Audience, Purpose & Genre

Summary

视频脚本讨论了作为读者和作者时，了解受众、目的和体裁的重要性。受众是预期阅读你作品的特定人群，如在Facebook上写作时，你为朋友和家人而写。写作时存在一种对话，作者提出问题或观点，与读者共同寻求意义。不同受众类型包括天真的受众（需要详细解释）、困惑的受众（需要分析和解决方案）和抵抗或敌对的受众（需要强有力的论证和说服）。写作目的可能是为了通知、解释、分析、说服、反思或娱乐。体裁是具有清晰结构、设计方法和修辞的写作类型，每种体裁都有特定的读者期望和指南。从非常开放的形式到非常封闭的形式，体裁的范围很广，如简历和博客。了解这些有助于在不同话语中顺利转换，无论是在专业领域还是在学术课程中，都能使读者理解作者的意图，并使作者成为更有思想的写作者。

Takeaways

• 📚 观众（audience）是指我们预期阅读我们写作的特定人群，写作时心中有一个特定的读者群体。
• 🗣️ 写作是一种对话，作者通过提出问题、呈现观点来与读者进行交流，共同探讨主题。
• 🧐 读者的类型会影响语言的选择，如天真的读者（naive audience）需要更多的解释和定义关键术语。
• 🤔 困惑的读者带有怀疑倾向，作者需要呈现分析、解决方案，并回应读者的质疑。
• 🚫 抵抗性或敌对的读者对作者的观点持反对态度，作者需要更具说服力和辩论性。
• 🎯 写作目的影响语言选择和内容表达，目的可以是通知、解释、分析、说服、反思或娱乐。
• 📝 写作前要考虑读者的初始想法和写作后希望读者了解或思考的内容。
• 📘 文体（genre）是具有清晰结构、设计方法和修辞的写作类型，每种文体都有特定的读者期望。
• 🧩 根据文体的不同，写作的开放性从非常开放到非常封闭不等，这决定了写作的预期和限制。
• 💼 例如，简历是一种非常封闭的文体，有明确的格式和内容要求；而博客则更加开放和自由。
• 📈 了解不同文体的预期可以帮助作者更有效地传达信息，读者也能更快地提取信息。
• 🔄 能够从一种文体转换到另一种文体对于学术交流和写作非常重要，这有助于读者理解作者的意图。

Q & A

什么是受众，为什么它对写作和阅读很重要？

受众是指我们希望阅读我们写作的特定人群。它对写作和阅读很重要，因为写作时我们心中有一个特定的受众群体，这决定了我们的写作风格和内容。阅读时，了解作者预期的受众有助于我们更好地理解文本。

在写作中，作者和读者之间存在怎样的关系？

作者和读者之间存在一种对话关系。作者通过提出问题、呈现观点和提供论据来引导读者，这是一种双方共同寻求意义的合作过程。

什么是肯尼斯·伯克的客厅隐喻？

肯尼斯·伯克的客厅隐喻是一种比喻，用来描述作者和读者之间的对话关系，就像在客厅中进行的一场面对面的交谈。

如何定义“天真受众”？

“天真受众”是指对话题不熟悉的读者群体。作为作者，你需要像专家一样向他们解释主题，定义关键术语，并提供大量的解释。

在写作中，为什么受众的类型会影响语言选择？

受众的类型会影响语言选择，因为不同的受众对信息的熟悉程度和接受程度不同。作者需要根据受众的特点调整语言风格、术语使用和论证方式，以确保信息传达的有效性。

写作的目的有哪些？

写作的目的包括通知、解释、分析、说服、反思和娱乐。作者在写作前应明确目的，这将影响他们如何构建论点和选择语言。

什么是体裁，它对写作有何影响？

体裁是一种具有清晰结构、设计方法和修辞的写作类型。每种体裁都有特定的读者期望和规则，作者需要遵循这些规则以有效地传达信息。

为什么理解写作中的受众、目的和体裁对读者和作者都很重要？

对读者而言，理解这些元素有助于更快地获取信息并深入理解文本。对作者而言，这些元素有助于他们更清晰地传达思想，并使读者能够更好地理解他们的意图。

在学术写作中，摘要属于哪种体裁形式？

在学术写作中，摘要属于介于非常开放形式和非常封闭形式之间的体裁。它有一定的结构要求，但比简历或五段式文章等封闭形式的体裁要灵活。

五段式文章有哪些特点？

五段式文章具有清晰的引言、三个主体段落和结论，通常在引言中提出论点，每个主体段落围绕一个主题句展开，并有清晰的过渡句。它是教授写作技能的一种方式，但不应视为学术写作的唯一模式。

