PPT Kriminologi #2 | Aliran Aliran Dalam Kriminologi

Summary

In this video, the speaker introduces and explores various schools of criminology, including the Classical, Neoclassical, Positivist, Critical, and Social Defense theories. These schools examine the causes of crime, focusing on free will, rationality, social constructs, and biological influences. Key figures like Cesare Beccaria are discussed, particularly his emphasis on predictable, proportionate punishment. The speaker also highlights the shift towards a more flexible understanding of crime and punishment, incorporating societal and human elements. The session concludes with an invitation for further discussion on the topic.

Takeaways

• 😀 Classical criminology emerged in the 18th century, influenced by Cesare Beccaria, and emphasizes free will and rational choice in human behavior.
• 😀 The classical school of thought advocates for proportional punishment to deter crime, with equal application of justice to all individuals.
• 😀 Neoclassical criminology builds on classical ideas but introduces exceptions, such as the inability of children under 7 and mentally ill individuals to fully understand or be held accountable for their actions.
• 😀 Neoclassical criminology still maintains the concept of free will but allows for flexibility regarding responsibility based on certain factors.
• 😀 Positivism, which emerged in criminology, emphasizes the idea that crime is caused by multiple factors, including biological and environmental influences.
• 😀 In positivist criminology, human behavior is seen as influenced by biology and culture, rather than solely by rational thought or free will.
• 😀 Positivist criminology is divided into two categories: biological determinism, which attributes behavior to biological factors, and cultural determinism, which links behavior to the surrounding social and cultural environment.
• 😀 Critical criminology argues that crime is a social construct, defined by society’s powerful groups, and that crime and criminals are shaped by social processes.
• 😀 In critical criminology, the process of labeling actions as criminal is seen as subjective and determined by social norms and legal frameworks.
• 😀 Social defense theory, developed in the 20th century, critiques positivism's rigidity and focuses on rehabilitating offenders while balancing societal protection, advocating for a modern political criminal justice system.

Q & A

What is the main focus of criminology according to the transcript?

Criminology is the study of the causes of crime as a social or human phenomenon. It aims to explain, address, and understand criminal behavior and the social responses to crime.

What is the core concept behind the classical school of criminology?

The classical school, influenced by Cesare Beccaria, believes that humans have free will and rationality to choose actions. Crime occurs when individuals choose actions that bring pleasure and avoid pain, and punishment should be proportional to the crime to deter future wrongdoing.

Who is the key figure behind the classical school of criminology?

Cesare Beccaria is the key figure behind the classical school of criminology. His work, especially in penology, proposed that crimes are often the result of poverty or despair and that punishment should be applied equally to all individuals.

What are the key characteristics of classical criminology?

Key characteristics include the belief in free will, human rights (such as the right to life and liberty), and that crime is a violation of social agreements. Punishment should aim to prevent crime and maintain social order.

How does neoclassical criminology differ from classical criminology?

Neoclassical criminology builds on classical ideas but introduces exceptions. It acknowledges that certain individuals, such as minors under the age of 7 or those with mental illnesses, may not be fully responsible for their actions due to their inability to understand right from wrong.

What is the fundamental principle of positivist criminology?

Positivist criminology focuses on the idea that crime is caused by multiple factors, including biological, psychological, and environmental influences. It suggests that human behavior is determined by these factors, rather than free will alone.

What distinguishes determinist biological theories from determinist cultural theories within positivist criminology?

Determinist biological theories argue that criminal behavior is a result of genetic or physiological factors, while determinist cultural theories emphasize the role of societal and cultural factors in shaping criminal behavior.

What is the central concept of critical criminology?

Critical criminology views crime as a social construct, meaning that actions are labeled as crimes based on social definitions. It studies the processes through which certain behaviors and individuals are labeled criminal, and it emphasizes the role of power dynamics in defining crime.

How does social defense theory approach crime and punishment?

Social defense theory focuses on balancing the rights of the community and the offender. It rejects rigid, deterministic models and emphasizes the importance of considering the individual’s humanity and societal context in response to crime.

What role does social defense theory play in the evolution of criminology?

Social defense theory emerged as a response to the perceived limitations of positivism. It emphasizes a more flexible, humanistic approach, advocating for justice systems that do not solely rely on static, scientific models but consider the social and moral dimensions of crime and punishment.