Sociology 2

Summary

Это лекция раскрывает различные теоретические подходы, используемые социологами для объяснения социального мира. Обсуждаются структурный функционализм, конфликтная теория и символьный интеракционизм. Лекция подчеркивает, как социальные изменения, культура, движения и технологии влияют на разработку социологической теории, и как она продолжает развиваться для объяснения сложного мира, в котором мы живем.

Takeaways

• 🌐社会学理论是理解社会现象和它们在社会中运作方式的框架。
• 🔍社会学理论基于包括结构功能主义、冲突理论、符号互动论等在内的多种视角。
• 📚社会学理论的发展受到社会变迁、政治经济结构、文化和社会规范、社会运动和科技全球化等社会力量的影响。
• 🏛️古典社会学阶段以埃米尔·涂尔干、马克斯·韦伯和卡尔·马克思的工作为特征，奠定了心理学理论的基础。
• 🌉现代社会学阶段从20世纪中期延续至今，出现了新的视角和方法，如结构功能主义、符号互动论、女性主义、批判理论和后现代主义。
• 🌐当代社会学阶段关注全球化、技术和环境可持续性等新挑战，并发展新的视角和方法。
• 🌱社会学理论根据解释问题的规模不同，分为宏观和微观理论。
• 🏛️结构功能主义强调社会结构和制度对社会稳定和运作的贡献，认为社会秩序是通过共享的价值观、规范和信仰来维持的。
• 💥冲突理论强调权力和不平等对社会关系和互动的影响，认为社会变化是通过权力和资源的斗争实现的。
• 🗣️符号互动论强调个体之间的互动和交流以及他们赋予这些互动的意义，认为社会现实是通过互动过程构建的。
• 🏫以大学为例，结构功能主义、冲突理论和符号互动论提供了不同的视角来分析社会世界。

Q & A

Что такое социологические теории?

Социологические теории - это концепции, которые позволяют понимать и объяснять социальные явления и их функционирование в обществе.

Какие основные социальные силы способствовали развитию социологической теории?

Социальные изменения, политические и экономические структуры, культура и социальные нормы, социальные движения и активизм, а также технологии и глобализация.

Какие три основные стадии развития социологической теории?

Классическая социология, современная социология и современная социология.

Какие ключевые концепции были разработаны в рамках классической социологии?

Ключевые концепции классической социологии включают разработку таких понятий, как структурализм, функционализм и исторический материализм.

Что отличает современную социологию от классической?

Современная социология отличается появлением новых перспектив и подходов, таких как структурный функционализм, символический интеракционизм, феминизм, критическая теория и постмодернизм.

Какие макро- и микроуровни анализа представлены в социологических теориях?

Макроуровень теорий связан с крупномасштабными проблемами и группами людей, в то время как микроуровень сосредоточен на конкретных отношениях между отдельными лицами или небольшими группами.

Что такое парадигмы в социологии?

Парадигмы - это философские и теоретические рамки, используемые в дисциплине для формулирования теорий, общих/generalizatsii и экспериментов в поддержку них.

Какие три наиболее промышленные социологические теории, которые можно использовать для анализа социального мира?

Структурный функционализм, теория конфликта и символический интеракционизм.

Как структурный функционализм объясняет роль университетов в обществе?

Структурный функционализм смотрит на университеты как на важные социальные институты, которые подготавливают студентов к жизни в обществе и поддерживают социальный порядок.

Как теория конфликта интерпретирует университеты?

Теория конфликта рассматривает университеты как инструменты могущественных элит, служащие для поддержания их доминирования над менее могущественными группами, часто усиливая социальную неравенство.

Что символический интеракционизм говорит о роли университетов?

Символический интеракционизм смотрит на университеты как на социальные конструкции, создаваемые и поддерживаемые взаимодействиями имидж индивидов, где студенты формируют свою идентичность и чувство самости.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Введение в социологические теории

Этот параграф представляет собой вступление в лекцию о социологических теориях. Рассматриваются различные подходы и точки зрения, которые социологи используют для понимания и объяснения социального мира. Основные теории, такие как структурализм, функционализм, конфликтология и символическая интеракционизм, являются основными фреймворками для анализа социальных явлений. Также упоминается, что социологические теории развивались в ответ на социальные изменения, вызванные, например, индустриализацией, а также политическими и экономическими структурами, культурой и социальными нормами, социальными движениями и активизмом, а также технологией и глобализацией.

