IGCSE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 5 OCEAN AND FISHERIES

Summary

This educational video delves into ocean and fisheries management, highlighting key ocean resources like marine organisms, chemicals, building materials, energy, and tourism. It explains the role of ocean currents in fish distribution, focusing on the impact of warm and cold currents. The El Niño Southern Oscillation's influence on fisheries is explored, detailing how it alters weather patterns and fish populations. The video also addresses the consequences of overfishing, bycatch, and pollution, and discusses sustainable strategies like mariculture, aquaculture, and management practices to conserve marine life.

Takeaways

• 🌊 Oceans are vital resources providing food, chemicals like salt, building materials such as sand, wave and tidal energy for electricity, tourism, and transportation for international trade.
• 🐟 Fisheries are significant for food security, and understanding ocean currents is crucial for predicting fish distribution.
• 📍 Warm and cold ocean currents affect fish distribution; warm currents move away from the equator, while cold currents move towards it.
• 🌡️ The continental shelf is a key area for high fish populations due to factors like shallow depth, more oxygen, sunlight, and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
• 🌐 The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon can reverse normal weather patterns, impacting fish distribution and causing issues like flooding or drought.
• 🔄 Upwelling, the rising of deep ocean currents to the surface, brings nutrients that support high fish populations, especially along coasts with cold currents.
• 🌡️ Cold currents are typically nutrient-rich and support higher fish populations compared to warm currents, which are less nutrient-rich.
• ⚠️ Overfishing leads to a decrease in fish populations and biodiversity, and it can result in the extinction of certain species.
• 🚫 Bycatch, the unintended capture of non-target species, contributes to overfishing and can lead to the decline of marine species populations.
• 🌱 Aquaculture and mariculture can help reduce the pressure on wild fish stocks by cultivating marine organisms for food and other products.
• 🛡️ Strategies for managing marine species include mesh size regulation, fishing quotas, closed seasons, protected areas, and international agreements to prevent overfishing.

Q & A

What are the major resources found within the ocean?

The major resources found within the ocean include food such as marine organisms, chemicals like salt, building materials such as sand, wave and tidal energy for electricity generation, tourism, and transportation through ships and vessels.

How can ocean water be made suitable for drinking?

Ocean water can be made suitable for drinking through the process of desalination, which involves the removal of salt content found within the water.

What is the difference between warm and cold ocean currents?

Warm ocean currents flow from the equator upward, moving away from the equator, while cold ocean currents move towards the equator. Warm currents are typically associated with higher temperatures, higher salinity, and lower nutrient levels, whereas cold currents are denser, have lower temperatures, and are usually rich in nutrients due to upwelling.

Why are continental shelves important for marine life?

Continental shelves are important for marine life because they are shallow areas with more oxygen, sunlight, and carbon dioxide, which allows for photosynthesis. This results in a higher food supply, supporting a greater population of marine organisms.

How does the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affect fisheries?

During an El Niño year, the equatorial trade winds change direction and move eastward, leading to increased rainfall and flooding in South America, and reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich water, which decreases fish populations. Conversely, in a normal year, the warm currents move westward, leading to high rainfall in Australia and high fish populations in South America due to upwelling.

What is overfishing and what are its consequences?

Overfishing occurs when more fish are caught than the population can replace through natural reproduction, leading to a reduction in biodiversity and potential extinction of some fish species. It can also cause pollution of marine waters due to oil leakages and noise pollution from fishing vessels.

What is bycatch and why is it a problem?

Bycatch refers to the unintentional capture of non-target species during fishing activities. It is a problem because it can lead to the unnecessary death of marine life that is not intended for consumption or sale, contributing to overfishing and biodiversity loss.

How can mariculture and aquaculture help reduce the impact of overfishing?

Mariculture and aquaculture involve the cultivation of marine organisms in open ocean enclosures or tanks using ocean water. These practices can help reduce the impact of overfishing by providing an alternative source of fish and other marine species, thus decreasing the pressure on wild fish populations.

What strategies can be used to manage and conserve marine species?

Strategies to manage and conserve marine species include using appropriate net and mesh sizes to allow for the growth and breeding of fish, implementing fishing quotas, establishing closed seasons, creating protected areas and reserves, enacting legislative and conservation laws, and participating in international agreements to monitor and reduce overfishing.

Why are protected areas and reserves important for marine conservation?

