OOP in Python | Object Oriented Programming | Python for Beginners #lec84

Summary

This video introduces the concept of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python, explaining why it is necessary over the traditional procedure-oriented programming approach. The speaker highlights the limitations of using global variables and functions in large projects and the need for data security, which OOP provides. The video explains the basic concepts of OOP, such as classes and objects, using relatable examples. Additionally, the speaker touches on the difference between attributes and methods, providing an overview of the benefits of using OOP for managing complex projects. Future videos will explore OOP concepts in greater depth.

Takeaways

• 📚 The video introduces the concept of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python.
• 🔍 The purpose of the video is to explain why OOP is necessary after using procedure-oriented programming (POP).
• ☕ The previous project (coffee machine project) used POP, and now the focus shifts to OOP.
• ❗ In POP, data security is a concern as global variables are freely accessible by multiple functions, making it hard to manage large-scale projects.
• 🔐 OOP addresses data security by focusing on objects and encapsulating data, preventing unauthorized access.
• 🏗️ OOP helps in managing complex relationships in large projects by modeling real-world objects and their interactions.
• 👨‍🏫 The video uses the example of a YouTube channel, where different roles like instructor, editor, and social media marketer represent objects in OOP.
• 💡 A class is a blueprint for creating objects, and objects are instances of classes in OOP.
• 🔄 OOP supports concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and data hiding, which are absent in POP.
• 📝 The video promises future discussions on topics like inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and more details about OOP with programming examples.

Q & A

What is the main focus of this video?

The main focus of this video is to explain why we need Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python, especially after using the procedural programming approach in earlier projects.

Why is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) introduced after using procedural programming?

OOP is introduced because procedural programming (POP) is not efficient for handling larger, more complex projects. POP lacks features like data security, inheritance, and modularity, making it difficult to manage large codebases with many functions and global variables.

What is the key difference between procedural programming and object-oriented programming?

The key difference is that procedural programming focuses on procedures or functions, while object-oriented programming focuses on objects that combine data and functionality, providing better data security and modularity.

What is one major drawback of procedural programming mentioned in the video?

One major drawback is the lack of data security. In procedural programming, global data can be accessed and modified by any function, which can lead to unexpected behavior and errors in larger projects.

Why is data security important in programming?

Data security is important because, in real-world projects, not all data should be accessible by all functions or users. For example, some personal information should be kept private and only accessible by authorized entities.

What are some features of OOP that procedural programming lacks?

OOP includes features like inheritance, polymorphism, data hiding, and encapsulation, which procedural programming lacks. These features help manage large projects by making code more modular, reusable, and secure.

What is the role of classes and objects in OOP?

In OOP, a class is a blueprint or template for creating objects, while objects are instances of that class. Objects have attributes (data) and methods (functions) associated with them, encapsulating both data and functionality.

Why is everything considered an object in Python?

Everything in Python is considered an object because Python uses classes to define data types. Variables, strings, functions, and even integers are instances of predefined classes in Python.

What is meant by the term 'attributes' in OOP?

In OOP, 'attributes' refer to the data or properties associated with an object. These are the variables defined within a class that hold information about the object.

How does OOP help in managing complex real-world projects?

OOP helps manage complex projects by encapsulating data and functionality within objects, providing better modularity, data security, and scalability. It also allows for easier maintenance and debugging by organizing code around objects and their interactions.

What is a simple analogy used in the video to explain OOP concepts?

The video uses the analogy of running a YouTube channel. Initially, a single person manages everything, but as the channel grows, specialists (instructors, editors, marketers) are hired for specific tasks. Similarly, in OOP, different objects (instructors, editors) handle different tasks, making the project more manageable.

Outlines

00:00

🚀 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

In this paragraph, the presenter introduces the concept of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python, emphasizing its importance in programming. They reference a previous video that discussed a coffee machine project and explain that future videos will cover OOP concepts such as classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism. The purpose of this video is to explain why OOP is necessary and how it differs from previous approaches.

05:01

🔍 Limitations of Procedure-Oriented Programming (POP)

The presenter explains the drawbacks of procedure-oriented programming (POP), where functions and global variables are interconnected. While this approach works for small projects, it becomes unmanageable with larger projects due to the complexity of managing global variables and tracking their usage across functions. The primary issue with POP is the lack of data security, as global data can be accessed and modified by any function, leading to potential errors.