05:02

📚 Развитие социологических теорий

В этом параграфе описывается процесс развития социологических теорий, который можно разделить на три этапа: классическая социология (конец 19-го - начало 20-го века), современная социология (с середины 20-го века до настоящего времени) и современная социология (настоящее время). Каждый этап характеризуется различными подходами и методами. Ключевые социологи, такие как Эмиль Дюркгейм, Макс Вэбэр и Карл Маркс, заложили фундамент для развития теорий, которые до сих пор оказывают влияние. Также упоминается, что социологические теории продолжают развиваться и адаптироваться к изменяющимся условиям и вызовам.

10:04

🔍 Теоретические подходы в социологии

Параграф посвящен основным теоретическим подходам в социологии, таким как макроуровневные и микроуровневные теории, а также парадигмы, такие как структурный функционализм, конфликтология и символическая интеракционизм. Структурный функционализм сосредотачивается на том, как социальные структуры и институты способствуют обществу в целом, в то время как конфликтология анализирует, как власть и неравенство формируют социальные отношения и взаимодействия. Символическая интеракционизм, с другой стороны, акцентируется на взаимодействиях и обмене междуидивидуальных и значений, которые они приписывают этим взаимодействиям.

15:05

🌉 Применение теорий к анализу университетов

В этом параграфе рассматривается, как различные социологические теории могут быть применены для анализа университетов. Структурный функционализм рассматривает университеты как важные институты, которые поддерживают социальный порядок и готовят студентов к жизни в обществе. Конфликтология сосредотачивается на том, как университеты поддерживают неравенство и служат интересам могущественных групп. Символическая интеракционизм выделяет то, как университеты формируются и поддерживаются через индивидуальные взаимодействия и значения.

20:07

🏆 Заключение и дальнейшие исследования

Заключительный параграф подводит итоги лекции, подчеркивая, что различные социологические теории предоставляют уникальные способы понимания и анализа социального мира. Каждая теория вносит свой вклад в развитие социологии. Эти теории помогают нам лучше понять себя и других, а также стремиться к созданию более справедливого и равных обществ. Также упоминается, что продолжение изучения социологии и социальных наук может способствовать развитию глубокого понимания и взаимопонимания между людьми.

Keywords

💡Социологические теории

Социологические теории представляют собой набор концепций и подходов, которые позволяют понимать и объяснять социальные явления. В видео они рассматриваются как фундамент для анализа и понимания мира, в котором мы живем. Теории помогают объяснить, как различные социальные силы влияют на развитие общества.

💡Структурализм

Структурализм - это социологическая теория, которая сосредотачивается на том, как структуры и институты общества способствуют его общей стабильности и функционированию. В видео это понятие используется для описания того, как университеты, например, служат ключевыми составляющими общества, выполняя определенные функции и поддерживая социальный порядок.

💡Функционализм

Функционализм - это теоретическая концепция, которая рассматривает общество как систему, где каждая её часть играет уникальную и важную роль в поддержании социального порядка. В контексте видео, университеты рассматриваются как институты, которые обучают студентов и помогают им стать полезными членами общества.

💡Конфликтная теория

Конфликтная теория акцентирует внимание на борьбе за ресурсы и неравенстве в обществе. В видео это теория используется для анализа того, как университеты могут быть инструментами действующих элит, служащими для поддержания их доминирования над менее могущественными группами.

💡Символический интеракционизм

Символический интеракционизм - это микроуровневая теория, которая сосредотачивается на взаимодействиях между индивидуами и значениях, которые они приписывают этим взаимодействиям. В видео это теория используется для описания того, как университеты являются местами, где индивидумы создают общие значения и идентичности.

💡Социальные изменения

Социальные изменения - это процессы, которые происходят в обществе и влекут за собой изменения в его структуре и функционировании. В видео упоминается, что социологические теории разрабатывались в ответ на такие изменения, например, промышленизация и организация в 19-м веке.

💡Культурные и социальные нормы

Культурные и социальные нормы определяют, как люди должны вести себя в обществе. В видео подчеркивается, что такие нормы влияют на развитие социологической теории, например, теории Durkheimа о социальных фактах и коллективном сознании.

