How America's State Police Got Military Weapons

Business Insider
16 Aug 202011:37

Summary

TLDR乔治·弗洛伊德死亡后,美国至少140个城市爆发抗议,警察通过1033计划获得军事装备。视频回顾了自1968年《安全街道法》以来,美国警察军事化的历史,包括SWAT队伍的兴起、里根时代禁毒法案的影响、老布什时期国防授权法案的通过,以及克林顿时期1033计划的扩展。尽管存在争议和奥巴马时期的限制尝试,特朗普后来撤销了这些限制。视频还提到了警察部门改革的案例,如辛辛那提警察部门的改革,以及建立社区信任可能比使用军事武器更有效的论点。

Takeaways

  • 📈 乔治·弗洛伊德死亡后,全美至少140个城市发生了抗议活动,导致警察部门的军事化问题受到关注。
  • 🚨 通过1033计划,美国警察部门获得了免费的军事装备,该计划允许警察部门获取剩余的战争装备。
  • 🇺🇸 1968年安全街道法案的通过,导致了执法援助管理局(LEAA)的成立,为SWAT队伍提供了资金支持。
  • 🔫 20世纪60年代末,SWAT队伍开始使用军事化手段,首次大规模使用是在对抗加州黑豹党时。
  • 💰 LEAA的预算高达75亿美元,其中大部分用于美国地方执法机构的军事化。
  • 🚨 1982年LEAA因未能降低犯罪率而受到批评并被废除,但SWAT队伍的军事化已成常态。
  • 📉 1980年代,SWAT事件的数量从每年约3,000起增加到45,000起,其中75.9%与毒品有关。
  • 🤝 1989年,老布什总统签署的国家国防授权法案,允许冷战期间的剩余国防部装备转移到美国执法部门。
  • 🚔 克林顿政府继续使用军事剩余物资,通过执法支持办公室(LESSO)实施了1033计划。
  • 🚨 9/11事件后,小布什总统签署的爱国者法案,进一步扩大了执法部门的搜查和扣押权力。
  • 🚨 2014年,由于迈克尔·布朗被谋杀引发的民愤,奥巴马总统发布了行政命令1368,限制了1033计划的某些装备转移。
  • 🔄 2017年,特朗普总统撤销了奥巴马的行政命令,认为这些限制过于表面,不利于公共安全。
  • ⚖️ 通过建立社区信任,而不是使用军事武器对抗公民,可能是一个更有效的解决方案。

Q & A

  • 乔治·弗洛伊德死后,美国至少有多少个城市发生了抗议活动?

    -乔治·弗洛伊德死后,美国至少有140个城市发生了抗议活动。

  • 美国警察如何通过一个军事项目获得武器、车辆和装备?

    -美国警察通过一个名为1033计划的军事项目获得武器、车辆和装备,这个项目允许警察免费获取剩余的战争装备,只需支付运费和手续费。

  • SWAT(特种武器和战术部队)的成立和资金来源是什么?

    -SWAT的成立和资金来源于1968年通过的《安全街道法案》,该法案创建了执法援助管理局(LEAA),确保了联邦资金的分配,用于打击有组织犯罪。

  • SWAT在1980年代初期和中期每年的平均事件数量有何变化?

    -在1980年代初期,SWAT每年的平均事件数量约为3,000起,而到了1990年代中期,这个数字增长到了大约45,000起。

  • 1033计划允许哪些类型的军事装备被转移给美国执法机构?

    -1033计划允许包括靴子、无线电、盾牌、M16突击步枪、坦克和消音器等在内的军事装备被转移给美国执法机构。

  • 《爱国者法案》对执法机构的影响是什么?

    -《爱国者法案》创造了一个灰色地带,允许执法机构在打击恐怖主义的名义下进行更多的搜索和扣押,包括延迟执行的搜查令、窃听、电子邮件和网络搜索监控。

  • 2014年,多少个州和地方警察部门被暂停了1033计划?

    -2014年,有184个州和地方警察部门被暂停了1033计划。

  • 奥巴马总统在2015年发布的行政命令1368号对1033计划有何影响?

    -奥巴马总统发布的行政命令1368号禁止了通过1033计划向执法机构转移一系列装备,包括装甲车辆、武器化的飞机、50口径或更高的枪械和弹药、榴弹发射器、刺刀和迷彩服。

  • 为什么在2017年,特朗普总统撤销了奥巴马总统的行政命令1368号?