10:03

📊 Data Security and Real-World Project Challenges

This paragraph highlights the importance of data security in large-scale projects and real-world applications. The presenter explains that POP lacks the necessary structure to protect and manage data, making it difficult to handle complex projects. They stress that OOP addresses this issue by focusing on data security and controlling how data is accessed and modified. OOP also solves other limitations of POP, such as the lack of inheritance, polymorphism, and data hiding.

15:05

🧠 Understanding Objects in Python

Here, the presenter shifts focus to explaining what objects are in Python. They give examples of variables, strings, and functions, showing how everything in Python is treated as an object. The presenter demonstrates this by running code snippets that reveal variables are instances of predefined classes, like 'int' or 'str', and functions are objects of the 'function' class. This sets the foundation for understanding the object-oriented nature of Python.

20:07

🛠 Introduction to Classes and Methods

The concept of classes and objects is introduced. The presenter explains that classes are blueprints for creating objects, while objects represent real-world entities. They give an example of modeling a YouTube channel with different roles, such as instructor, editor, and social media marketer. Each of these roles is an object with attributes (data) and methods (functions), and the presenter emphasizes how OOP allows for better organization and scalability by modeling real-world scenarios.

🏗 Simplifying Real-World Problem Modeling with OOP

The presenter explains how OOP helps simplify the management of real-world problems by breaking down complex tasks into smaller, manageable objects. They provide a YouTube channel example, where different roles like instructor and editor are modeled as objects, each with specific tasks. This organization allows for better control and scalability of projects. The presenter also introduces the concept of class as a blueprint for creating multiple objects and explains how attributes and methods are associated with objects.

🎯 Conclusion: Why We Need OOP

In this final paragraph, the presenter summarizes the advantages of OOP and its importance in managing real-world projects. They briefly explain the differences between classes and objects and how OOP provides a structured way to handle complex relationships and data security. They promise that future videos will dive deeper into the syntax and creation of classes and objects in Python, emphasizing the relevance of OOP in industry and large-scale projects.

Keywords

💡Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm focused on using 'objects' to design applications and software. It emphasizes structuring code around objects rather than functions or logic. In the video, OOP is introduced as a critical concept that ensures better data security and structure, which helps manage larger, more complex projects compared to the Procedure-Oriented Programming (POP) approach.

💡Procedure-Oriented Programming (POP)

Procedure-Oriented Programming (POP) is a programming approach that structures programs around functions or procedures, focusing on the steps of executing a task. In the script, the speaker contrasts POP with OOP, pointing out the limitations of POP for larger projects, such as difficulty managing global variables and lack of data security, leading to the introduction of OOP.

💡Global Variables

Global variables are variables that can be accessed and modified by any function in a program. In the video, global variables like 'resources' and 'profit' are discussed, illustrating how they pose challenges in POP since multiple functions can update them, causing potential errors and security issues. This is used as an argument for the need for OOP, which offers better data security.

💡Data Security

Data security in programming refers to protecting data from being accessed or modified by unauthorized parts of a program. In the context of the video, the lack of data security in POP is a significant drawback, as global variables are freely accessible and modifiable by any function. OOP is presented as a solution to this issue by encapsulating data within objects, providing better control over how data is accessed and modified.

💡Class

A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects in object-oriented programming. It defines attributes and methods that the objects created from the class will have. In the video, the instructor explains that a class like 'Instructor' acts as a blueprint from which multiple objects (such as individual instructors) can be created, each with its own attributes and methods.

💡Object

An object is an instance of a class in OOP. It represents a real-world entity with attributes and behaviors. The video uses the example of creating virtual 'Instructor' objects to model real-world instructors, illustrating how OOP focuses on objects to manage data and behavior in a more structured way compared to POP.

💡Attributes

Attributes are the variables associated with an object in OOP. They store information about the object's state. In the video, the instructor describes attributes like 'name,' 'address,' and 'has books' for the 'Instructor' class, emphasizing how attributes allow objects to have individual characteristics and how they differ from free-floating variables in POP.

💡Methods

Methods are functions defined within a class in OOP, representing the behaviors or actions that an object can perform. The video explains that methods are associated with specific objects and serve to define their actions, such as the 'teach' method for an 'Instructor' object. This association contrasts with the procedural approach in POP, where functions are not tied to specific entities.

💡Data Hiding

Data hiding is an OOP concept where an object's data is restricted from direct access, allowing only certain methods to modify it. The video mentions data hiding as one of the advantages of OOP over POP, which lacks this feature. This contributes to the overall data security by preventing unauthorized access to sensitive data.

💡Inheritance

Inheritance is an OOP feature that allows one class to inherit the properties and methods of another class, promoting code reuse and reducing redundancy. Although the video doesn’t dive deep into inheritance, it lists it as a key advantage of OOP over POP, where such relationships between functions and data are not supported.