为什么作者在写作时需要考虑读者可能的反对意见？

考虑读者可能的反对意见有助于作者构建更全面的论证，通过反驳这些观点来加强自己的论点，使文章更具说服力。

对于一个有敌意或抵触情绪的受众，作者应该如何写作？

对于有敌意或抵触情绪的受众，作者需要采取更有说服力和论证性的语言风格，清晰地表达观点，并可能需要使用更多的证据和例证来克服读者的抵触情绪。

Outlines

00:00

📚 理解受众、目的和体裁的重要性

第一段视频脚本讨论了受众、目的和体裁对读者和写作者的重要性。受众是指写作者心中预设的特定人群，比如在Facebook上写作时，你是为了你的朋友和家人而写。写作是一种读者和写作者之间的对话，可能包含一个论点或对某个问题的讨论。Kenneth Burke的客厅隐喻用来说明阅读和写作是如何成为一种对话的。视频中提到了不同类型的受众，包括不熟悉主题的天真受众、持怀疑态度的困惑受众以及持反对意见的抵抗或敌对受众。这些受众类型会影响写作者的语言选择。此外，视频还强调了写作目的的重要性，无论是为了通知、解释、分析、说服还是娱乐。最后，讨论了体裁的概念，即具有明确结构、设计和修辞的写作类型，每种体裁都有读者预期的特定指南。

05:01

📝 体裁的类别、限制和期望

第二段视频脚本继续探讨了体裁的概念，并介绍了从非常开放的形式到非常封闭的形式的五个类别。例如，简历是一个非常封闭的形式，对雇主阅读时包含的内容、格式、长度等有明确的限制和期望。而博客则位于非常开放的形式一端，允许更多的自由度来表达个人想法。视频还提到了介于两者之间的体裁，如摘要、给编辑的信件、杂志文章、报纸文章等。在开放形式的写作中，作者试图加深或探索问题，建立非常个人化和反思性的联系。而在封闭形式的写作中，如五段式文章，读者期望看到一个清晰的论点、易于跟随的结构、明确的段落主题句和清晰的过渡句。视频强调了从一种话语流畅过渡到另一种话语的重要性，并鼓励读者理解写作中的受众、目的和体裁，以便更深入地分析文本。

Keywords

💡受众

受众指的是作者预期阅读其作品的人群。在视频中，受众被强调为写作时必须考虑的重要因素，因为不同的受众决定了作者的语言选择和表达方式。例如，当在Facebook上写作时，预期受众是作者的朋友和家人，这影响了写作的风格和内容。

💡目的

写作目的是指作者通过文字想要达到的效果，如通知、解释、分析、说服、反思或娱乐。视频中提到，写作总是有目的的，作者在写作前应考虑读者阅读前和阅读后的想法变化。

💡体裁

体裁是指具有明确结构、设计、方法和修辞的写作类型。视频中指出，每种对话或体裁都有特定的规则和预期，作者需要了解这些以成功地传达思想。例如，杂志文章和报纸文章都有不同的预期和结构。

💡肯尼斯·伯克的客厅隐喻

肯尼斯·伯克的客厅隐喻是视频中提到的一个重要概念，它将阅读和写作比作一种对话，强调作者和读者之间的互动。这个隐喻说明了写作是一个共同寻求意义的合作过程。

💡天真受众

天真受众是指对话题不熟悉的读者。作者的任务是作为专家向他们解释主题，定义关键术语，并提供大量的解释。视频中提到，针对这类受众的写作通常使用形容词从句，因为需要定义和解释许多术语和概念。