    -特朗普总统认为行政命令1368号中的限制过于表面化,对公共安全的关注过于肤浅,因此撤销了该命令。

  • 美国每年有多少起警察相关的死亡事件?

    -美国每年有超过900起警察相关的死亡事件。

  • 挪威自2002年以来有多少起警察相关的死亡事件,他们是如何实现这一低数字的?

    -挪威自2002年以来只有4起警察相关的死亡事件,他们通过面对面的社区建设方法和建立公民与警察部门之间的信任来实现这一低数字。

  • 2001年,辛辛那提警察局如何改革以减少使用武力?

    -辛辛那提警察局与司法部合作进行了改革,标准化了程序,使公民与警官的互动更加透明,并创建了一个专注于心理健康的培训项目,这导致了从2001年到2007年使用武力的情况减少了50%。

Outlines

00:00

😔 乔治·弗洛伊德之死引发的抗议与警察军事化

乔治·弗洛伊德在明尼阿波利斯的死亡引发了全国至少140个城市的抗议活动。在这些抗议中,印第安纳州的一名抗议者失去了一只眼睛,因为催泪瓦斯罐击中了他的脸部。北卡罗来纳州的抗议者被困在催泪瓦斯的云雾中,肯塔基州的一名警官用胡椒子弹攻击了一名新闻记者和摄像团队。底特律的警察在装甲车的支援下在街上行进。到目前为止,美国已经在警察军事化上花费了超过150亿美元。所有这些武器、车辆和设备都是通过一个名为1033的军事项目获得的,这个项目类似于警察的eBay,提供剩余的战争装备,而且是免费的,只需支付运费和手续费。2017年之前,警察不能加入这个项目,除非他们在收到装备的一年内使用它。文章探讨了当地警察如何获得所有这些军事武器,以及他们为什么需要这些武器。为了回答这个问题,我们将检视从德克萨斯州达拉斯开始的四个历史时刻。