Protected areas and reserves are important for marine conservation as they provide safe habitats for marine species, allowing them to breed and recover from overfishing. These areas are often chosen for their ecological and cultural significance, and they help maintain biodiversity and ecological balance.

Outlines

00:00

🌊 Ocean Resources and Fisheries

This paragraph introduces Chapter Five on environmental management, focusing on ocean and fisheries. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the major resources found in oceans, such as food from marine organisms, chemicals like salt, building materials like sand, energy from waves and tides, tourism, and transportation. It also touches on the potential for desalination to provide safe drinking water. The paragraph then transitions into a discussion of fisheries, particularly the significance of understanding the positions of major cold and warm ocean currents and their impact on fish distribution around the world.

05:01

🐟 Fish Distribution in Oceans

Paragraph two delves into the distribution of fish populations within the ocean, explaining the geographical features that influence this distribution. It discusses the continental shelf, slope, rise, and ocean floor, emphasizing the shelf's shallow depth which allows for more oxygen and sunlight, promoting photosynthesis in marine plants and thus supporting a rich food chain. The paragraph highlights how these conditions lead to a high concentration of fish around the continental shelf. It also introduces the concept of cold and warm ocean currents affecting fish distribution, with cold currents typically supporting higher fish populations due to factors like nutrient-rich upwelling.

10:02

🌤 El Niño and Fisheries

The third paragraph focuses on the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and its effects on fisheries, particularly along the Pacific coast of South America. It explains El Niño as a weather pattern change in the Pacific Ocean, involving two major currents: the Peruvian current and the equatorial trade wind. The paragraph contrasts normal weather patterns with those during an El Niño year, detailing how the shift in wind direction affects rainfall and fish distribution. It describes how El Niño leads to flooding in South America and a reduction in fish populations due to decreased upwelling of nutrient-rich waters, which is the opposite of what happens during normal years.

15:04

🐠 Impact of Ocean Exploitation

Paragraph four addresses the impact of exploiting ocean resources, specifically overfishing, bycatch, and the effects on marine life. It discusses the consequences of catching more fish than can be naturally replaced, leading to a reduction in biodiversity and potential extinction of species. The paragraph also covers the pollution caused by fishing activities, such as oil spills and noise pollution. It touches on the issue of bycatch, where non-target species are caught unintentionally and often not released back into the wild. The discussion highlights the need for sustainable fishing practices to preserve marine ecosystems.

20:05

🌱 Aquaculture and Marine Species Management

The final paragraph discusses strategies for managing and harvesting marine species to reduce the impact of overfishing. It introduces mariculture and aquaculture as methods of cultivating marine organisms in open ocean environments or enclosed sections, respectively, to decrease reliance on wild fish stocks. The paragraph suggests various management strategies, including the use of larger net and mesh sizes to allow smaller, immature fish to escape, species-specific fishing methods like pole-and-line fishing to reduce bycatch, and the implementation of fishing quotas and closed seasons. It also mentions the establishment of protected areas and reserves, legislative and conservation laws, and international agreements as means to conserve fish populations and promote sustainable fishing practices.

Keywords

💡Ocean Resources

Ocean Resources refer to the various materials and energy that can be obtained from the ocean. In the video, it is mentioned that these include food from marine organisms, chemicals like salt, building materials such as sand, wave and tidal energy for electricity generation, tourism, and transportation via ships. These resources are crucial for sustaining human life and economic activities, highlighting the importance of ocean conservation and sustainable use.

💡Marine Organisms

Marine organisms are living creatures found in the ocean, which are a significant part of ocean resources. The video discusses how they serve as a source of food, indicating their importance in the food chain and human diet. They are also integral to the ecosystem services that the ocean provides, including nutrient cycling and oxygen production.

💡Desalination

Desalination is the process of removing salt from seawater to make it suitable for drinking. The video script mentions the potential for safe drinking water through desalination, emphasizing the technology's role in addressing water scarcity issues, especially in coastal areas where freshwater is limited.

💡Ocean Currents

Ocean currents are the continuous, directed movements of seawater. The video explains the distinction between warm and cold currents, which is essential for understanding global climate patterns and fish distribution. Warm currents, moving away from the equator, and cold currents, moving towards the equator, influence weather, climate, and marine life.

💡Continental Shelf

The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each continent, which is relatively shallow compared to the open ocean. In the video, it is highlighted as an area with high fish distribution due to its shallow waters, which allow sunlight penetration and oxygen availability, promoting photosynthesis and, consequently, a rich food source for marine life.