Highlights

Introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) and its importance in Python programming.

Explanation of why OOP is needed: It provides better handling of large-scale projects compared to procedure-oriented programming (POP).

POP focuses on procedures and functions, while OOP focuses on objects and data security.

In POP, global variables and data can be accessed and modified by multiple functions, which can lead to errors and security issues.

OOP helps model real-world problems by organizing code into objects, making it easier to manage complex projects.

Data security is a key advantage of OOP. In OOP, data is encapsulated within objects, ensuring controlled access.

Introduction to key OOP concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and data abstraction, which will be discussed in future videos.

Real-world analogy: A YouTube channel where multiple tasks (editing, teaching, social media) can be managed efficiently using OOP principles.

Explanation of attributes (variables) and methods (functions) in OOP and how they are tied to objects rather than free-floating in code.

Objects are instances of classes, and classes act as blueprints for creating multiple objects.

OOP allows for scalability and simplifies relationships between different parts of a large project.

Introduction to the built-in classes and objects in Python, such as `int`, `str`, and `function`, showcasing how everything in Python is an object.

Practical example: How to model an instructor, editor, and other roles in a project using OOP principles.

Explanation of how object-oriented programming mirrors real-world concepts, like creating virtual entities with specific roles and functions.

Encapsulation in OOP allows control over how data is accessed and modified, ensuring data security and proper management.