💡Социальные движения

Социальные движения - это группы людей, объединенные общей целью или идеей. В видео упоминается, что такие движения, как гражданские права и женские движения, способствовали разработке новых перспектив и подходов в социологии.

💡Технология и глобализация

Технология и глобализация оказывают влияние на развитие социологической теории. В видео рассматривается, как социологи сталкиваются с вопросами, такими как воздействие социальных сетей и цифровых технологий на общество.

💡Классическое социологическое обозрение

Классическое социологическое обозрение относится к периоду с конца 19-го века до начала 20-го века и характеризуется работой таких ученых, как Durkheim, Max Weber и Karl Marx. В видео это обозрение определяется как основа для развития ключевых концепций и подходов, которые остаются влиятельными сегодня.

💡Современное социологическое обозрение

Современное социологическое обозрение охватывает период с середины 20-го века до настоящего времени и характеризуется появлением новых перспектив и подходов, включая структурализм, символический интеракционизм, феминизм, критическую теорию и постмодернизм.

Highlights

Sociological theories are frameworks for understanding social phenomena and their operation within society.

Theories are based on perspectives including structural, functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and others.

Social changes, such as industrialization in the 19th century, have contributed to the development of sociological theory.

Political and economic structures, like Karl Marx's theory of class struggle, have influenced sociological theory.

Cultural and social norms, like Durkheim's collective consciousness, shape sociological theory.

Social movements and activism, including civil rights and feminism, have led to new sociological perspectives.

Technology and globalization are current influences on the development of sociological theory.

Sociological theories have evolved through stages including classical sociology, modern sociology, and contemporary sociology.

Classical sociology laid the foundation with key concepts by scholars like Durkheim, Weber, and Marx.

Modern sociology introduced new perspectives like structural functionalism and symbolic interactionism.

Contemporary sociology focuses on current challenges like globalization and environmental sustainability.

Theories vary in scope from macro level, relating to large-scale issues, to micro level, focusing on individual interactions.

Structural functionalism emphasizes the contribution of social structures and institutions to society's stability.

Conflict theory focuses on power, inequality, and the competition for resources in society.

Symbolic interactionism views society as constructed through ongoing processes of interaction and communication.

Each sociological theory offers a unique lens to understand and analyze the social world.

Sociological theories are valuable for understanding complex social phenomena and institutions.

The lecture concludes with an encouragement to further explore sociology and social sciences.

The lecture provides a list of terms and references for further study.