💡Upwelling

Upwelling is the process by which deep, nutrient-rich water rises to the surface, often due to wind patterns or ocean currents. The video describes how upwelling, particularly associated with cold currents, brings nutrients to the surface, supporting a high concentration of phytoplankton and, subsequently, a rich fish population.

💡El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

El Niño Southern Oscillation is a climate pattern that affects weather and ocean currents, particularly in the Pacific Ocean. The video script explains how ENSO, specifically El Niño events, can disrupt normal weather patterns, leading to flooding in some areas and drought in others, and significantly impacting fish distribution and marine ecosystems.

💡Overfishing

Overfishing is the practice of catching fish at a rate faster than they can reproduce, leading to a decline in fish populations. The video discusses the negative impacts of overfishing, including the depletion of fish stocks and the potential extinction of certain species, emphasizing the need for sustainable fishing practices.

💡Bycatch

Bycatch refers to the unintentional capture of non-target marine species during fishing operations. The video script mentions bycatch as a significant issue in fisheries, where species like dolphins, sharks, and sea lions are caught alongside the targeted fish. This practice not only affects the bycatch species but also disrupts the balance of marine ecosystems.

💡Aquaculture

Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants. The video touches on aquaculture as a means to reduce the pressure on wild fish stocks and as a sustainable alternative to overfishing. It involves the cultivation of marine species in controlled environments to meet human consumption needs.

Highlights

Major resources found within the ocean include food, chemicals, building materials, energy, tourism, and transport.

Ocean resources are crucial for food through marine organisms and potential drinking water via desalination.

Understanding the position of cold and warm ocean currents is essential for studying world fish distribution.

Warm currents flow from the equator upward, affecting rainfall patterns and climate.

Cold currents move towards the equator, originating from deeper ocean levels.

The continental shelf is a shallow area with high oxygen and sunlight, ideal for marine life and fish distribution.

High fish populations in continental shelves are due to abundant food sources from photosynthesizing plants.

Cold and warm ocean currents impact fish distribution through factors like salinity and nutrient availability.

Upwelling, the rising of cold, nutrient-rich water, occurs with cold currents and supports high fish populations.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects weather patterns and fish distribution along the Pacific coast.

During El Niño, the equatorial trade winds move eastward, altering rainfall and fish distribution in the Pacific.

Overfishing leads to a reduction in biodiversity and can lead to the extinction of fish species.

Bycatch, the unintended capture of non-target species, contributes to overfishing and marine life decline.

Mariculture and aquaculture are methods to cultivate marine organisms and reduce the impact of overfishing.

Strategies for managing marine species include net size regulation, fishing quotas, and closed seasons.

Protected areas and reserves help conserve marine ecosystems and protect fish populations.

International agreements play a crucial role in monitoring and reducing overfishing in global water bodies.