💡困惑受众

困惑受众是指那些可能对话题持怀疑态度且地位与作者平等的读者。作者需要呈现分析或问题的解决方案，并回应读者的怀疑。视频中提到，这种类型的受众需要作者通过反论点来解决读者的疑问。

💡抵抗性受众

抵抗性受众是指明显反对作者观点的读者。在这种情况下，作者需要非常有说服力和论证性。视频中强调，了解受众的类型对于影响语言选择和写作风格至关重要。

💡语言选择

语言选择涉及作者根据受众的类型选择使用的语言和表达方式。视频中讨论了不同的受众如何影响作者的语言选择，这对于有效沟通和传达信息至关重要。

💡五段式文章

五段式文章是一种具有清晰引言、主体和结论的结构化写作形式。视频中提到，尽管五段式文章常用于教学，但在该课程中不鼓励使用，因为它只是一个教学工具，真正的写作应超越这种结构。

💡开放形式与封闭形式

开放形式和封闭形式是指写作体裁的灵活性和约束性。视频中通过简历和博客这两个极端的例子来说明，简历是一个封闭形式的例子，有明确的预期和限制；而博客则是一个开放形式的例子，给予作者更多的自由度来表达自己的想法。

💡体裁的期望和限制

体裁的期望和限制是指每种写作类型都有其特定的规则和读者的预期。视频中强调，了解这些期望和限制对于作者加入特定领域的对话并被理解至关重要。

Highlights

观众、目的和体裁对于读者和作者都非常重要

观众是指我们希望阅读我们写作的特定人群

写作是一种作者和读者之间的对话

在某些写作中存在论点，意味着作者在提出问题或观点

肯尼斯·伯克的客厅隐喻解释了阅读和写作是如何成为一种对话

存在不同类型的观众，如天真的观众、困惑的观众和抵抗或敌对的观众

观众的类型会影响你的语言选择

写作总是有一个目的，比如通知、解释、分析、说服、反思或娱乐

体裁是具有清晰结构、设计、方法和修辞的写作类型

每个专业领域都有其特定的体裁和规则

互联网迷因也是一种新的数字体裁，有其特定的规则

体裁的可能性、限制和期望是作者需要学习和理解的

简历是一种非常封闭的体裁，有明确的限制和期望

博客则是一种非常开放的体裁，约束较少

五段式文章是一个教学工具，用来教授写作技能

这些技能将转移到你的学术写作中，超越这个课堂

理解写作的观众、目的和体裁对于作者和读者都很重要

能够从一种话语顺利转移到另一种话语对于作者来说很重要

作为读者，理解写作在观众、目的和体裁方面的运作也很重要

Transcripts

hello today we're going to discuss

audience purpose and genre is important

to you as a reader and a writer first

what is audience audience means the

group of people whom we want to read our

writing not just

anybody we write for a specific group of

people in mind

for example when you write on facebook

you're writing for your friends and

family and that applies to any kind of

writing there's an intended audience in

mind whenever we write something

and it's a conversation between the

reader and the writer and

there's this thesis

in some kinds of writing that implies a

counter argument meaning

i'm arguing some sort of question i'm

presenting an idea and i'm you know

giving an opinion about something which

means that there is some overarching

question being asked by the writer to

the reader so that's where this

conversation idea comes into play

and it's a joint venture to seek meaning

meaning that the writer is taking the

reader on this adventure

to kind of make sense of their topic

through examples and outside sources and

putting together of information to come

to some sort of agreement about the

topic

and all of this is based on kenneth

burke's parlor metaphor i want you to

pause the video here and go to to see

these two youtube videos that explain

what this means and how reading and

writing is a conversation let's talk

about the different kinds of audiences

that we have

the first one is what we call a naive

audience meaning that they are

unfamiliar with your topic and it is

your job to explain to them as the

expert what it what your topic is to

define key terms for them and this

requires a lot of explanation

and you'll learn a little later on that

there are certain kinds of grammatical

themes attached to this idea

of

having a naive audience

usually adjective clauses are most

prevalent in this kind of audience

because you're explaining and defining

so many terms and ideas um there's a

puzzled audience with skeptical

tendencies where you're on an equal

status meaning you're you're not the

expert here but it is your job to

present an analysis a solution to a

problem

looking at both sides of an argument and

you know coming to

a you know some sort of end point where

you answer a lot of the reader's

skepticism through the counter arguments

the counter views that there are about

your topic and the last one is a

resistant or hostile audience where you

are writing for someone who

clearly opposes your idea and you have

to be very argumentative and very

persuasive

now why do these matter

audience matters because the type of

audience you have will influence your

language choices

and we'll explore that a little bit

later on in the semester

but keep in mind that these choices are

connected to what you learn in your

language analysis class and it also

determines what you say and how you say

it so very important to keep your

intended audience in mind every time

that you write all right the next thing

we're going to talk about is purpose and

why when we write we write with a

purpose

you know even in this class okay you're

writing because i'm asking you to but

there's a there's a bigger purpose for

everything that you write whether it's

to inform to explain

