INDONESIA MASA DEMOKRASI LIBERAL-TERPIMPIN-ORDE BARU DAN REFORMASI

Summary

This video provides an insightful overview of Indonesia's political history, highlighting key periods such as Liberal Democracy (1950-1959), Guided Democracy (1959-1966), the New Order (1966-1998), and the Reformasi period (1998-present). It covers the transitions in governance, including the shift from a multi-party system to a more controlled political environment, followed by the rise of democracy and decentralization. The video also touches on the social, cultural, and economic changes during these eras, emphasizing significant reforms in education, political structure, and the preservation of Indonesia's cultural heritage.

Takeaways

• 😀 Indonesia adopted liberal democracy from 1950-1959, with a multi-party system and the first election held in 1955.
• 😀 The 'Benteng' program promoted indigenous entrepreneurship during the Democracy Liberal era, along with economic reforms to replace colonial structures.
• 😀 Sukarno's shift to Guided Democracy in 1959, following political instability, led to the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and a return to the 1945 Constitution.
• 😀 The political system under Guided Democracy saw the MPRS and DPR being appointed by the President, violating democratic principles and centralizing power.
• 😀 Indonesia's foreign policy during the Guided Democracy era leaned towards the Eastern Bloc, and communist influences grew, leading to the G30S/PKI incident in 1965.
• 😀 The New Order (1966-1998) saw the PKI's dissolution and a political shift towards a more authoritarian regime, with Golkar dominating the elections.
• 😀 The New Order era included the controversial dual function (dwifungsi) of the military, where the army held significant political roles in governance.
• 😀 In the Reform Era (1998-present), Indonesia transitioned towards democracy after Suharto's resignation, with key reforms such as direct presidential elections starting in 2004.
• 😀 The Reform Era brought political reforms, including decentralization and empowering political parties, ensuring more democratic processes.
• 😀 Social reforms in the Reform Era included a focus on education, with at least 20% of the national budget allocated to it and decentralization of educational policies.

Q & A

What is the time period for Indonesia's implementation of the liberal democracy system?

Indonesia adopted the liberal democracy system from 1950 to 1959.

What was the purpose of the first general election in Indonesia, held in 1955?

The first general election in 1955 aimed to elect members of the Constituent Assembly and the People's Representative Council (DPR).

What was the main reason for the transition from liberal democracy to guided democracy in Indonesia?

The transition from liberal democracy to guided democracy was due to political chaos, where the political parties could not effectively carry out their duties, leading President Sukarno to take the initiative.

What were the key actions taken by President Sukarno during the shift to guided democracy?

President Sukarno issued the Presidential Decree on July 5, 1959, which dissolved the Constituent Assembly, reinstated the 1945 Constitution, and established the MPRS and DPAS, among other measures.

What economic policies were implemented during the guided democracy period?

The economic policies during the guided democracy period included the Benteng Program to support indigenous entrepreneurs, the transformation of colonial economic policies into national ones, and a focus on nationalism in the banking sector.

How did the Orde Baru (New Order) period affect Indonesia's political landscape?

During the Orde Baru period, the political system was simplified, with only three main political parties: P3, PDIP, and Golkar. Golkar dominated the elections, and the military (ABRI) played a significant role in both political and governmental affairs.

What were the significant events that marked the transition to the Reformasi era in Indonesia?

The Reformasi era began with the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, driven by widespread dissatisfaction with corruption, collusion, and nepotism, as well as a worsening economy and ineffective legal enforcement.

How did the Reformasi era change Indonesia's political system?

The Reformasi era brought reforms such as direct presidential elections, the empowerment of political parties, the decentralization of power, and the establishment of a more neutral civil bureaucracy.

What were some of the key educational and cultural reforms during the Reformasi period?

In the Reformasi period, laws were enacted to allocate at least 20% of the national budget to education, and several new laws were introduced to promote decentralization and improvements in the education system. Culturally, efforts were made to preserve Indonesian heritage, with many cultural sites being recognized by UNESCO.

What were the major changes in Indonesia's foreign policy during the guided democracy period?

During the guided democracy period, Indonesia's foreign policy leaned towards the Eastern Bloc, particularly with China, creating opportunities for communist influence, which led to the rise of the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) and its subsequent rebellion.