Transcripts

um welcome to

chapter five i

cse environmental

management

and here we'll be looking at ocean and

fisheries

which is part of our series on quick

revisions

quick uh revision

so

quickly

the first thing you need to know what

are the major resources that's found

within the ocean

so the major resources within the oceans

are you can get food

such as marine organisms

that are good for

for eating food chemicals and chemicals

here you can get it's like salt

building materials so you can get

sand

that is used for construction from the

ocean so wave and tidal energy that is

also used to generate electricity

uh from ocean and tourism

and transports

uh

such as

when you have your ship

vessels

that

aid in international trade

international trade you can get this

from

the ocean also

so potential for safe drinking water so

water can be purified through the

process of desalinization

this salinization that is removal of the

salt contents that is found within ocean

water and make it suitable for drinking

so you see these are five major

importance of

the ocean or resources sorry five major

resources that is found in the ocean

then next we look at

wall fisheries so the the position of

major cold and warm ocean current

so you see in this aspect the names

are not required so nobody is going to

ask you what is the name of this current

or the name of that correct lawyer

should just be able to tell us that or

be able to identify which is one which

is called and what is the importance and

the relationship between warm and

cold ocean current in relation to world

fish distribution so

quickly

so let's look at

the world map

um that displays this

different

ocean current so i have this here

this is a world map

so i'll just explain a series of

criteria that will help you to identify

the difference between

a warm current and a cold current in

relation to this

so you see

first

okay sorry let me just

zoom it in a little

okay i have this

so i have code current that i have one

current

so if you look at this key here the

blue

dotted lines are called current

red

lines are one current now the first

thing you should know is the co current

flows from the equator upward so

not on south of the equator so if this

this is the line that separate the world

into three whole half call the equator

so if you look at the warm current it

moves from the middle upwards

it's moving upwards it's moving upwards

it's moving over it and speed up moving

north upwards or is moving downwards to

the south

or downwards like this this out so

meaning more current moves away from the

equator

and i'm not going to explain how he

leads the rainfall here

but

as it moves it rises condenses and falls

as rain

so you have to run sharing from here but

you find out that the cold current

moves towards the equator

now

that means the cool current comes from

beneath the ocean and moves up

towards the equator so from both from

north and south so from the nuts you see

it coming down towards the equator this

is coming down uh moving up towards the

equator cell but the current move cold

current moves towards the equator and

once they get to the equator they get

heated by

the sun it becomes warm then it moves up

to leading to this pattern of

circulation but nobody is going to ask

you um

california current south american

current no i think

when we just look at the el nino

phenomena that is the major aspect that

you might get questions um

now

the distribution of major marine fish

population now how

is fish distributed with

uh the ocean now obviously if this is

the continental cross and this is the

oceanic cross and this is the ocean so

within this area here is where we call

the continental shelf we have the

continental slope we have the ocean rise

and the ocean floor ocean deep that

reduces also an ocean deep

now around this continental shelf you

find out that

first thing you need to look at is that

the depth here is low

so that means this area is shallow so

obviously because it's shallow there is

what more oxygen

more oxygen

now sunlight there will be more sunlight

so more sunlight to be able to penetrate

through

more sunlight

there'll also be more carbon dioxide gas

more co2 gas can penetrate through now

if that is the case because of it is

shallow

now that area is shallow

that means it's not too deep so now you

need this sunlight and carbon dioxide in

order for the plants that are found

within this continental shelf to undergo

the process of photosynthesis now once

they're photosynthesized

once this plants photosynthesize what

will not happen is

what that signifies that there is more

food

around this continental shape that is

called center chef have what more food

now

also that means marine organisms that uh

have before can easily uh have a high

population here because there is

ready-made uh food for them to feed

on so

that makes the continental chef

to be

based on those characteristics is

actually favorable

favorable

to what life

now

also once these organisms feed on them

they have to respond and since there is

enough oxygen that means respiration can

take place there and this respiration is

used to provide energy

provide energy for organisms there so if

you look at around the continental shelf

there is a high because of this reason

that means that is why around the

continental ship there is high

fish distribution

high fish distribution

now so you see a conciliator shift is

the portion of the continent that is

submerged

on that area of relatively shallow water

known as the chef sea

now what are the reasons

for high fish population on continental

chef

now one of the reason is that it has

high oxygen concentration high light

penetration abundance of carbon dioxide

for photosynthesis by phytoplankton

uh which are aquatic producers now due

to phytoplankton there are a lot of zoo

flanking on concentration

because of its ads

it means it has high abundance of food

now on the very reason overnight

ingredients that affects fish

distribution within the ocean is

uh the concept of cold and

warm

ocean

current

or fish distribution so cold and warm

ocean current or fish distribution so

the colder one current that we've just

looked at have a major impact on fish

distribution

one of those impact is salinity

what this

simply means is

the cold products

have

no salinity

why

sorry about this

okay um

sorry for that shock break

now cold and warm current on fish

distribution