05:00

🏛 法律与政策对警察军事化的影响

在约翰·F·肯尼迪总统遇刺后,林登·B·约翰逊总统在国会通过了1968年的安全街道法案。通过该法案,为了打击有组织犯罪和枪支暴力,成立了执法援助管理局(LEAA),它确保了联邦资金的分配,以打击有组织犯罪。这资助了我们所知的SWAT,确保SWAT获得了探照灯、紧急无线电、喇叭、警棍、身体护甲、面部盾牌和特殊武器,如M79榴弹发射器。在1968年之前,SWAT队伍很少使用,只在高风险情况,如银行抢劫或人质情况中使用。SWAT作为军事化前线的首次测试是在洛杉矶警察局使用加利福尼亚国民警卫队借来的坦克对抗南加州黑豹党时。黑豹党与警察之间的间歇性战争在洛杉矶爆发,他们用自动武器和手榴弹与警察作战。美国国务院授权洛杉矶警察局使用催泪瓦斯和狙击步枪,并受到全国关注。SWAT在全美普及,并在其他地方执法部门中创造了对军事装备的需求。LEAA的预算总计为75亿美元,其中很大一部分用于美国地方执法机构的军事化。在近十年的高预算和支出后,LEAA开始受到批评,因为它没有显示出在降低犯罪率方面的成功。1982年4月15日,当国会未能资助时,LEAA被废除,但到那时,SWAT队伍和他们的军事化方法已经成为常态。1986年,罗纳德·里根的反毒品滥用法扩大了无敲门或快速敲门令状的使用,并允许空军、海军和海军陆战队协助与毒品相关的搜索和扣押。它允许SWAT成员到达涉嫌犯罪活动地点,并在不敲门或宣布自己的情况下进入,用枪指向里面的任何人。他们经常使用像闪光弹这样的干扰战术,使他们的受害者聋和瞎。在某些情况下,个人认为他们正在经历家庭入侵,就像前美国海军陆战队员何塞·韦雷纳一样,他被怀疑出售大麻,他因为认为家被入侵而拔枪,警察在七秒内对他开了60枪,没有发现毒品。1980年代初,平均每年大约有3000起记录的SWAT事件,到1990年代中期,这个数字增长到大约45,000起SWAT事件,其中75.9%是毒品突袭。在这些突袭中,SWAT官员开了342次火,打伤了61人,杀害了139名公民。1989年,乔治·H·W·布什签署了国防授权法案,该法案允许冷战期间的剩余国防部装备转移到美国执法部门。第1207和1208节允许以下事项:服务的采购和设备的租赁以及个人财产的转移,包括小型武器和弹药。在这两个部分的基础上,八年后,1033计划诞生了,在比尔·克林顿政府下,使用军事剩余物资的贸易继续进行,引入了执法支持办公室(LESO),该办公室实施了美国法典第10篇第2576A节,也称为1033计划。与国防授权法案第1208节非常相似,1033计划扩大到其他领域,包括反恐。这条线表明,剩余的军事装备可以用于禁毒和反恐工作。这条线表明,剩余的军事装备是免费的,除了运费和手续费。自该计划开始以来,已经转移了超过7.4亿美元的财产,超过8000个执法机构已经注册。运送的物品包括靴子、无线电、盾牌、M16突击步枪、坦克和每个合格官员的消音器。每个部门可以为每三名官员获得一支M1911手枪、M16步枪或M14步枪,一个部门可以获得一辆悍马车,每个执法机构都有能力申请获得一辆防地雷伏击车(MRAP)。三天后的9/11事件,乔治·W·布什签署了爱国者法案,它创建了一个灰色地带,执法机构能够在打击恐怖主义的名义下进行更多的搜索和扣押,获得延迟令状、窃听、电子邮件和网络搜索监视,但实际上赋予警察的自由往往用于与毒品有关的案件。2010年,只有1%的潜行和窥视搜索与恐怖主义有关,76%与毒品有关。美国的国际行动也影响了国内的执法,由于在伊拉克和阿富汗的美国行动的增加然后减少,多年来,有更多的军事剩余装备可供执法部门使用,创造了1033计划分发的战术物品的激增。国防部不为接收军事武器的执法机构提供培训,而是留给接收者每年自行证明他们的培训。因为没有联邦授权要求警察机构报告SWAT行动,所以没有办法真正告诉或量化SWOT相关事件的影响。为了访问该计划的生产力和安全协议,政府问责办公室创建了一个假的联邦机构,该办公室获得了价值超过120万美元的100多项物品,该办公室建议实施一个防止欺诈的流程,以及一个可以跟踪设备和它被发送到的机构的网站。在调查之前,几乎没有记录和跟踪武器的记录,在转移后,有几个机构没有报告丢失的武器或处理多余的设备,圣马特奥和纳帕县并不是全国唯一丢失设备的部门,实际上有大约200个部门有军事人员或军事装备失踪。184个州和地方警察部门被暂停了1033计划。2014年,由于迈克尔·布朗的谋杀,民权骚乱席卷了密苏里州弗格森的街道,美国家庭观看电视时,对看起来像军队降临这样一个小镇感到震惊。2015年1月16日,巴拉克·奥巴马总统发布了第1368号行政命令。我们知道,军事化的装备有时会给人一种感觉,就像有一个占领军而不是一个保护他们、服务他们的社区力量。该命令禁止通过1033计划将一列表备转移到执法部门,追踪装甲车、武器化的飞机、50口径或更高的火器、50口径或更高的弹药、榴弹发射器、刺刀、迷彩服。行政命令没有持续很长时间,就在2017年被唐纳德·特朗普总统撤销了,这些限制被反对,走得太远了。我们不会把表面的公共安全问题放在今天,2020年,在乔治·弗洛伊德被杀的余波中,抗议者面临着武装有1033计划战争剩余物资的军事化警察,无敲门令状仍然导致无辜公民的死亡,像26岁的紧急医疗技术员布里安娜·泰勒一样。催泪瓦斯仍然合法用于国内对抗议者使用,但自1993年以来已被禁止用于战争。

10:02

🚨 警察使用武力的统计与社区信任建设

美国的执法部门每年杀死超过900人,与挪威相比,自2002年以来,挪威只有四起与警察相关的杀戮事件。挪威将这些数字归功于其面对面的社区建设方法,并相信它已经创造了公民和警察部门之间更多的信任。我们也看到了类似的变革在美国。2001年,一名辛辛那提警察在蒂莫西·托马斯抵抗轻微罪行的逮捕后开枪打死了他。在骚乱和抗议之后,为了防止更多的动乱,该市开始与司法部合作改革其警察部门。他们标准化了程序,使文职官员的互动更加透明。他们还创建了一个专注于心理健康的培训计划。这些改革遭到了市政府官员和敌对警察工会的反对,但结果是从2001年到2007年武力使用减少了50%。数据显示,建立社区内的信任可能是拯救生命比使用军事武器对抗他们更好的解决方案。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡乔治·弗洛伊德(George Floyd)

