Literature Reviews Lecture Full Video
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the significance and process of conducting literature reviews in data science. It underscores the importance of clarifying research aims, forming theoretical frameworks, and contributing to research design. The script outlines key steps including information retrieval, source evaluation, critical analysis, and synthesis into a structured discourse. It also emphasizes the need for ongoing literature review to refine research questions and objectives, providing a comprehensive guide for researchers to navigate the literature review process effectively.
Takeaways
- π **Clarify Research Aims**: Literature reviews help to clarify research aims and provide depth and breadth to subject knowledge.
- ποΈ **Form Theoretical Frameworks**: They assist in forming theoretical frameworks for empirical investigations.
- π **Information Seeking and Retrieval**: The process involves searching and retrieving information efficiently using various methods.
- π **Evaluate Sources**: It's crucial to evaluate sources based on criteria like authority, scope, and purpose.
- π§ **Critical Analysis**: Systematically analyze and examine the content of the literature.
- π **Synthesize Concepts**: Synthesize various concepts and evidence into a structured piece of prose.
- π **Define Search Objectives**: Clearly state research questions and determine why information is needed.
- π **Identify Keywords**: Analyze and identify keywords, phrases, and subject categories for effective searching.
- π **Evaluate Quality of Sources**: Assess the quality of sources by considering the authority and credibility of the creators.
- π **Critical Analysis Components**: Understand components of an academic argument, such as claims, reasons, evidence, and qualifiers.
- π **Continuous Process**: Literature review is an ongoing process that evolves with the project's lifespan.
Q & A
Why are literature reviews important in data science research?
-Literature reviews are important as they help clarify research aims, provide depth and breadth to subject knowledge, form theoretical frameworks for empirical investigations, and contribute to research design.
What are the key components of the literature review process?
-The key components include information seeking and retrieval, evaluation, critical analysis, and synthesis.
How does one begin formulating a research strategy for a literature review?
-One should start by formulating a research question or allowing the question to guide the initial search, and then define the search objectives clearly.
What are tertiary sources and why are they important in literature review?
-Tertiary sources are bibliographies of bibliographies that help identify secondary sources like bibliographies, indexes, and abstracts, which are crucial for leading to primary sources for the review.
How should one approach the evaluation of sources retrieved during a literature review?
-One should examine the quality of the sources based on criteria such as authority, scope, and purpose, considering the author's credibility, the publisher's reputation, and the rigor of the review process.
What does critical analysis involve when reviewing literature?
-Critical analysis involves examining and analyzing the content systematically, establishing the background and justification for work, and deconstructing arguments to assess their robustness.
How can one effectively mark up and annotate a text during a literature review?
-One can use underlining for claims, square brackets for reasons, asterisks or stars for evidence, and boxing for qualifiers. Highlighters and color coding can also be utilized for better visual distinction.
What is the purpose of synthesizing research in a literature review?
-The purpose is to formulate a theoretical framework for one's own investigation, drawing on literature from multiple disciplines and identifying gaps in knowledge.
How should the introduction of a literature review be structured?
-The introduction should include a clear statement of purpose, outlining the scope and coverage of the review, and providing reasons for the choices made during the review process.
What is the role of the conclusion in a literature review?
-The conclusion should provide a clear and concise summary of the argument based on the evidence provided in the discussion, and it should end with a statement of any remaining research questions.
Outlines
π Introduction to Literature Reviews
This paragraph introduces the concept of literature reviews in data science, emphasizing their importance for clarifying research aims, providing depth and breadth to subject knowledge, forming theoretical frameworks, and contributing to research design. The literature review process is outlined in several parts: information seeking and retrieval, evaluation, critical analysis, and research synthesis. Information seeking and retrieval involve searching for and obtaining useful literature efficiently, while evaluation requires judging the source based on criteria such as the source itself, the author, and the subject. Critical analysis involves systematic examination of the literature's content, and research synthesis is the ability to combine various concepts and evidence into a structured piece of prose.
π Deep Dive into Information Search and Retrieval
The paragraph delves deeper into the information search and retrieval aspect of literature reviews. It highlights the importance of being familiar with tertiary sources like bibliographies to identify secondary sources such as indexes and abstracts, which in turn lead to primary sources. The process of formulating a research strategy is discussed, starting with a research question or framework to guide the initial search. The literature review's role in refining the research question as the researcher becomes more knowledgeable is acknowledged. The paragraph also covers defining search objectives, organizing subjects into topic groups, identifying keywords and synonyms, and maintaining a comprehensive list of search terms. The importance of recording sources, search terms, and maintaining a log for future reference is emphasized to avoid redundancy and to build upon previous research.
