Variasi Fenotip Mekanisme Genetik dan Aplikasinya dalam Pemuliaan

Muhammad Sultan Alam
14 Aug 202417:30

Summary

TLDRThis presentation delves into the significance of phenotypic variation in genetics, emphasizing its role in adaptation and evolution. It explores the genetic mechanisms behind inheritance, including Mendelian laws, mutations, and the Hardy-Weinberg principle. The speaker discusses the impact of genetic principles on breeding programs, showcasing how understanding genetic variations can lead to advancements in agriculture and biotechnology. The presentation concludes by highlighting the importance of genetic knowledge in addressing future challenges and fostering innovation.

Takeaways

  • 🌿 The importance of phenotypic variation is highlighted, emphasizing its role in creating a diverse and resilient environment against diseases and climate changes.
  • 🌼 Phenotypes are described as the physical manifestation of life, influenced by genetic instructions and environmental factors.
  • 🧬 Genetics is explained through the metaphor of a 'life guidebook' where genes are the paragraphs that dictate the formation of specific organism parts.
  • 🌽 The script discusses genetic inheritance, comparing it to receiving a unique blend of parental characteristics, which can result in a mix of traits or entirely new expressions.
  • 🌱 The process of cell division, including mitosis and meiosis, is outlined as fundamental to reproduction and growth, with mitosis producing identical cells and meiosis halving chromosome numbers for sexual reproduction.
  • πŸ“š Mendel's laws of inheritance are introduced, explaining how traits are passed from one generation to the next, with examples of how specific genetic combinations can result in different phenotypic ratios.
  • 🧬 The concepts of genes and alleles are defined, with an emphasis on how they underpin sexual and asexual reproduction.
  • 🌱 The script touches on genetic mutations, explaining them as changes in the DNA sequence that can affect gene function and potentially introduce new genetic variations.
  • 🌟 Hardy-Weinberg principles are mentioned, illustrating how allele and genotype frequencies can remain constant across generations in large, non-selective populations.
  • 🌱 The application of genetics in plant breeding is discussed, showcasing how understanding genetic mechanisms can lead to the development of superior plant varieties with desirable traits like drought resistance or higher yield.

Q & A

  • What is the significance of phenotypic variation in the context of the environment?

    -Phenotypic variation is crucial as it helps in maintaining biodiversity, which in turn makes ecosystems less monotonous and more resilient to diseases and environmental changes such as climate shifts.

  • How are genes described in relation to the 'book of life'?

    -Genes are likened to paragraphs in the 'book of life,' where each paragraph contains instructions for forming specific parts of an organism, and the slight differences in these 'paragraphs' create variation among individuals.

  • What is the role of genetic inheritance in producing unique phenotypic traits?

    -Genetic inheritance plays a role in receiving a unique blend of characteristics from parents, which can result in a mix or even entirely new expressions of traits, making each individual very unique.

  • How does genetic modification in corn lead to an increase in crop yield?

    -Genetic modification in corn can lead to the production of high-quality corn with larger and more abundant cobs, which enhances harvest and production by improving the plant's vegetative characteristics.

  • What are the two main types of cell division discussed in the script?

    -The two main types of cell division discussed are mitosis, which results in two genetically identical daughter cells for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction, and meiosis, which occurs in reproductive cells or gametes and results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

  • What is the significance of Mendel's laws in understanding the inheritance of traits?

    -Mendel's laws are fundamental in understanding how traits are inherited from one generation to another, providing the basis for the principles of genetic inheritance.

  • How does epistasis affect the expression of traits in inheritance?

    -Epistasis is an interaction between genes where one gene can influence the expression of another gene, resulting in a new phenotype that differs from the traits of the parents.

  • What is the definition of mutation as discussed in the script?

    -Mutation is defined as a change in the DNA sequence that can affect a gene, which can be either genetic or chromosomal, and can lead to alterations in the proteins encoded by the gene.

  • What are the factors that influence allele frequency in a population according to the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

    -According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele and genotype frequencies in a large population that is not affected by selection, mutation, or gene flow will remain constant from generation to generation.

  • How does understanding quantitative genetics contribute to the study of traits influenced by multiple genes?

    -Quantitative genetics studies traits controlled by many genes or polygenes and influenced by the environment, such as height and skin color, providing insights into how these complex traits are inherited.

  • What is the application of DNA technology in forensics as mentioned in the script?

    -DNA technology in forensics is used for identifying individuals through the analysis of genetic material, which is crucial in solving crimes and establishing paternity.

  • How does genetic improvement in plants contribute to a better future?

    -Genetic improvement in plants can lead to the creation of new varieties that are resistant to drought, diseases, or have higher crop yields, thus contributing to a more sustainable and productive agricultural future.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Phenotypic Variation and Genetic Mechanisms

The speaker, Muhammad Sultan Alam, introduces himself and discusses the topic of phenotypic variation, genetic mechanisms, and their application in breeding. He emphasizes the importance of variation in nature, comparing a monotonous garden with a diverse one to illustrate the point. The speaker explains that genes are like paragraphs in a book of life, each writing instructions for specific parts of an organism. Variation arises from the unique combination of genetic instructions from parents, leading to the inheritance of traits and the creation of unique individuals. The talk also touches on the genetic modification of corn to improve crop yield and quality, showcasing the impressive hereditary legacy of nature.