Transcripts

welcome to this lecture on psychological

theories in this lecture we will explore

the various perspectives and approaches

that sociologists use to understand and

explain the social world around us

the surgical theories are Frameworks for

understanding social phenomena and how

they operate within Society

these theories are based on a wide range

of perspectives including structural

functionalism config Theory symbolic

interactionism and others

so let's dive into the fascinating world

of physological theories there are

several social forces that have

contributed to the development of

sociological Theory over time this

includes social changes for example the

surgical theory has developed in

response to social change and challenges

that arise from it

for example the rise of in

industrialization and organization in

the 19th century led to new social

problems and chilling challenges that

required new ways of thinking about the

understanding Society

political and economic structures have

also played a significant role in the

development of socological theory for

example Karl Marx's theory of class

struggle and historical materialism was

influenced by the economic and political

structures of his time including the

rise of industrial capitalism

next one it's about culture and social

norms

cultural and social norms also shape the

development of theological theory for

example a majorheim's theory of social

facts and the collective Consciousness

was influenced by the cultural and

social norms of French society during

his time

social movements and activism also

contributed to the development of

theological Theory for example the civil

rights movement in the United States and

the feminist movements have led to the

emergence of New Perspectives and

approaches within sociology and of

course about technology technology and

globalization are also shaping the

development of theological theory in the

present day for example sociologists are

grappling with the impact of social

media and digital Technologies on

society as well as a challenges posed by

global interconnectedness and cultural

diversity overall social forces have

played a crucial role in the development

of theological Theory shaping the

questions that Pathologists ask the

methods they use and the perspectives

they adopt a society continues to evolve

and change

sociological Theory will continue to

develop and adapt in response to these

social forces

and now let's go to the next part it's

the development of the surgical theories

the development of socological theories

can be broadly divided into several

stages each characterized by different

perspectives assumptions and methods

these stages include classical sociology

this stage covers a period from the late

19th century to the early 20th century

and is characterized characterized by

the work of Scholars such as emelierheim

Max Weber and Karl Marx

this color slits the foundation for

psychological theory by developing key

Concepts and approaches that remain

influential today

next one is modern sociology this stage

covers the period from the mid 20th

century to the present day and is

characterized by the emergence of New

Perspectives and approaches this include

structural functionalism symbolic

interactionism feminism critical theory

and postmodernism among others

and last one contemporary sociology this

stage covers the present day and is

characterized by ongoing debates and

discussions about the direction of

socological theory contemporary

sociologists are grappling with new

challenges and issues such as

globalization technology and

environmental sustainability and

developing New Perspectives and

approaches to address these challenges

throughout these stages psychological

theories have continued to evolve and

develop with new Concepts methods and

approaches emerging in response to

changing social conditions and

challenges

today socological theories remain a

valuable framework for understanding and

analyzing the complex social World in

which we live

now we can start to understand major

theoretical perspectives

theories vary in scope depending on the

scale of the issues that they are need

to explain

macro level theories

relate to large-scale issues and large

groups of people while micro level

theories look at very specific

relationships between individuals or

small groups

and current theories attempt to explain

large-scale relationships and answer

fundamental questions such as why

societies form and why they change

sociological theory is constantly

evolving and should never be considered

complete classic psychological theories

are still considered important and

current but new psychological theories

built upon the work of their

predecessors and add to them

there are several major surgical

perspectives in sociology Each of which

offers a distinct way of understanding

the analyzing the social world

at the same time in sociology a few

theories provide broad perspectives that

help explain many different aspects of

social life and these are called

paradigms

products are philosophical and

theoretical Frameworks used within a

discipline to formulate theories

generalizations and experiments

performed in support of them

strip projects have come to dominate the

surgical thinking because they provide

useful explanations it's structural

functionalism

conflict theory and symbolic

interactionism

and this table shows main points in

psychological theories their level of

analysis focus and gives example now

let's try to understand them deeply

structural functionalism also called

functionalism Theory emphasizes the ways

in which social structures and

institutions contribute to the overall

stability and functioning of society

structural functionalists believe that

each part of society plays a unique and

important role and that social order is

maintained throughout a system of shared

values norms and beliefs

structural functionalism sees society as

a structure with interrelated Parts

designed to meet the biological and

social needs of the individuals in that

Society

also structural functional approach of

use

society as a complex

interconnected system of parts that work

together in harmony points to the

importance of social structure any

relatively stable pattern of social

behavior

looks for any structures social function

the consequences of any social pattern

for operation of society as a whole

structural functionalists approach

Society from a macro level perspective

they view society and its pieces as a

whole

major theological thirsts or

contributors to this theoretical

approach include against

Herbert Spencer Talcott Parsons Robert

Martin

and functionalism grew out of the

writings of English philosopher and

biologists Herbert Spencer who saw

similarities between society and the

human body

he argued

that just as the various organs of the

body work together to keep the body