Transcripts

hey everyone I hope you are safe and

doing good so in the series of learning

path and programming language in the

previous video we have seen one project

that was a coffee machine project I hope

you got that thing and you have done

that right now from this video onwards

we are going to start a very important

Concept in Python that is object

oriented programming

right

so we will be discussing everything

about object oriented programming all

the concepts and all in further videos

but this video is about what this video

is basically about why we need

object-oriented programming till now

also we have done few projects and we

have written many programs without the

need of object oriented programming yes

then why now why we need oop

right until now we were we were

following which approach

right so basically in this video I'll

try to answer this question why do you

need object learning programming and

then further we'll discuss what is an

object and then

what is object on your programming

right

and later videos we'll be discussing all

the concept classes objects and

inheritance polymer facial obstruction

everything about oop right

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out okay

now let's try to find out the answer of

this question why basically we need OB

first see in the previous video we have

done this project the coffee machine

project so this was our project the menu

resources profit uh is a variable that

is global resources also dictionary

having information that is global and we

have defined many functions right and

these functions are calling like

here we are calling these functions and

these are returning something and they

are interlinked right see in this

function we are in make coffee in this

function we are updating the resource

item resource item means these item

because these are Global right and this

function also we are accessing the

resources because we are just comparing

here we are not updating anything

and in this like we are we are we are

updating this profit This Global

variable profit we are updating this

right so these functions are interlinked

with each other having

many relationship

right

okay now this approach is what here we

are following the processor oriented

programming this approach pop approach

right processor means these functions

are known as procedure means procedure

basically means the steps how we are

going to perform some tasks right and

how we are going to perform this

function the check resources these are

obviously the statements or the tasks we

are writing the steps we are writing

so these are what procedures so we can

say function so this is what pop

approach

right now yeah that is fine we are

following pop approach so why now we

need oop approach because this is also

fine right but in pop approach we can

handle only small project

because see it is just a simple one

coffee machine project and here see

we are having multiple functions and the

main important thing is these functions

are updating Global variables the profit

is global variable a resources this

dictionary is also Global obviously

so in many functions

more than one function we are accessing

this resource and one function is

updating this resources and in one

function we are updating this profit

right so we are updating the global

variable or the data

so suppose we are dealing with a large

project a large scale project there we

are having multiple functions 50

functions or 100 functions and many

Global variables right so it would be

very difficult for you guys to track

like which function is accessing which

global variable which function is you

know updating which global variable and

accidentally if we update a global

variable global data in any function

then maybe it will give us some error or

some unusual you know result right some

unexpected output

right so main thing is

I think now you have noticed main thing

we are focusing in

in this approach pop approach on

functions

how to do the task the functions the

procedures

not on data data is now data here is

freely moving

during the whole program because

obviously the global data is moving

freely any function can access this data

any function can update this data right

it means there is no data security data

is freely moving we are just focusing on

the procedures of the functional means

you can say how to do the task

on this we are focusing more

so one drawback of this is what data

security I hope you got it why I am

saying that it there is no data security

in pop approach I hope you got this

thing now right with the help of this

example so now if you want to handle any

real world problem any large project

right then definitely it would be not

easy

to manage that project to implement that

project with the help of this pop

approach right because of the complexity

and the relationship between those

functions and all how to manage the

relationship how to check which function

is how to track which function is using

which global data and which function is

updating which data and all right

because we are not focusing on data more

and if suppose if maybe you think like

we can do we will take like no global

data is there we just change this type

of this global data just take local data

so all the functions which are accessing

that global data you have to do

accordingly the changes in those

functions as well you have to resolve

those functions as well right because

maybe many functions are using that

global data right

so because of the complexity and the

number of relationship are very complex

here it would be very difficult to

manage that thing with the help of this

pop approach right and obviously the

data security is not there and yeah

obviously if you are implementing any

real world project then we know that the

data is how much the data is important

like maybe I want like anybody can

access my name jayanti but only few

person can access my mobile number

not all the person obviously I want my

data safe

so if you want to implement if you want

to model any real world problem real

world project then definitely you have

to focus on data security

and data security is not in pop you

cannot

you like you cannot Implement data

security you cannot achieve data

security in pop approach that is why we

need another approach and that is in oop

yes we are having data security and why

that I'll tell you how you can Implement

data security in object-oriented

programming and there are other

drawbacks also in this approach pop

approach like there is no inheritance no

virtual function no operator overloading

no polymorphism no data hiding many

other things are there but now I know

you don't know about what is inheritance

what is data hiding what is virtual

function what is polymorphism so that is

why it will not be you know it would not

be easy for you to understand these

things right but I'm sure data security

is one thing one drawback that you got

exactly what is data security and why I

am saying this right same thing in later

videos we will discuss what is

inheritance what is like you can say

that virtual function and all will be

discussing polymorphism data obstruction

data hiding then you will get why I am

saying right now like pop is not having

these things right it's okay if you're

not getting anything of these terms it's

okay

it's normal right because its first

lecture of oop and definitely it would

not be easy for you to understand

everything in one video right

but till now I hope the data security

you got right now

object-oriented programming is used to

model now the real world projects right

now first thing

we'll see like what is object

we know python is object-oriented

programming and I think you have heard

this line also everything is considered

as an object in Python right why I am

saying this let's see with the help of

this example

see if I take a variable like a is equal

to 1 and if you print the type of uh

this variable a

then what you will get just focus on the

answer see

class

int

class

because here we are having a class that

is predefined in the library of python

class is int and this a is what it's

just an object of this class int

if I'll not take this a if I

like

want to find out the

type of this string hello now let's run

this C Class Str

now this hello is an object of class

Str so this is built in class in Python

that is why I am saying everything you

deal now this hello is what an object

they say is also an object everything

you deal is in Python is what

an object let's take if I have a

function

display

and there I am just using the pass

statement nothing I'm going to write and

then I want to find out

this type of this

display function

this you need to write down name of this

function display let's run this

and see class

