who would become his wife

ms corettiska

and they married and soon settled down

in montgomery alabama where king began

as pastor at dexter avenue baptist

church not even a year into settling

into their new home the city began to

bubble with tension because of the

monumental brown v board decision that

declared key tenets of plessy v ferguson

unconstitutional the desegregation of

schools sparked unrest among black

citizens in montgomery who wanted to see

jim crow segregation

undone in all areas of life and this

is how martin

met rosa parks

the black citizens of montgomery had

long waited an opportunity to launch an

attack on the horrid abuse that took

place within the segregationist system

of public transportation the 1955 arrest

of rosa parks

was the last straw while community

members and leaders were ready to take

action

they sought out a leader who had an

impeccable reputation

and as someone new in town

king

also had the benefit of having a clean

slate to work with so dr king got his

first taste of leadership when he was

asked to head the montgomery improvement

association and lead the montgomery bus

boycott soon after the successful

boycott king was invited to atlanta

georgia to create an effort similar to

the montgomery bus boycott that could be

executed across the south

over january 10th and 11th of 1957 60

black ministers and civil rights leaders

convened in atlanta at the renowned

ebenezer baptist church to replicate the

successful montgomery strategy

this group would soon become known as

the southern christian leadership

conference

or

sclc as an organization inextricably

linked to the black church it is no

surprise that the sclc regarded churches

as pivotal organizing spaces for civil

rights activism the ministers of the

sclc

soon chose reverend martin luther king

jr to be their first president and in

its later years the sclc would address

other pressing issues like war and

poverty reverend ralph abernathy senior

co-founded the sclc and served as the

organization's treasurer another

individual key to the success of dr king

was barred rustin while he did not hold

a specific leadership position he served

as king's advisor and right-hand man

since the montgomery bus boycott during

the montgomery demonstrations rustin

helped king develop the movement's

non-violent rhetoric that became the

foundation of the sclc's work from the

beginning the sclc identified

non-violence as their cornerstone

strategy they also soon decided to make

the sclc movement open to all

individuals regardless of race religion

or background king and the sclc grew

determined to bring national attention

to the plight of black americans in

birmingham a city that was regarded as

one of the most segregated places in all

of the united states the objective of

this campaign was to end discriminatory

practices and hiring desegregate stores

and accelerate the desegregation of

schools and in a direct violation of a

ruling against protests

king held a good friday demonstration on

april 12 1963 that day

he and 50 others were arrested

and later a friend smuggled a copy of

the local newspaper to dr king while he

was in his cell he opened the paper to

find that eight white clergymen had

published an essay that criticized the

march that he had led and other similar

demonstrations against racial inequality

in the piece

entitled a call for unity the clergymen

urge black locals to refrain from

letting outsiders

sway them toward

unwise and untimely behaviors that might

incite violence and told them to stick

to petitioning the local courts for

their rights deeply frustrated by what

he had just read

king in that moment began to write a

response

doing so in the margins of the very

newspaper he had read the column

and king

didn't hold back

and this document became one of the most

central documents

of the entire civil rights movement in

his letter from a birmingham jail king

rejected the idea that what was

happening in birmingham

wasn't his business quote

i cannot sit idly by in atlanta and not

be concerned about what happens in

birmingham injustice anywhere

is a threat to justice everywhere

whatever affects one directly

affects all indirectly he pushed back

against the idea that if black people

were just patient

equality would soon come quote

we know through painful experience

that freedom is never voluntarily given

by the oppressor

it must be demanded by the oppressed for

years now i've heard the word wait

it rings in the ear of every negro with

piercing familiarity

this

weight

has almost always meant

never

and then he made his famous assertion

that the white moderate was an immense

danger

to the success of the civil rights

movement

i must confess

that over the past few years

i've been gravely disappointed with the

white moderate

i have almost reached the regrettable

conclusion that the negro's greatest

stumbling block in his tribe toward

freedom

is not the white citizens counselor

or the ku klux klaner

but the white moderate

who is more devoted to

order

than to justice who prefers a negative

peace

which is the absence of tension

a positive peace

which is the presence of justice

who constantly says

i agree with you in the goal you seek

but i cannot agree with your methods of

direct action

who paternalistically believes

he can set the timetable

for another man's freedom when he was

finished

he had written nearly 7 000 words and

with the help of his attorney

those words were smuggled out of the

jail

and printed in newspapers and magazines

across the country

king's letter

did not just speak directly to the

clergymen

it was also an appeal

to america's soul the sclc was not the

only organization working toward the

desegregation of public services

in search of racial equality

so too was the more radical student

non-violent coordinating committee

also known as snik

these two organizations were largely

working toward a similar set of goals

but often had different ideas of how to

get there

you see the sclc strictly applied a

model of propping up one charismatic

central leader

and in this case it was dr king

snick on the other hand

emphasized group-centered leadership but

despite their differences in approach

there are also times when the two

organizations work together

like the 1963 march on washington for

jobs and freedom in the 1965 march on

selma the combined efforts of snick the

sclc black and white citizens and

ministers from across the country

proved successful

finally applying enough pressure to get

lyndon b johnson to sign the civil

rights act of 1964

and the voting rights act of 1965. in

late 1967 the sclc opened a new chapter

with its poor people's campaign it was

launched to close the wealth gap between

whites and blacks and to combat the

growing and racialized threat of poverty

in the united states as dr king put it

what good is having the right to sit at

a lunch counter

if you can't afford to buy a hamburger

just as king was pivoting sclc's work

toward economic justice he was

assassinated in memphis tennessee on

april 4 1968.

unfortunately

the poor people's campaign

collapsed in his absence after king's

death the sclc remained active in aiding

black voter registration

and supporting protests across the south

but the late 1960s

met the growth of a more militant sect

of protesters leaders and intellectuals

the burgeoning black power movement was

taking root

and people were becoming disillusioned

with the idea of non-violent peaceful

protests speaking of non-violence there

is another important point to make here

sometimes

people can turn dr king

into a sort of caricature of himself

that strips him of any political

complexity that was actually central to

who he was people love to cite his line

i have a dream that my four little

children will one day live in a nation

where they will not be judged by the

color of their skin

but by the content of their character

and in doing so

they basically turn him into a single

line in the eye of a dream speech

and make him out to be some sort of

non-violent kumbaya teddy bear and while

it is true

that dr king was deeply committed to

non-violence

a deeper analysis of his work

writing and speeches

revealed that king's political views

were often more radical and more

expansive than they have often been made

out to be for example king advocated for

a guaranteed universal basic income

and guaranteed employment for anyone

willing to work one of his basic

principles

was that

no one should be forced to live in

poverty

while others live in luxury additionally

he spoke out against the war in vietnam

and american imperialism more broadly in

a 1967 speech he called the united

states government quote

the greatest purveyor of violence

in the world and while king seems to be

widely loved and respected today

it wasn't always that way in 1966

just two years before he was killed

according to gallup polls

two-thirds of americans

didn't approve of him or his work all of

this is a reminder

that advocating for social change

pushing against the status quo

and fighting against those in positions

of power doesn't mean you'll be popular

when you're doing it

in fact

you might be vilified

just like king was

but attempting to build a better society

has never been about being popular or

well-liked

it's about trying to build the sort of

world

that we all deserve to live in

even if it means

you won't get to see that world yourself

and king

more than anyone

he knew this

he famously said

in the last speech he ever delivered

on the day before

he was assassinated

quote

i've been to the mountaintop

i may not get there with you but i want

you to know tonight

that we

as a people

will get to the promised land

thanks for watching

i'll see you next time

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2021 crash course learn a coin

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