functioning the various parts of society

work together to keep Society

functioning

the parts of society that Spencer

referred to whereas the social

institutions

or patterns of beliefs and behaviors

focused on meeting social needs such as

Government education Family Health Care

religion and the economy

and next one is Emilio Durham he applied

Spencer's Theory to explain how

societies change and survive over time

you have believed that Society is a

complex system of interrelated and and

interdependent parts that work together

to maintain stability

and that Society is held together by

shared values languages and symbols

he believed that to study Society a

sociologists must look Beyond

individuals to social effects such as

laws morals values religious beliefs

Customs fashion and rituals which all

serve to govern social life

defined the function of any recurrent

activity as a part of it played in

Social Life as a whole and therefore

their contribution it makes to social

stability and continuity

in a healthy Society all parts work

together to maintain stability a state

called dynamic equilibrium by later

sociologists such as Parsons Durham

believed that individuals may make up

Society but in order to study Society

sociologists have to look Beyond

individuals to social facts each of

these social facts serves one or more

functions within a society

for example one function of a society

slows maybe to protect Society from

violence while another is to punish

criminal Behavior while another is to

preserve Public Health

and other notice structural

functionalists it's Robert Martin he

pointed out that social processes often

have many functions its manifest

function other consequences offer social

processes that are suitable anticipated

while Latin functions are the unsold

consequences of a social process a

manifest function of a college education

for example includes gaining knowledge

preparing for a career and finding a

good job that utilized the that

education latent functions of your

college Years include meeting new people

participating in extracurricular

activities or even finding expose or

partner

another Latin function of education is

creating a hierarchy of employment based

on the level of Education attained

Latin functions can be beneficial

natural or harmful social processes that

have undesirable consequences for the

operation of society are called

dysfunctions in education example of

this function include getting bad grades

truancy dropping out not graduating and

not finding suitable employment

the second main theory is conflict

theory

it emphasizes the ways in which power

and inequality shape social relations

and interactions

at the same time this approach looks at

society as a competition

for limited resources

conflict theorists believe that Society

is characterized by conflict and

competition between different groups and

that social change occurs throughout

struggles for power and resources

for conflict approach

Society is composed of unequal

distribution of desired resources that

benefit a minority that expense of the

majority

this unequal distribution of desired

resources cause causes conflict within a

society those that have their resources

developed

structures and methods to maintain these

resources those that do not have the

resources are always creating new ways

to acquire resources hence this approach

views Society in constant conflict

major socological theorists or

contributors to this surgical approach

include cuddle marks

Dubois right meals and Ralph darendorf

this perspective is a macro level

approach most identified with the

writings of German philosopher and

sociologists Karl Marx

who's so society as being made up of

individuals in different social classes

who must compete for social material and

political resources such as food and

housing employment education and Leisure

Time

social institutions like government

education and religion reflect this

competition

in their inherent inequalities and help

maintain the unequal social structure

some individuals and organizations are

able to obtain they keep more resources

than others and these winners use their

power and influence to maintain social

institutions

the perpetuation of power results in the

perpetuation of Oppression

German sociologist Max Weber agreed with

Marx but also believed that in addition

to economic inequalities inequalities of

political power and social structure

cause conflict

whoever noted that different groups were

affected differently based on education

race and gender and that people's

reactions to an equality were moderated

by class differences and rates of social

Mobility as well as by perceptions about

the legitimacy of those in power

a reader of Marx York zimel believed

that conflict can help integrate and

stabilize a society

he said that the intensity of the

conflict varies depending on the

emotional involvement of the parties the

degree of solidarity within the opposing

groups and the clarity and limited

nature of the goals

zimel also showed that groups work to

create internal solidarity centralized

power and reduce descent the stronger

the boned the weaker the Discord

resolving conflicts can reduce tension

and hostility and can pave the way for

future agreements

uh next Theory it's symbolic

interactionism

theories symbolic interactionism

this perspective emphasizes the ways in

which individuals interact and

communicate with one another and the

meanings they attach to these

interactions

symbolic interactionists believe that

social reality is constructed throughout

the ongoing process of interaction and

that individuals use symbols and

language to create the interpret meaning

social interaction approach is

considered a micro level approach which

is an individual level approach

in symbolic interaction Society is

viewed as an ongoing ever-changing

events or drama the primary focus in

this approach is communication and

exchange of ideas using symbols in this

approach Society is nothing more than

the reality people construct for

themselves as they interact with one

another

major sociological theorists or

contributors to this surgical approach

include Max Weber York Herbert Mead

um Charles Horton Cooley Irving Goffman

York homans and Peter blow

symbolic interactionism focuses on the

relationships among individuals within a

society

communication the exchange of meaning

through language and symbols is believed

to be the way in which people make sense

of their social worlds

theorists Hermann

and Reynolds note that this perspective

sees people as being active in shipping

the social World rather than simply

being acted upon your Herbert Smith is

considered a founder of symbolic

interactionism

through though he never published his

work on it

meet student Herbert Bloomer coined the

term symbolic interactionism and

outlined these basic premises