function so there is a class in build

class function and this function is an

just an object of this class this class

that is why I was I was saying like

everything in Python whether it's

variable function or any string or not

everything is considered as object

now you got

why we are saying like what is an object

and why we are saying this so you got

this idea in built classes we are having

python many inbuilt classes right and

the object you can use

fine and see there is a class Str see

you know this hello is what

just it's a string if you want to find

out type so the class will be string so

if I use something like hello don't

so the class Str that is having many

functions lower title index and many

function see

right so these functions you can use on

this object because this object is of

Str class type right so if I use this

function only lower

and if I print if I run this C

this is already in lower so it would be

let's suppose

I'll do this in capital letter and C it

will print

in small letter capital letter but don't

lower means small letter so there are

many inbuilt function also that you can

call on that object with the help of dot

operator right whatever the object dot

whatever the function is there of that

class so many classes and those classes

are having inbuilt functions those you

can use on those object right

so I guess you have some idea now

objects and all

right

now uh oriented oriented means in simple

English language if we say then like

it's interested in a particular thing or

a particular person so we are basically

interested in object that is why it is

known as object oriented programming so

are interested or main focus is in on

objects

right that is why it is known as oop

like you know this shop is male oriented

or female oriented means in this show of

the product all the product you will get

are of males not females male oriented

female oriented like this so object

oriented you focus on we are interested

in objects

that is why it is known as

object-oriented programming right

so I hope the answer of why why we need

oop that is somewhat clear to you guys

because we have done some advantage of

oop not all

because everything will be discussing

later videos then you will get all the

advantages and benefits of Pop if you

you know understand to a certain level

what is op and what are the advantages

then definitely you will get why it is

always better to use op and why in the

industry uh you know in the companies

they use this op approach to you know

Implement project large project real

world project

right now let's take a simple example if

a real world problem I'm taking if I am

going to start a YouTube channel right

so in starting I'm the only one like one

man army so I can teach some subjects

I am the editor I am thumbnail designer

I am the social media marketer I am the

instructor right

but I want to start many courses C C

plus plus Java computer network dbms

operating system data structure web

development course and many more courses

then definitely if I am a one-man Army

then it would be very difficult for me

to manage everything

right

so this would become more complex if you

want to grow your YouTube channel

obviously

you got it right for one person

fine now what I can do

to solve my problem I can hire like if

I'm going to start uh another course and

that is web development

so I can hire one instructor

that will teach this course

right

and maybe one editor

that will do the editing as well as

thumbnail thumbnail designing one I will

hire social media marketer

and I would be like manager

right now my task is to manage these

things now this manager

like suppose the manager is me

so I don't need to go in so much detail

of how they are going to do their task I

don't need to tell how to teach to the

instructor how do you need to tell how

to edit the videos how to design

thumbnail

to an editor I don't need to tell

a social media marketer how to do your

job

right

I don't need to worry about these things

because these are expert in their job

they know how to do their job better

than me

I guess

right

so this is going to simplify my task and

simplify the relationship

so the same approach or the same concept

we can use to simplify our code

to implement larger project to make a

project more scalable the same approach

right

and see now one more thing if I want to

like start one more course about Java

so or before that let me just tell you

something now

let's take one thing like I'm taking

this instructor so this instructor is

having

and see as we know object-oriented

programming oop is used to model real

world project right

so let's create now a virtual YouTube

channel so let's create a virtual

instructor virtual editor virtual social

media marketer and everything virtually

let's create right now

we need to model this these things in

structure editor and all in programming

right we need to model this thing in

programming and obviously using oop

approach we use we model right now this

instructor this is Hamming

some information right and it will do

some task

right

so two thing what he or she has or what

he or she does so it is Hamming

obviously some information like name of

the instructor maybe address phone

number and like some attribute like has

books

then we can say like true having books

has camera

because to record

the lecture we need camera and like has

laptop

that is also true or maybe something is

false so it is having something some

information right and it will do

something what it will do teach

so we can say like deaf teach we can

define a function and here you can write

down some statements

and maybe other thing other function we

can do like depth it will also prepare

quiz

so that is other thing

so

this is what it is having this is what

it will do

right

now in programming terms see these are

simply we know these are variables

if simply I say because these are

variables obviously and these are

functions but in case of object oriented

programming we call the variables as

attributes

and these are known as methods not

functions methods

and there is some reason because see

these variables and these functions are

not free floating in pop the variables

we take like global data that was free

floating move anywhere

these variables these functions are

associated with

and entity that is instructor

so these things are associated with this

thing

right that is why these are known as not

simple variables attributes not simple

functions methods

right because they are these are

associated with something these are not

free floating in your programs right

so in op we try to model real world

object so and these objects are having

something some information these objects

do something so what they have

that thing is modeled with the help of

attributes and what they do that thing

is model with the help of methods right

so simply we can say an object is just a

way of combining some piece of data and

some functionality into a same thing

into same thing like into a box this is

same thing in a box only we are having

this and this as well right

now

if I want to start another course like

Java

so I can hire one more instructor if I

want to start another course I can hire

one more instructor that is fine right

so instructor suppose I have higher like

Gia

one more instructor payal

maybe one more instructor so now see now

these actual thing these actual person

these are known as objects

in object-oriented programming these are

objects right and this this instructor

this is simply a blueprint or a design

this is known as class

so class is simply a blueprint just to

create objects so these actual things

these are objects right like if you are

going to build a house then the map or

the sketch

of that house is what a blueprint a

design you have and using that design

you can build a house so that house is

object and that sketch or that map is

what a class and see using that single

map we can we can construct we can

design multiple houses right

so we have only one class we have only

one design we have only one blueprint

using that we can build many we can

create we can generate many objects

right so I hope you now you got the

basic idea or an overview what is a

class what is an object right and why

basically we need object oriented

programming right

so now the overview of object-oriented

programming like basically why we need

this right and what is object-oriented

programming what is simply an audio of

class and object and this thing is clear

to you guys right now in the next video

we will see in more detail what is the

class what is an object how to create a

class how to create an object the syntax

and everything right with the help of

program right so now it's in the next

two till then bye like it