π Evaluation of Retrieved Information
This section focuses on the evaluation of the information retrieved during the literature review. It discusses the importance of examining the quality of sources, including refereed journals and books, and using criteria such as authority, scope, and purpose to assess the information's reliability. Authority involves considering the creators' credibility, affiliations, and the publisher's reputation. Scope refers to the clarity of the work's aims, objectives, and methods, while purpose considers why the work was produced and its intended audience. The paragraph also touches on the importance of critical analysis, which involves understanding the components of an academic argument, such as claims, reasons, evidence, and qualifiers, and how to deconstruct and construct arguments effectively.
π§ Critical Analysis and Argument Construction
The paragraph discusses the process of critical analysis and constructing academic arguments. It emphasizes the need to identify the claim, reason, evidence, and qualifiers in a text to understand and evaluate an author's argument. The paragraph explains that a claim is the core of an argument, supported by reasons and evidence. It also highlights the importance of value judgments, which are subjective and must align with the reader's values for the argument to be persuasive. The paragraph advises on how to critically assess evidence, whether empirical or qualitative, and the significance of qualifiers in claims. It suggests marking up texts to identify components of arguments and using a framework for note-taking to facilitate the synthesis of research into a theoretical framework for one's own investigation.
π Synthesizing Research and Formulating Theoretical Frameworks
This paragraph discusses the synthesis of research and the formulation of theoretical frameworks. It explains that after analyzing individual items, researchers can create a theoretical framework that draws on literature from multiple disciplines. The paragraph also addresses the importance of extending the boundaries of one's review to introduce new concepts. It highlights how the literature review informs the state of knowledge and provides insights into methodologies, which can be used to design one's own investigation. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the need to return to the purpose of the review, establish context, demonstrate knowledge, identify gaps, and develop conceptual bridges for empirical investigation. It outlines the structure of a literature review, including the introduction, methodology, discussion, conclusion, and references, and suggests applying critical analysis techniques to one's own work to ensure robustness.
π Continuous Nature of Literature Review
The final paragraph emphasizes the continuous nature of the literature review process throughout the lifespan of a project. It suggests that as new relevant works are found, they should be incorporated into the theoretical framework. The paragraph also outlines the progression from a research idea to framing research questions, aims, objectives, or hypotheses based on the literature review. It encourages viewers to engage with the content through comments, subscriptions, and likes, and signals the end of the presentation with a farewell.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Literature Review
π‘Information Seeking and Retrieval
π‘Evaluation
π‘Critical Analysis
π‘Synthesis
π‘Research Question
π‘Theoretical Framework
π‘Empirical Investigation
π‘Methodology
π‘Gap in Knowledge
π‘Annotation
Highlights
Literature reviews help clarify research aims and provide depth and breadth to subject knowledge.
They form theoretical frameworks for empirical investigations and contribute to research design.
The literature review process includes information seeking, evaluation, critical analysis, and synthesis.
Information seeking involves searching appropriate sources and retrieving useful literature efficiently.
Evaluation is the ability to judge a source based on criteria such as the source, author, and subject.
Critical analysis involves systematic examination and analysis of the literature's content.
Synthesis is the ability to combine various concepts and evidence into a structured piece of prose.
Tertiary sources like bibliographies help identify secondary sources such as indexes and abstracts.
Formulate a research strategy starting with a research question or framework.
Define search objectives and boundaries, and identify keywords and phrases for the search.
Maintain a record of useful sources and an ongoing log of the search process.
Evaluation of sources involves examining their authority, scope, purpose, and quality.
Critical analysis of an academic argument includes identifying claims, reasons, evidence, and qualifiers.
Synthesizing research involves formulating a theoretical framework for one's own investigation.
The literature review informs the state of knowledge and provides insights concerning methodology.
The review process is continuous and should be updated with each relevant piece of work found.
The literature review should establish context, demonstrate knowledge, and identify gaps in the published literature.
The review consists of an introduction, methodology, discussion, conclusion, and references.