human interact with things based on

meanings ascribed to those things

the ascribed meaning of things comes

from our interactions with others and

Society

the meaning of things are interpreted

interpreted by a person when dealing

with things in specific circumstances

if you love books for example a symbolic

internationist might propose that you

learn that that books are good or

important in the interactions you had

with family friends school or church

maybe your family had a special reading

time each week getting your library card

was treated as a special event or

bedtime stories were associated with

worms and comfort social scientists who

applies symbolic interactionists

thinking look for patterns of

interaction between individuals their

studies often involve observation of

one-on-one interactions for example

while a conflict theorist studying a

political protest might focus on class

difference a symbolic interactionist

would be more interested in how

individuals in the protesting group

interact as well as the science and

symbols protesters used to communicate

their message the focus on the

importance of symbols in building a

society lets the soldiers like even

government to develop a technique called

dramaturgical analysis

government used theater as an analogy

for social interaction and recognized

that people's interactions showed

patterns of cultural Scripts

he argued that individuals were actors

in a play we switched roles sometimes

minute to minute for example from

student or daughter to Doc Walker

because it can be unclear what part a

person may play a given situation he or

she

has to improvise his or her role as a

situation unfolds studies that use a

symbolic interactionist perspective are

more likely to use qualitative research

methods such as in-depth interviews or

participant observation because they

seek to understand the symbolic worlds

in which research subjects live now we

can conclude our lecture as you see from

previous slides structural functionalism

conflict theory and symbolic

interactionism are three of the most

prominent socological theorists that can

be used to analyze social world let's

take as example universities and analyze

them according to main theories in

sociology

structural functionalism

views society as a system made up of

interrelated parts that work together to

maintain social balance we know it it

sees institutions like universities as

important parts of society that serve

specific functions

from this perspective universities play

a crucial role in preparing students to

be became productive members of society

they also help to maintain social order

by providing a common set of values and

beliefs that guide Behavior

according to structural functionalism

universities are organized into

different departments and disciplines

each with its its own specific role and

function for example the engineering

department might be reasonable for

producting graduate with technical

skills that are in high demand in the

job market while the humanities

Department

might be responsible for promoting

crucial critical thinking and cultural

awareness conflict theory view society

as a system characterized by inequality

and competition for resources we know it

and it sees institutions like

universities as tools of the powerful

Elite that serve to maintain their

dominance over the less powerful

from this perspective universities are

often seen as perpetuating social

inequality by providing richer

opportunities to those who already have

advantages such as the wealthy and those

from privileged backgrounds

according to conflict theory

universities are not neutral

institutions but are instead shipped by

power struggles between different groups

for example wealthy donors May influence

the curriculum or admissions policies to

benefit their own interests additionally

conflict theorists would argue that

universities are not inequally equally

accessible to everyone as tuition costs

and other barriers May prevent some from

attending how symbolic interactionism

view the universities symbolic

interactionism view society as a product

of individual interactions relationships

and meanings it sees institutions like

universities as social constructions

that are created and maintained through

the interactions of the individuals who

make them up from this perspective in

versus are seen as places where

individuals come together to create

shared meanings and identities according

to symbolic interactionism universities

are not just places where knowledge is

transmitted but also were individuals

form their identities and sense of self

for example students might develop a

sense of belonging to a particular

academic department or social group

within the University

additionally symbolic interactionists

would argue that universities are shaped

by the individual's actions individual

actions of the people within them as

students faculty and staff all

contribute to the creation of the

University

universities culture and social norms in

summary each of these surgical theories

offers a different way of understanding

universities

structural functionalism emphasizes the

importance of universities in

maintaining social order and preparing

students for their roles in society

conflict theory focus on the ways that

universities perpetuate inequality and

serve the interests of the powerful

symbolic interactionism highlights the

ways that universities are shaped by

individual interactions and meanings

overall each of these perspectives offer

offers a unique way of understanding and

analyzing the social world and each has

contributed to the development of

theological theory in important ways

while these perspectives May sometimes

conflict with one another they also

offer opportunities for dialogue and

debate and for

for the ongoing development of the

surgical Theory today we have covered a

lot of ground and I hope that the

information that insights presented will

be valuable to you in your future

studies and work

as we have explored different

sociological theories and their

applications to various aspects of

society we have seen how diverse and

complex our social world is these

theories have provided us with different

lenses to view

and understand the social phenomena that

shape Our Lives such as the institutions

we participate in and in the

relationships we form I hope that this

lecture has sparked your curiosity and

inspired you to further explore

sociology and the social sciences by

continuing to study and engage with our

social world we can develop a deeper

understanding of ourselves and others

and work towards creating a more fair

and equal Society

in the last slides you can see the list

of terms related with this lecture to

which you have to be prepared and refer

and references you can see thank you for

joining to this lecture today and I wish

you all the best in your future

endeavors