so look at some of these features that

take place within

the ocean and how it affects fish

distribution that will be able to tell

if

areas with cold current will have more

fish than areas with warm currents so in

terms of salinity that has to do with

the salt content cold currents usually

have low amount of salinity but one

current have high salinity

in terms of density cold current is more

dense high density than one current in

terms of temperature cold current have

low temperature that rise cold in the

first place why

one current have high temperature

flow co-currents normally flow from

beneath the ocean to the surface why one

current flows at the surface of the

ocean so if you have a an ocean um

bank you find out that cold collets

normally comes from it to the surface so

as a result uh this process of moving of

current from under beneath the to the

surface of the water is known as

upwelling

upwelling and as it comes to the surface

it brings along with it

that's right in this case nutrient cold

currents are usually high

in nutrients due to upwelling

from beneath the ocean which is good for

fish food

why one current is pouring nutrient and

in that case you find out that coconuts

normally have higher distribution of

fish than one current so if in the exam

your accident differentiate between coal

and one corrects these criteria you use

to just get your full answer now

we're also going to look at something

very important which is

describe the el nino southern oxidation

phenomena

and its effect on fisheries

along the pacific coast of south america

now

this is quite simple el nino

simply means uh little boy i think in

french uh in spanish thereabout so the

el nino southern oscillation is the time

used to describe changes

in the weather patterns in the pacific

ocean so if it is changes in the weather

pattern in the specific ocean for you to

now understand fully how el nino sudden

exhalation affect fish distribution you

need to understand two things one you

should know how the weather pattern is

on a normal year

so you need to know the weather pattern

in a normal year

and you now need to compete with the

weather pattern in an el nino

year that you now be able to tell

why

how this

phenomena that occurs affects what fish

distribution

so

let's fly

now quickly now you have it accord this

phenomenon actually occur within the

pacific ocean and it involves two major

currents so you need to know the name of

this current so it has two currents

which first is the peruvian current

which is

uh along the coast of south america the

basically the west coast this is west

this is east this is north and this is

the south so this el nino saturn

oxidation occurs within the

east and west uh path of the eastern

part of

australia

and

the western part of south america so if

you look at that

will now be able to know how this

movement of current affects fish

distribution so in a normal year this is

what happens in a normally what happened

is that the warm current is the

equatorial wind

forms the warm current because this line

here forms it's usually the equatorial

line so

the one current now flows

uh uh eastward sorry westward in

normally because this direction is the

west why this direction towards this

direction is east right towards this

direction is west so the equatorial warm

currents move towards the west in

a normal air and if warm currents move

towards the west that means when you get

to the west what will happen the one

current is light so it will now move up

and condense

and once it condenses it forms cloud and

it does not fall down as rain so during

the normal year there is high amount of

rainfall within uh the

eastern coast of australia because of

this one equatorial trade wind or

currents that move towards

australia

but

during that same normal year we have the

peruvian current which is a cold current

so the peruvian the cold uh current the

perivalent current will

move up

through upwelling so because it's cold

it has low salinity it has high amount

of nutrient it has a low temperature so

it comes along with it a food to the

coast of peru and south america thereby

leading to high amount of fish

within this area because cold current

increase the amount of fish distribution

so this is what happens in a normal year

in a normal year there will be a high

amount of rainfall within the

coast of australia

basically the eastern coast because the

warm egg material treatment moved

towards the east

i'm sorry move towards the west

of the pacific ocean and thereby it

evaporates condenses so there might be a

high amount of rainfall which can also

lead to flooding

during it normally

or however because of cold currents

there is less rainfall around perry

nearby can lead to drought

within this area however there will be

high amount of what

um

uh how will happen high amount of fish

distributed there

so let's look at what will now happen

during an el nino year

so let me just read this quickly though

i've explained it it's not something

that sure

now in

non el nino year that's a normal yeah

what happened the strong

wind strong warm equatorial trade wind

current flew westward

from south america towards australia

and indonesia

now when the trade wind reaches the

coast of australia

it has become

hot

wet mass which rises up and condenses to

form conventional

rain

now the high conventional ring can lead

to flooding

also in a normal year an upwelling of

cooler

nutrients rich current

at the coast of south america means

there will be high concentration of fish

leading to low amount of rainfall in

south america and eventually cause

flooding now in an el nino year the

opposite not true

now happens what happened is the one

equatorial trade wind will now move

towards the east because remember if

this is your cardinal point i've said b

w e

uh not south never ever smoke weed

and um

so the epithelia trade will now change

direction in a normal yet move towards

the west but in an el nino year it

changes direction and move towards the

east and if we move towards the east uh

everything that happens in normal

in the coast of australia and indonesia

will not be happening in the coast of

south america

so the warm equity trade wind will now

lead to high amount of conventional rain

in the coast of

south america which can eventually lead

to flooding

and however it will now reduce the

process of upwelling of the peruvian

current thereby leading to reduction

in the amount of fish that is found