The introduction should state the purpose and scope of the review, while the methodology may describe the review process.
The discussion is the main body where individual concepts are used to synthesize findings and present arguments.
The conclusion restates the argument based on the evidence provided and may highlight remaining research questions.
References should be thorough and accurately represent the literature review's scope.
Transcripts
welcome back everyone to data science
for everyone today we're going to be
talking about literature reviews let's
get started
so to start off let's kind of talk about
why we actually do literature reviews in
the first place so we want to clarify
our own research aims we want to provide
uh depth and breadth of the subject
knowledge material
we want to form theoretical frameworks
for our own empirical investigations and
we want to contribute to our research
design
now the literature review process has uh
several uh parts to it okay first we
have information seeking and retrieval
and this is the ability to search
appropriate sources and scan the
literature efficiently using manual or
online methods to identify and obtain a
set of useful articles chapters and
books
second we have evaluation
the ability to judge a source based on a
number of criteria including the source
itself
the author
and the subject
critical analysis the ability to examine
and analyze the content of the
literature systematically
research sense that the synthesis the
ability to synthesize the various
concepts and evidence
you have found into a structured piece
of discursive prose that provides
context and background on your topic
area
information search and retrieval now
let's get a little bit more in depth
into what information search and
retrieval is
so when we're planning a search on any
topic area
it is important for us to be familiar
with the tertiary sources so the
bibliographies of the bibliographies
and which we will
help to identify the secondary sources
such as other bibliographies index and
abstracts
this will be very useful when you will
want to
lead to our primary sources for our
review
so we want to formulate a strategy for
our research
and this is to begin a very
uh easy framework a research question
maybe or even allow the question to
guide uh your initial search
now we need to remember that the
literature review is there to allow us
to formulate
our research question more precisely
it is highly probable that
we're becoming increasingly more
knowledgeable uh the the more focus that
we have on our research and our research
focus definitely and most likely will
shift as we go through the literature
let's define the search and define our
search objectives so state clearly the
research question or questions that you
have
determining why information is needed
and how it will ultimately be used
this will help you to formulate
boundaries to your search and may also
suggest the appropriate search
systems
these topics
are a starting point but the researchers
objectives may change as the search
progresses
once you have organized your subject
into topic groups you can then go on to
analyze the keywords within that group
to make sure that you are using the best
possible search terms
identify keywords phrases and subject
categories to be used in the
search we need to identify all the
possible ways to describe the topic
groups we need to note synonyms
distinctive terms and alternate
spellings
a com comprehensive list of all search
terms should be maintained and recorded
the success and value of each
in order to avoid unnecessary repetition
when the first useful items are
identified you must examine
them for their other keywords and
concepts that were not predetermined and
carry out a subsequent search to ensure
that all of these items
and terms are located
identify and record sources to be
accessed and searching for information
so we need to maintain a full record
error as much as possible of useful
sources we also need to maintain an
ongoing log of the search recordings of
the bibliographic sources search terms
that we may have
used and that we find useful
it is useful to keep a log of our
current search which can also be stored
and referred to in subsequent searches
and subsequent research
reinventing the wheel is never a great
idea and we usually don't have time so
we need to keep a log is always going to
be useful to us and also use some sort
of dedicated software
evaluation
once you have carried out the search it
is important that you pause and examine
the information that you have retrieved
if you have restricted yourself to refer
refereed journals
books and so forth this may not
necessarily be a problem but it does
cause some issues
examine the quality of the sources that
you have also identified
there are a number of criteria that we
must use to evaluate the quality of the
information that we have retrieved we
need to look at the authority
scope and purpose
the authority
consider the authority of the creators
who actually made that document and
in order to appraise their reliability
of the information
consider aspects such as the author's
previous research their stature what
organization they're affiliated with
their political stance their credibility
and their reputation amongst their peers
publishers are given uh and cons and
publishers
should be given consideration when uh
they have a reputation of producing
authoritative or high quality
publications usually these are the top
journals in the field as well as other
more um breakout journals
journal articles are often peer-reviewed
before publication but this is not
always the case and we should make sure
to check
the information of the editorial policy
of the journals to determine the rigor
of the review process
it is also worth investigating whether
the source
you have obtained has been cited by
other reputable authors
scope
consider what claims are made by the
authors
of the work
the most reliable pieces of research