乔治·弗洛伊德是一名非洲裔美国人,他在2020年5月25日于明尼阿波利斯被警察暴力执法致死,此事件引发了全国范围的抗议活动。视频中提到,他的死成为了美国警察军事化和抗议活动的催化剂。

💡警察军事化(Militarization of Police)

警察军事化是指警察部门采用军事战术、装备和训练的趋势。视频中讨论了美国警察通过1033计划获取军事装备,以及这种军事化如何影响社区和警察之间的关系。

💡1033计划(1033 Program)

1033计划是美国国防部的一个项目,允许将剩余的军事装备转交给地方执法机构。视频中提到,这个计划使得警察部门能够免费获取军事装备,只需支付运输和处理费用。

💡SWAT(特殊武器和战术)

SWAT是特殊武器和战术的缩写,指的是高度训练的警察单位,通常用于处理高风险情况。视频中提到,SWAT队伍的成立和使用是警察军事化的一部分。

💡安全街道法案(Safe Streets Act)

安全街道法案是1968年通过的一项法律,旨在打击有组织犯罪和枪支暴力。视频中提到,该法案的通过促成了执法援助管理局(LEAA)的成立,这是警察军事化的早期表现之一。

💡禁毒滥用法案(Anti-Drug Abuse Act)

1986年的禁毒滥用法案扩大了无敲门搜查令的使用,并允许SWAT队伍在毒品相关的搜查和查封中获得空军、海军和海军陆战队的协助。视频中提到,这一法案进一步推动了警察军事化。

💡爱国者法案(Patriot Act)

爱国者法案是2001年9月11日恐怖袭击后通过的法律,扩大了执法机构在反恐名义下进行搜查和扣押的权力。视频中提到,这一法案在实际操作中往往被用于毒品相关案件。

💡不敲门搜查令(No-knock Warrant)

不敲门搜查令是一种允许警察在不事先通知的情况下进入嫌疑人住所的搜查令。视频中提到,这种搜查令的使用导致了无辜公民的死亡,如紧急医疗技术员布里安娜·泰勒的案例。

💡橡胶子弹(Rubber Bullets)

橡胶子弹是一种非致命的武器,用于控制人群。然而,视频中提到,使用橡胶子弹仍然可能导致严重的伤害甚至死亡,有研究表明,被橡胶子弹击中的人中有3%死亡。

💡社区信任(Community Trust)

社区信任指的是公民与警察之间建立的相互信任关系。视频中提到,通过建立社区信任,可能比使用军事武器更有效地保护生命。例如,挪威通过面对面的社区建设方法,创造了更高的社区信任度。

💡警察改革(Police Reform)

警察改革是指对警察部门的政策、程序和行为进行的修改,以提高透明度、问责制和社区关系。视频中提到了辛辛那提警察部门在2001年对蒂莫西·托马斯的致命枪击事件后进行的改革,这些改革包括标准化程序和专注于心理健康的培训项目。

Highlights

乔治·弗洛伊德死后,至少140个城市爆发了抗议活动。

印第安纳州一名抗议者因催泪瓦斯罐击中脸部而失去一只眼睛。

北卡罗来纳州的抗议者被催泪瓦斯困在街道两端。

肯塔基州一名警官用胡椒子弹攻击了一名新闻主播和摄像组。

底特律警察在装甲车的支援下沿街行进。

美国在警察军事化上的花费超过150亿美元。

通过一个名为1033的军事计划,警察获得了免费的剩余战争装备。

1968年,林登·约翰逊总统签署了《安全街道法案》,创建了执法援助管理局(LEAA)。

SWAT队伍首次作为军事化力量出现在洛杉矶警察局对抗黑豹党的行动中。

LEAA的预算高达75亿美元,大部分用于美国地方执法机构的军事化。

1982年,由于未能降低犯罪率,LEAA被废除。

1986年,里根总统的《反毒品滥用法案》扩大了无敲门令状或快速敲门令状的使用。

1989年,老布什总统签署了《国防授权法案》,允许冷战期间剩余的国防部装备转移到美国执法部门。

1033计划允许剩余军事装备用于禁毒和反恐工作,且免费提供,仅需支付运费和处理费。

自1033计划启动以来,已有超过74亿美元的财产被转移,超过8000个执法机构参与。

2001年,辛辛那提警察枪杀了19岁的蒂莫西·托马斯,引发了骚乱和抗议,随后该市开始改革警察部门。

数据显示,建立社区内的信任可能是比使用军事武器对抗他们更好的拯救生命解决方案。

Transcripts

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after the death of george floyd in

