Sejarah Perang 100 tahun, salah satu perang TERPANJANG di dunia! (100 YEARS WAR)

Summary

This video explores the history of the Hundred Years' War between England and France, which spanned over several centuries. It begins with the death of King Edward the Confessor in 1066, leading to William the Conqueror’s rise to power and the subsequent conflicts between England and France. Key moments are highlighted, including the Battle of Hastings, the English claims to French territories, and the involvement of Joan of Arc. The war, filled with shifting alliances, military strategies, and devastating battles, eventually ended in 1453, shaping the future of both nations and marking the transition from medieval to modern warfare.

Takeaways

• 😀 The conflict between England and France began with the death of Edward the Confessor in 1066, leading to a disputed English throne.
• 😀 William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne, asserting that Edward had promised it to him before his death.
• 😀 Harold Godwinson, a trusted advisor to Edward, was crowned king, but William contested this claim, leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066, which marked the beginning of Norman rule in England.
• 😀 Over the centuries, England expanded its territory in France, including Normandy and Aquitaine, causing ongoing tensions with France.
• 😀 The Hundred Years' War officially began in 1337 after the death of Charles IV of France, with English King Edward III claiming the French throne.
• 😀 Early battles of the war showcased England's military prowess, particularly through the use of longbow archers, who played a decisive role in battles like Crécy (1346) and Agincourt (1415).
• 😀 The Black Death (1347-1351) temporarily halted military operations but did not stop the ongoing war, as England secured strategic territories like Calais in 1347.
• 😀 The Treaty of Bretigny in 1360 temporarily ended hostilities but did not resolve the underlying issues, leading to renewed conflict during the Caroline War (1369-1389).
• 😀 Joan of Arc emerged as a national heroine for France, inspired by divine messages to lead French forces, particularly in the Siege of Orléans (1429), although she was captured and executed by the English.
• 😀 The war's final phases saw England losing its French territories, with the Battle of Castillon (1453) marking a major defeat, effectively ending English ambitions in continental Europe.

Q & A

What is the primary reason behind the long duration of the Hundred Years' War?

The prolonged conflict was primarily driven by territorial disputes, particularly over the control of regions such as Aquitaine and Normandy, as well as competing claims to the French throne following the death of Charles IV of France.

How did the death of Edward the Confessor lead to the conflict between England and Normandy?

Edward the Confessor's death without a direct heir led to a dispute over the English throne. William the Conqueror claimed the throne, backed by a supposed promise from Edward, while Harold Godwinson was chosen as king, which caused tensions between the two and eventually escalated into the Norman Conquest.

Why did the French nobles reject Edward III’s claim to the French throne?

Edward III's claim was rejected due to the Salic Law, which prohibited inheritance through the female line. The French nobles instead crowned Philip VI, who was a male descendant of the French royal family.

What was the significance of the Battle of Crecy in 1346?

The Battle of Crecy in 1346 demonstrated the effectiveness of the English longbowmen against the heavily armored French knights, marking a decisive victory for England and shifting military strategies in the Hundred Years' War.

How did the Black Death affect the course of the Hundred Years' War?

The Black Death, which swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351, temporarily halted large-scale military operations due to the widespread devastation it caused, affecting both English and French forces.

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360?

The Treaty of Bretigny, signed in 1360, brought a temporary end to hostilities, with England securing key territories in France, including Aquitaine, in exchange for Edward III renouncing his claim to the French throne.

What role did Joan of Arc play in the Hundred Years' War?

Joan of Arc emerged as a pivotal figure in the war by leading the French forces to victory in the Siege of Orleans in 1429, claiming divine guidance. Her success boosted French morale, but she was later captured and executed by the English.

Why was the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 significant for England?

The Battle of Agincourt in 1415 was significant for England because, despite being outnumbered, the English forces, utilizing their longbowmen, decisively defeated the French army. It strengthened England's position in the war and led to the Treaty of Troyes.

What was the Treaty of Troyes, and why did it fail?

The Treaty of Troyes, signed in 1420, declared that Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the French throne. However, Henry V died before Charles VI of France, and his infant son, Henry VI, could not assert control over France, leading to instability and the eventual failure of the treaty.

What event in 1453 marked the end of the Hundred Years' War?

The Battle of Castillon in 1453 marked the end of the Hundred Years' War. This defeat for England, coupled with the loss of Bordeaux and other key territories, led to the collapse of England’s ambitions in France, marking a clear victory for France.