within the south within the um

coast of south america so you see in an

el nino year the opposite is the case

weakening the warm

trade with current flow work immigration

current flow eastward from the coast of

australia indonesia it was south america

now this will lead to high

rainfall in south america with drugs

condition

also in areas such as australia now lack

on loop of welding of coulda rich

nutrient-rich water which

will lead to lack of nutrients in south

america therefore decrease the fish and

marine

creatures within south america that's

what happens please you need to take

note of that it comes out a lot and i

found out over time that students

normally have

issues with describing those contents

relating to el nino and la nina

conditions

impact of exploitation of ocean what

impact does it have

so you look at the impact of

exploitation of ocean we look at the

impact of overfishing the impact of

bycatch

and target species marine culture and

aquaculture

now in

overfishing overfishing occur when more

fish are caught than the population can

be placed through natural reproduction

when you catch more fish then it can be

replaced through natural reproduction so

which can lead to extinction of

some fish species obviously a little

reduction in biodiversity because some

species might also die out and the

amount of different organisms reduces

now pollution of marine waters can also

occur because during this fishing

process you use ships you use

different shipping vessels that make use

of

oil

so there can be oil leakage uh you can

also have sound

which can also affect uh

which causes noise pollution within the

water body and eventually can affect uh

the marine organisms so pollution of

marine water bodies oil and liquid spill

chemical and solid element discharge

into water bodies by fishing both

vessels and trollers often hot marine

life now effect of target and bycatch

species now by catch

also has an effect on overfishing how it

occurs when fishermen

come

through with large nets to catch bigger

fish

now many times larger fish and mammals

are caught in the net such as dolphins

sharks and sea lions

and um

voices

now rather than releasing these

beautiful creatures back into their

habitat many are sold or disposed of so

those

those are not the bycatch because you

have a target let's say

you you're dead to target um large large

large arm latch

let's say you want to cut sharks

possibly i'm just using that as an

example

sorry no fish neither type of fish

decide to come to my head right now so

let's say you want to cut shark which is

quite large so you need a very large net

now in the process of using that large

head you need not only catch shag now

your target is sharp

but in that process you're not catching

things like you also catch dolphins

um

you also catch um sea lions

and now these sea lions and dolphins

were not what brought you to fish that

particular day so they are what we refer

to as the bycatch species

they are the bycatch now instead of

releasing this by catch back you find

that that the fishermen normally sell

them and derive money from it

so

that's an impact of overfishing now

mariculture is a specialized branch of

aquaculture

involving the cultivation of marine

organisms

for food and other products in an open

ocean so you see mariculture take place

in an open ocean so you you don't build

a specific fish pond pond for it you you

have an inclusion within the

um

within the ocean that you cultivate is

your marine species now an enclosed

section of the

ocean or in tanks but you still use the

same water that is in the ocean so the

same similar they make it the same

characteristics that the organism is

supposed to be founded

so aquaculture is less

uh commonly spelled

agriculture or also known as aquafarming

is farming of fish

crustacean small oaks aquatic plants

algaes and other organisms

that are needed for consumption and the

rest now all those will also reduce the

impact of overfishing

so

management and harvesting of marine

species see this part comes out a lot in

past papers if you go through my past

papers that have been have been treated

so far you'll be able to see a lot of

questions that i've done relating to

this particular aspect which is

strategies for management

of the invested of marine species now

net size issue and mesh size

is one strategy you can use to manage

the investment of murray species by

increasing the size of the holes in the

net

it shows that only matured and

full-sized fish can be caught

unimaginable fish can escape and

eventually breed allowing the population

to recover then you have other

species specific method like polar line

method of fission now polar line fishing

usually means a particular type of raw

that line fishing in which

fish are attracted to the surface using

a bait fish in this

process called charming and

it helps

to reduce bycatch

now you can introduce fishing quotas

which means setting fishing quarters for

european union countries and for

individual fishing vessels which limits

the amount of each specie of fish which

can be caught at a particular time that

you cannot have close seasons

quotas means you can catch this

particular number for this particular

machine because of this particular

number for this particular specie

another thing is you can have closes and

so closes it means that

you are not supposed to fl

to target that glass specie of fish for

a particular season example you can say

between october to december you are not

supposed to target l

because it's usually a radiant season

and you look at protected areas and

reserves now protected areas or

conservation areas are locations which

receive protection

because of their recognized natural

ecological and cultural values

now you can also come up with

legislative and conservational laws

these are federal and state laws design

with the sole purpose of protecting fish

and activity of fisheries

which will aid in conserving fish

within the state then lastly we can look

at international agreement

implementation and monitoring of some

international agreements within

international water bodies to help

reduce

overfishing that's it

from this aspect from my side so thank

you so much we still continue with this

quick

fire vision on environmental management

and if you need any further explanation

you can always watch my video and please

please and please i need you to

recommend

my channel and also subscribe thank you

see