Masa Demokrasi Parlementer ( 1950-1959) || Materi IPS kelas 9

Summary

This video provides an in-depth look at Indonesia's parliamentary democracy era from 1950 to 1959. It covers the political landscape, including the seven cabinet changes and the multipartite system in place. The video discusses the first general elections, key rebellions, and significant events like the Bandung Conference and the Djuanda Declaration. It also highlights Indonesia's economic struggles, the nationalization of foreign companies, and the educational reforms that shaped the country's future. Through a turbulent period marked by political instability and economic challenges, the video offers valuable insights into Indonesia's journey toward stability and independence.

Takeaways

• 😀 The **Democratic Parliamentary Era** in Indonesia lasted from 1950 to 1959, during which the country used the **Provisional Constitution of 1950**.
• 😀 This period was characterized by a **liberal democracy** system, with the president as a symbolic figure and the government operating under a **parliamentary system**.
• 😀 A total of **seven cabinets** were formed during this era, with political instability due to frequent changes in leadership.
• 😀 The **first general election** in 1955 marked a significant democratic milestone, with elections held in two stages: one for the **DPR** and the other for the **Constituent Assembly**.
• 😀 **Political instability** and frequent cabinet changes led to **several regional uprisings**, such as the **APRA**, **RMS**, **Andi Azis Rebellion**, and the **PRRI and Permesta Movement**.
• 😀 Indonesia's **territorial waters** were expanded through the **Djuanda Declaration (1957)**, setting the boundaries at 12 nautical miles, which increased the country's territory significantly.
• 😀 The government faced severe **economic challenges**, including high inflation and long-term issues such as rising population and low standards of living.
• 😀 Economic policies like the **Syafrudin's currency cut** and the **Benteng Economic Movement** were implemented to reduce inflation and stimulate national economic growth.
• 😀 The **Bandung Conference (1955)**, attended by 29 countries, established the **Non-Aligned Movement**, which was crucial for Indonesia's foreign policy at the time.
• 😀 Indonesia also pursued **nationalization** of foreign-owned companies, aiming to strengthen its economy and reduce dependency on colonial powers.
• 😀 The period also saw significant advancements in education and the arts, with the **establishment of several new universities** and the rise of **art organizations** like the **Academy of Fine Arts Indonesia (ASRI)**.

Q & A

What was the significance of the Provisional Constitution of 1950 in Indonesia?

The Provisional Constitution of 1950 established a parliamentary system in Indonesia, setting up a government structure where the cabinet was formed based on the strength of political parties in the parliament, while the president served as a ceremonial figurehead.

How did the political system during the Parliamentary Democracy era in Indonesia operate?

The political system during this period was based on a parliamentary system, where the cabinet was formed by the leading parties in parliament. The president had a symbolic role, and ministers were chosen for their expertise rather than political affiliation in the 'zaken kabinet' system.

What were the major political parties involved in Indonesia's government during the 1950-1959 period?

The major political parties involved were Masyumi, PNI (Partai Nasional Indonesia), PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia), PSI (Partai Sosialis Indonesia), and several others, including smaller parties like Partai Kristen Indonesia and Partai Katolik Republik Indonesia.

What were the key events during the 1955 general elections in Indonesia?

The 1955 general elections in Indonesia were held in two stages: Stage 1 on September 29, 1955, to elect 250 members of the People's Representative Council (DPR), and Stage 2 on December 15, 1955, to elect members of the Constituent Assembly, tasked with drafting a permanent constitution.

What was the impact of frequent cabinet changes on Indonesia’s political stability during this era?

Frequent cabinet changes led to political instability and contributed to a lack of effective governance. This instability was exacerbated by regional uprisings and dissatisfaction with the government’s handling of economic issues.

Can you explain the key uprisings that occurred during the parliamentary democracy era?

Several uprisings took place, including the APRA (Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil) led by Raymond Westerling, the Republic of South Maluku (RMS) seeking independence, Andi Azis's rebellion in Makassar, and the PRRI and Permesta uprisings in Sumatra and Sulawesi, all driven by dissatisfaction with central government policies and regional autonomy.

What was the significance of the Bandung Conference in 1955?

The Bandung Conference, held from April 18-24, 1955, was a significant event where 29 countries gathered to discuss cooperation and solidarity among newly independent nations. It led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement and the adoption of the Bandung Principles, focusing on peace and mutual respect among nations.

What was the Djuanda Declaration, and why was it important?

The Djuanda Declaration, issued in 1957, expanded Indonesia’s territorial waters from three miles to 12 miles. This declaration was a significant step in asserting Indonesia’s maritime sovereignty and was later formalized at the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

What were the economic challenges faced by Indonesia during the parliamentary democracy period?

Indonesia faced both short-term and long-term economic challenges. Short-term issues included high inflation and cost of living, while long-term challenges involved population growth and low living standards. The government attempted reforms such as the Gunting Syafrudin currency reform and the Benteng Economic Program, but these were not entirely successful.

What was the Benteng Economic Program, and why did it face difficulties?

The Benteng Economic Program aimed to create a national entrepreneurial class by providing financial assistance to Indonesian entrepreneurs. Despite its goals, it faced difficulties due to weak capital and failed to achieve its objectives, placing a larger financial burden on the government.