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minneapolis on may 25th

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people protested in at least 140 cities

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across the nation

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here in indiana a protester lost an eye

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from a tear gas container hitting him in

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the face

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in north carolina protesters were

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trapped by a cloud of tear gas

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on both ends of a street in kentucky an

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officer attacked a newscaster and camera

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crew with

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pepper bullets and here in detroit

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police backed by armored vehicles

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marched down the streets

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to date the u.s has spent over 15

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billion dollars on the militarization of

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police

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all of these weapons vehicles and

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equipment are acquired by the police

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through a military program called

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1033 it's like ebay for cops with

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leftover war equipment

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except everything is free and you only

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pay for shipping and handling

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up until 2017 police couldn't be in the

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program unless they used equipment

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within a year of receiving it

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so how did local police acquire all of

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these military weapons

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and why do they even need them to answer

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this question

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we're going to examine four moments in

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history

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from dallas texas the flash apparently

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official

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president kennedy died at 1pm

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central standard time in the wake of the

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assassination of president john f

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kennedy

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president lyndon b johnson in congress

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signed the safe streets act into law in

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june of 1968.

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through that act in an effort to crack

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down on organized crime and gun violence

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the law enforcement assistance

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administration was created

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leaa guaranteed the distribution of

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federal money to fight organized crime

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this funded what we know as swat and it

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ensured swat

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received searchlights emergency radios

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bull horns night sticks

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body armor face shields and special

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weapons

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like m79 grenade launchers

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prior to 1968 swat teams were used

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sparingly

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only in volatile high-risk situations

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like bank robberies or hostage

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situations

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swat's first test as a militarized front

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came when the lapd used a tank

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on loan from the california national

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guard on the southern california black

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panther party

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the intermittent warfare between the

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black panthers and police

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erupted today in los angeles there a

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group of them

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barricaded themselves in their

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headquarters and fought police with

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automatic weapons and hand grenades

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the u.s department of state granted the

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lapd authorization to use

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tear gas and sniper rifles with national

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coverage

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swat grew in popularity across the u.s

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and with other local law enforcement

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creating a demand for military equipment

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leaa's budget was a total of 7.5 billion

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dollars

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with a good portion going towards the

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militarization of u.s

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local law enforcement agencies after

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nearly a decade of extremely high

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budgets and spending

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leaa began to receive criticism because

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it had not shown success in decreasing

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crime rates

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on april 15 1982 leaa was abolished when

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congress failed to fund it

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but by that time swat teams and their

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militaristic approach

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had already become the norm

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in 1986 ronald reagan's anti-drug abuse

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act

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expanded the use of no knock or quick

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knock warrants

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and assistance of the air force navy and

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marines in drug related searches and

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seizures

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it allowed for members of swat to arrive

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at suspected locations of criminal

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activities

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and enter without knocking or announcing

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themselves

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pointing guns at anyone inside they

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often use diversionary tactics like

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flash grenades

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rendering their victims deaf and blind

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in some cases

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individuals believe they're experiencing

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a home invasion

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to which they grab a gun like jose

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werena

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a former u.s marine who is suspected of

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selling marijuana

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what you're about to see and hear might

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upset you

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he pulled a gun because he believed his

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home was being invaded

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and the police shot him 60 times in

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seven seconds

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no drugs were found in the early 1980s

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there was on average about 3 000

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recorded swat incidents per year

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by the mid-1990s that number grew to

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about 45

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000 swat incidents per year 75.9 percent

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were drug rates

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of those raids swat officers fired 342

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times

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they injured 61 and killed 139 citizens

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[Music]

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in 1989 george h.w bush signed the

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national defense

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authorization act this act allowed for

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surplus dod equipment from the cold war

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to be transferred to u.s law enforcement

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sections 1207 and 1208 allowed for the

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following

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the procurement of services and leasing

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of equipment and the transfer to federal

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and state agencies personal property

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including small arms and ammunition and

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from those two sections

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eight years later the 1033 program was

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born

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under bill clinton's administration the

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use of military surplus trade continued

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with the introduction of the law

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enforcement support office

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lesso which enacted u.s code title 10

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section 2576a also known as the 1033

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program

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much like national defense authorization

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act 1208

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the 1033 program expanded into other

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areas including counter-terrorism

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this line states that surplus military

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equipment can be used for counter drugs

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and counter-terrorism efforts

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this line states that surplus military

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equipment is free of charge

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minus shipping and handling over 7.4

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billion dollars worth of property has