should set out clear scope aims and
objectives and the methods by which the
data was collected
any works which failed to set out such
information should again be regarded
with caution
purpose
think about why a work was produced and
the reason uh that was given for the
indication of its reliability if the
work was produced at convenient
to convenience uh to convince buyers of
a value of information resource it is uh
not necessarily uh useful for the
objective and the independent assessment
of the value of the resource
critical analysis
every item that we read
should inform us about our argument we
should establish the background to and
justification for our work
we need to demonstrate
and
how to deconstruct an argument in order
to establish the robustness of that
argument the same technique can be
applied in reverse when we are wanting
to construct our own arguments
critical analysis an academic argument
should have a number of components first
we need a claim and then second we need
a reason any argument should consist of
a claim or a conclusion and a reason or
an interpretation of the data and
evidence the data itself
to support that claim and any
qualifications of the claim in order to
analyze an argument of the author
we must
read the piece and identify all of these
components
a claim a claim is the essence of an
argument it is a conclusion that the
writer intends to demonstrate by
applying all other components of the
argument in support of that claim a
claim should be simple
before believing any claims
we must
um
know a few things
uh you would need to know
the reason someone had uh for making the
claim what evidence is provided to
support that claim
and how far does the claim go and
specifically are there any qualifiers
it is not difficult to
spot a claim it is often in the title or
the opening paragraph once you know the
writer's claim establish how that claim
is supported
the reason now there are three questions
to ask when we are trying to establish
the value of a reason
now these reasons a writer gives for
making a claim are the building blocks
of any argument
reasons comprise the second level of an
argument without the first level the
claim cannot stand
the argument should
the argument should
cease to be effective without any robust
reason
which is usually the writer's
interpretation of the evidence or the
data
so a couple questions that we need to
look at is
is the reason relevant to the claim it
supports
so in order to be relevant to the claim
there has to be a very clear link
between the claim and the reasons for
making it second
is uh the reason effective so if a
reason is to be effective it must relate
to the value you can believe in or agree
with
three is the value invoked by the reason
likely to be universal or selective the
value judgments are nearly always
subjective this means that the value
judgment of the writer has to agree with
the value judgment of the reader
it's always a good idea to restate the
value
being appealed to as clearly as possible
in your own terms
evidence so when evidence comes in the
form of empirical research data we must
ask ourselves
if that data is credible where are the
statistics gathered from a reliable
source and is there a way to verify it
if we are given qualitative data in the
form of opinions the same questions need
to be asked
where was the data collected how is it
collected and how did the researcher
interpret it
readers are
unlikely to accept a claim based solely
on the reasons given by the author we
would expect the author to support their
reasons the most holistic or critical uh
to an audience is the stronger the
evidence must be
it must be accurate credible and given
in sufficient quantity to convince the
reader that the author's knowledge
able
qualifiers there are two types of claims
the unqualified claim and the qualified
claim
when we're reading an article look for
the qualifiers the
their words such like usually many most
often and a few by far the most common
of the are qualified claims
whether
made by a book critic or a research
student or a practitioner shares the
results of their investigation the
majority of the claims or conclusions
are qualified in some way or another
this is by no means going to lessen the
value of that claim
in
if anything it
makes it more reliable because the
research has acknowledged the potential
limitations of the work
conclusions draw conclusions formulate
an argument and provide framework for
synthesis
once you have analyzed the text
you can then draw your own conclusions
from the work and begin to formulate
your own arguments your review will
ultimately provide a synthesis of the
articles research reports or reviews
that you have
analyzed your conclusions will provide
the framework for that synthesis this
exercise is also very useful
when writing up your own work
if your writing can stand up to the same
level of critical analysis that you can
have
subjected to your own chosen review
items
then you can feel confident that you
have presented a robust argument
marking up the text so when you're
reading through an article it's always
helpful to annotate the text as you go
in order to establish which part of the
article does what it
what in terms of the overall argument a
claim is identified and you can use this
by underlining the text a reason is
identified by utilizing square brackets
evidence in the is identified
by usually utilizing asterisks or stars
qualifiers can be identified by
encircling them with a box now again all
of these are just suggestions you can
make up your own marking so that they uh
make more sense to you i highly
recommend utilizing highlighters and
color coding them as it's uh much
better for your eyes
so evaluation uh and critical analysis
framework so as we can see here we have
a a nice framework here we have the full
citation the scope purpose and method
the claims qualifiers evidence and
reasons this is going to give us a nice
