Kritik Sastra Baru

Summary

This video discusses the evolution of literary criticism, particularly focusing on New Criticism and Formalism. It explains how literary analysis shifted in the early 20th century, moving from Romantic theories that required knowledge of external factors like history and biography to more text-focused approaches. The video highlights how New Criticism emphasizes intrinsic elements of a work, such as sound, rhythm, and language, and explores literary devices like metaphor, metonymy, and irony. The method of structural analysis is described as essential for delving deep into the meaning embedded within literary texts.

Takeaways

• 😀 New Criticism emerged in the 1920s-1930s in the U.S. and Russia, focusing on analyzing literature from an intrinsic perspective.
• 😀 Prior to New Criticism, literary criticism relied heavily on external factors such as history, philosophy, and the author's biography.
• 😀 New Criticism emphasizes analyzing the text itself without considering the author's background or historical context.
• 😀 The approach of New Criticism is called 'clustering,' which involves close reading and detailed analysis of the text's internal structure.
• 😀 The major shift in literary criticism occurred as scholars in the U.S. started analyzing English poetry without relying on extrinsic information.
• 😀 Limited access to resources like books and the lack of mass media (such as the internet) contributed to the rise of New Criticism in America.
• 😀 New Criticism relies on the analysis of intrinsic elements, such as rhyme, rhythm, and language structure, to derive meaning from a text.
• 😀 Analyzing poetry involves focusing on aspects like sound, rhyme, alliteration, and meter, which help reveal the text's deeper meaning.
• 😀 Prose analysis in New Criticism involves studying figures of speech like metaphor, simile, and personification to uncover the text’s underlying structure.
• 😀 Literary devices such as metaphor (e.g., 'backbone of the nation') and metonymy (e.g., referring to a cartoon character as a stand-in for the show) play a key role in analyzing texts under New Criticism.

Q & A

What is the primary focus of 'New Criticism' as discussed in the transcript?

New Criticism primarily focuses on analyzing literary works based on their intrinsic elements, such as structure, language, and form, rather than considering external factors like historical context or the author's biography.

How did literary criticism evolve in Europe before the 19th century?

Before the 19th century, literary criticism in Europe was largely influenced by the Romantic theory, which required a deep understanding of history, philosophy, sociology, and biography to analyze literary works from an extrinsic perspective.

What are some key characteristics of 'New Criticism' that distinguish it from earlier forms of literary analysis?

New Criticism emphasizes an analysis based solely on the text itself, focusing on its intrinsic components like structure and language, rather than using extrinsic factors such as historical or biographical context.

Why was 'New Criticism' developed in America during the 1920s?

New Criticism emerged in America during the 1920s as a reaction to the limitations in accessing European knowledge and historical context. With limited media for disseminating books and information, American critics began analyzing texts independently of extrinsic elements.

What role did historical and ideological contexts play in early literary criticism?

In early literary criticism, especially under the Romantic theory, historical, ideological, sociological, and biographical contexts were essential for understanding a work of literature. Critics analyzed literature through these extrinsic lenses.

How does 'New Criticism' approach the analysis of poetry?

New Criticism analyzes poetry by focusing on its intrinsic elements, such as sound patterns, rhyme schemes, and rhythm, as well as other aspects like alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia, without considering the historical or biographical context of the poet.

What is meant by 'clustering' in the context of New Criticism?

In New Criticism, 'clustering' refers to a method of reading literary works by focusing on the text itself, examining and interpreting the various components in detail to uncover the deeper structure and meaning of the work.

Can you explain the importance of intrinsic elements in New Criticism?

Intrinsic elements such as the structure, language, and form of a literary work are essential in New Criticism because they allow critics to analyze the text independently and deeply, without external influences such as the author's background or societal context.

What is the difference between 'formalism' and 'New Criticism' as mentioned in the transcript?

While both 'formalism' in Russia and 'New Criticism' in America focus on analyzing literary works through their intrinsic elements, formalism specifically emphasizes the form and structure, while New Criticism also involves a more detailed examination of language and meaning within the text.

How are figurative language elements like metaphor and metonymy used in literary analysis?

Figurative language elements such as metaphors and metonymies are used to enhance the meaning and imagery in literature. For example, metaphors compare one thing to another for emphasis, while metonymy replaces something with a related concept, like using 'gold' to refer to an athlete's achievements.