to analyze an idea to persuade somebody

to reflect on something to entertain me

with like a

newspaper magazine article

and something to think in mind as as

you're reading is what does the author

hope to change about the reader's

thinking

why did they write this

and you should ask yourself these

questions too as a writer you know

before my paper what do my readers think

and then after my paper what do i want

them to think or know all right let's

talk about genre because all of this is

connected to genre genre is a type of

writing with clear structure design

approach and rhetoric and every

conversation you enter into has has

specific guidelines based on the genre

that readers expect

you know if i'm reading a magazine

article i have certain expectations

just like if i'm going to read a

newspaper article there are certain

expectations

and this applies to your majors as well

every major has their own genre and

these are the guidelines that must be

followed if you wish to enter that

conversation if you wish to enter the

parlor

and be able to share ideas with others

in your field you need to know what

those expectations are and the same

applies to um internet memes

you know what if i told you memes are a

new digital genre

there are specific guidelines for those

too they follow a certain

style that make them a meme so you need

to learn genre possibilities limits

constraints and expectations and here

are

five categories

ranging from very open form to very

closed form and what that means is that

if we take an example of say the resume

which is a very closed form

there are very clear limits and

expectations when employers read your

resume as to what you should include on

it how it should be formatted

um

how long it should be and then on the

other side of the spectrum on the very

open form

taking like for example a blog

there's not as many constraints it's

more open to say what you want to say

how you want to say it

so

broad spectrum of the scale and and then

you have a couple things in between like

abstracts which we'll look at in

academic writing and um

you know letters to the editor magazines

articles

newspaper articles things like that and

all this means is that when you're in a

very open

very open side of things it's

unpredictable

you're trying to heighten or deepen a

problem

very human connection

that's very personal it's very

inquisitive and reflective and on the

opposite side is what we have what we

call closed form

which

has again those very rigid expectations

that i'm going to see a clear thesis

within your introduction

an easy to follow structure

i'm going to see paragraphs with clear

topic sentences i'm going to see clear

transitions linked sentences it's easy

for my reader to read

and the best example of this is the five

paragraph essay

which is really just a guideline that

you will not write in this class

there will be no five paragraph essay a

lot of the

expectations of the essay will be there

but

the five paragraph essay is used just to

teach you these skills but these skills

are what you're going to transfer to

your academic writing in this class and

beyond this class as well so

why do we care well it's important that

you're able to move from discourse to

discourse smoothly meaning from

conversation to conversation whether

it's a conversation

um

in your major or in another kind of

academic class

and in this class that you're able to

join the conversation so your reader can

understand you what you're trying to

convey and then you can transfer all

these skills to your academic classes

but as a reader it's important that you

understand what a writing is doing in

terms of audience purpose and genre who

is the author writing for why are they

writing and what are those constraints

that once you can start to understand

the

limits and expectations of a kind of

writing you can look for those

devices

as a way of pulling information more

quickly and you're going to be a more

thoughtful writer if you think about

who are you writing for why are you

writing and what are the conventions

that you have to follow in order to be

understood thank you for watching

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