way to kind of read through the text and
make
um and keep the notes as we go along
so after we've read through a text it is
going to be useful for us to separate
out our notes that we've just marked up
and you should also keep a reference of
the
source and this this template that we
show here provides a nice structure for
making notes after reading an article or
paper
this framework should be used for each
separate item that you are reviewing the
number of rows in the second half of
this template are no indication of how
many rows you actually may need
that's all going to depend
on the
item itself
synthesizing research
so once each item has been analyzed
or the analysis progresses uh
you are in a position to formulate a
theoretical framework for your own
investigation of course this framework
would have been growing each additional
item was analyzed
innovative frameworks usually draw on
literature from more than one core
discipline of study and it is often
necessary to extend the boundaries of
your own review in order to introduce
new concepts here we see
various strands of the literature that
provide the necessary background of
identifiers
the gaps in the knowledge that exist
these various strands are linked
together to provide a framework that
covers all the aspects seen as a
relevant initialized question
information and informed methodologies
the literature review informs you of the
state of knowledge of the subject and
provides you with the insight concerning
that methodology
it is uh natural to conduct a review of
subject-specific literature and apply
this framework to establish the
theoretical framework of your research
for some point of view of the subject
this is potentially a waste of valuable
information the literature review
not only informs you of the state of
knowledge of the subject but it also
provides you with insights concerning
methodology
when any research is presented in a
published form there will be inevitably
uh be a description
of the research design applied to that
study
use this to assist you in designing your
own investigation extracting ideas of
how not to do it as well as ideas of how
to do it in formal research reports this
will be written up as a
separate section discussing only
methodology but your discoveries from
the critical analysis can be applied
against
to discuss and justify your own research
design although research methods and
texts are written as a guide
to
a research activity you should also
learn from the experience of the
researchers and use their designs to
inform yours
the review
return
to your purpose we need to establish
context demonstrate knowledge and
identify gaps so before we begin writing
our review we must return to our own
purpose
when we are writing a literature review
to establish the context of our own
research we need to also demonstrate our
knowledge of our chosen topic and to
identify any gaps that may exist in the
published literature essentially this
means that we're justifying the need for
and contextualizing our research
we also
need to develop
our own conceptual bridges and start to
point out
the empirical investigation that we are
going to undertake
the review will consist of the following
sections the introduction the
methodology
the discussion the conclusion and the
references
now the introduction
should
include a clear statement of our purpose
outlining the scope and coverage of our
review so that our reader knows what to
expect
and understands the reason for any
apparent omissions
go back to the earliest sections where
we were discussing how to establish the
scope of our literature research
provide our readers with
uh the reasons for our choices that we
uh made at this point this is going to
be the opening section and it will
say that we have uh reviewed it and why
the methodology will uh we may want to
let our readers know
how we engaged in the review process
this is not always included in a review
it depends on the nature of the report
that we're going to be presenting
the discussion is the main body of the
review where we discuss the collection
of items reviewed and put forward our
own argument
it is
it is likely that
we will want to arrange this discussion
under headings that reflect the
individual concepts
we have used to synthesize our findings
in order to check that we have written
an
evaluative and critical review that is
robust why not apply the critical
analysis technique to our own work at
this point
conclusion
this is uh your closing statement there
should be nothing new here as
you have already provided your argument
this is clear and concise statement of
the argument based on the evidence that
you provided in the discussion and the
conclusion should end with the statement
of
the problem or research questions that
will still remain after all
you already know
that has been investigated the
references
the reference the referencing for a
literature review should be a
very high standard the list of
references is
as a as much a part of the review as it
is for dis uh the discussion and should
be treated as such
the summary
the literature review process is the
continuous one uh throughout the
lifespan of any project there will be a
point in which
our individual critical analysis of
items will be synthesized
but we
should not stop there
well we must add to the review each time
that we find and locate out a relevant
piece of work that has a place in our
theoretical framework
what well we will begin with is an idea
of our research a particular curiosity
that needs to be formalized and placed
within the current knowledge surrounding
that idea
from our review
we can then move on to the next stage in
the research process framing
our research question aims and
objectives or hypothesis based on what
we have discovered within the published
literature
if you guys like this please comment
subscribe and hit that like button and i
will see you guys next time bye
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