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been transferred since the program's

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inception

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more than 8 000 law enforcement agencies

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have enrolled

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items shipped include boots radios

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shields m16 assault rifles

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tanks and silencers for every one

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qualified officer

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one m1911 pistol m16 rifle or m14 rifle

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is allocated for every three officers a

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department can get a humvee

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and every law enforcement agency has the

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ability if they apply to receive one

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mrap and then three days after 9 11

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george w bush signed the patriot act it

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created a

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gray zone where law enforcement agencies

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were able to perform more

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searches and seizures with access to

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delayed warrants wiretaps

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email and web search surveillance all in

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the name of fighting terrorism

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but in reality the liberties given to

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police were often used in drug related

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cases

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only one percent of sneak and peak

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searches in 2010 were terrorism-related

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76 were drug-related and the united

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states international actions also

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impacted law enforcement at home

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as a result of an increase and then

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decrease of u.s operations in iraq and

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afghanistan over the years

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there's been more military surplus

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equipment available to law enforcement

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creating a spike in tactical items

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distributed by the 1033 program

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the department of defense does not

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provide training for law enforcement

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agencies that receive military weapons

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instead it's left to recipients to

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certify their own training each year

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because there is no federal mandate that

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police agencies report on swat

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operations

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there's no real way to tell or quantify

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the effect of swot related incidents

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in an effort to access the program's

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productivity and safety protocols

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the government accountability office

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created a fake federal agency

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after acquiring more than 100 items

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worth over 1.2 million dollars

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the office recommended a process to

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implement fraud prevention

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in addition to a website that can track

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the equipment and the agencies it was

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sent to

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prior to the investigation there was

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very little record keeping

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and tracking of weapons after transfer

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there were several instances where the

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agencies did not report lost weapons or

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disposal of excess equipment

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and san mateo and napa counties were not

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the only departments in the nation

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to have lost equipment about 200 in fact

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have military personnel or military

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equipment missing at this hour

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and that includes actually some humvees

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184 state and local police departments

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were suspended from the 1033 program

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in 2014 sparked by the murder of michael

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brown

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civil unrest rolled through the streets

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of ferguson missouri

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americans watching from home were

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shocked to see what looked like an

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army descending on such a small town on

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january 16

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2015 president barack obama issued

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executive order

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1368. you know we've seen how

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militarized gear can sometimes

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give people a feeling like

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there's an occupying force as opposed to

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a force that's part of the community

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that's protecting them and serving them

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the order prohibited a list of equipment

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from being transferred to law

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enforcement

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through the 1033 program tracked armored

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vehicles

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weaponized aircraft firearms of 50

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caliber or higher

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ammunition of 50 caliber or higher

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grenade launchers

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bayonets camouflage uniforms that

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executive order did not last long before

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being revoked in 2017

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by president donald trump these

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restrictions that had been opposed

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went too far we will not put superficial

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concerns

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about public safety today in 2020

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in the wake of george floyd's killing

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protesters are being met with

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militarized police

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armed with 1033 program war surplus

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no knock warrants still result in the

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deaths of innocent citizens

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like 26 year old emergency medical

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technician

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brianna taylor tear gas is still legal

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for domestic use on protesters

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but has been banned for use in war since

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1993

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and studies on rubber bullets like the

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ones used here show that

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three percent of those injured by rubber

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bullets died as a result of their

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injuries

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15.5 percent suffered permanent

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disabilities like ilos

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and nearly 50 percent of those who were

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struck on the head

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or neck were killed in the u.s law

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enforcement kills over 900 people a year

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compare that to norway where there have

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been only four police-related killings

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since 2002.

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norway credits these numbers to its

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face-to-face community-building approach

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and believes it has created more trust

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between citizens and their police

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department

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and we've seen similar changes stateside

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in 2001 a cincinnati police officer

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shot and killed 19 year old timothy

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thomas after he resisted arrest over

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minor crimes

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after riots and protests in fear of more

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unrest the city began to reform its

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police department in collaboration with

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the department of justice

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they standardized procedures making

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civilian officer interactions more

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transparent they also created a training

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program focused on mental health the

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reforms were met with pushback from city

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officials and a hostile police union

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but the result was a 50 decrease in use

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of force from 2001 to 2007.

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data shows that building trust within

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the community

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may be a better solution to saving lives

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than using military weapons against them

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[Music]

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警察军事化乔治·弗洛伊德抗议活动SWAT队伍法律执法社区关系公民权利历史回顾政策分析社会影响装备转移
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