05:02

🧬 Cellular Division and Principles of Inheritance

This section delves into the processes of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis, which are fundamental to reproduction and growth in living organisms. Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells, crucial for growth and asexual reproduction. Meiosis, on the other hand, occurs in reproductive cells or gametes and produces four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, generating genetic variation. The speaker also discusses Mendel's laws of inheritance, explaining how traits are passed from one generation to another through the principles of dominance and segregation. Examples are provided to illustrate these laws, such as the inheritance of seed shape and color in peas.

10:05

🌱 Genetic Mutations and Population Genetics

The speaker addresses genetic mutations, which are changes in the genetic material that can occur spontaneously or due to environmental influences. Mutations can be genetic or chromosomal and can affect the structure or number of chromosomes. Factors causing mutations include radiation, chemical mutagens, and errors during DNA replication. The impact of mutations can be neutral, harmful, or beneficial, and they play a role in evolution by creating new genetic variations. The section also covers population genetics, exploring the distribution and changes in allele frequencies within populations. Hardy-Weinberg principles are introduced, explaining the conditions under which allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations. Factors influencing allele frequencies, such as natural selection, genetic drift, migration, and mutation, are also discussed.

15:08

🌟 Applications of Genetics in Breeding and Biotechnological Innovations

The final section highlights the practical applications of genetics in breeding and biotechnology. Breeding involves combining artistic observation of desired traits with scientific understanding of inheritance mechanisms to control the selection process and design plants or animals with superior characteristics. Examples include developing plant varieties resistant to drought or diseases. The speaker also mentions the use of genetic knowledge in forensics, agriculture, and human therapies. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding phenotypic variation and genetic mechanisms, which are crucial for addressing future challenges in breeding and for fostering innovation in various fields, from food production to genetic therapies.

Mindmap

Keywords

πŸ’‘Phenotype

Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, such as its morphology, development, or behavior. In the video, the importance of phenotypic variation is emphasized as it is crucial for biodiversity and the adaptability of species to their environment. The script mentions how a garden with only one type of flower would be monotonous and less resilient to environmental changes, illustrating the significance of phenotypic diversity.

πŸ’‘Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. The video script discusses how genetic instructions written in DNA are influenced by environmental factors, resulting in the phenotypes we observe. Genetics is central to understanding the mechanisms behind the inheritance of traits and the genetic manipulation that can lead to improved crop varieties, as exemplified by the corn example in the script.

πŸ’‘Variation

Variation in biology refers to the differences in traits among individuals of the same species. The script highlights the importance of variation for the survival and evolution of species. It uses the analogy of a garden with diverse flowers to illustrate how variation can enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability to diseases and environmental changes.

πŸ’‘Gene

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for the production of proteins or RNA molecules, which are the functional molecules in cells. The video script likens genes to paragraphs in a book of life, each writing instructions for specific parts of an organism. The variation in these 'paragraphs' across individuals is what creates the phenotypic diversity discussed.

πŸ’‘Inheritance

Inheritance in genetics refers to the passing of genetic information from parents to offspring. The script discusses how the process of inheritance is like receiving a unique blend of characteristics from one's parents, leading to the expression of traits that can be a mix or entirely new in each individual.

πŸ’‘Cell Division

Cell division is a process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. The video script mentions two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells, important for growth and asexual reproduction, while meiosis produces four genetically unique cells, each with half the number of chromosomes, which is crucial for sexual reproduction and genetic variation.

πŸ’‘Mendelian Laws

Mendelian Laws, or Principles, are the fundamental laws of inheritance observed by Gregor Mendel. The script references these laws to explain how traits are passed from one generation to another. It uses the example of round and wrinkled peas to illustrate Mendel's laws, showing how the inheritance of these traits follows predictable patterns.

πŸ’‘Mutation

Mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence that can affect the genetic information within a gene. The video script discusses mutations as spontaneous changes or those caused by environmental factors, such as radiation or chemicals. Mutations can lead to new genetic variations that are essential for evolution and can have neutral, harmful, or beneficial effects on an organism.

πŸ’‘Hardy-Weinberg Principle

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle is a fundamental concept in population genetics that states that the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a large, randomly mating population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other influences. The script mentions this principle to explain how allele and genotype frequencies can be calculated and how they change over time due to factors like selection, genetic drift, migration, and mutation.

πŸ’‘Quantitative Genetics

Quantitative genetics is the study of inheritance of traits that are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. The script touches on this concept when discussing traits like human height and skin color, which are controlled by many genes and are also affected by the environment. Understanding quantitative genetics helps in predicting and manipulating these complex traits.

πŸ’‘Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the use of living organisms and their components to develop or make products. In the context of the video, biotechnology is mentioned in relation to its applications in agriculture and health, such as genetic engineering to create crop varieties with desirable traits or gene therapy for treating human diseases. The script emphasizes how understanding genetic mechanisms and phenotypic variation opens doors for innovation across various fields.

Highlights

Introduction to phenotypic variation, its importance for biodiversity and resistance to environmental changes.

The role of genetics in shaping phenotypic traits and how genetic instructions in DNA are influenced by environmental factors.

The significance of phenotypic variation in creating a vibrant and resilient ecosystem, compared to a monotonous one.

Genetics as a guide to life, with each individual having a slightly different 'book' that creates diversity among organisms.

Inheritance and how the process of genetic transmission leads to a unique blend of traits in offspring.

Example of genetic modification in corn leading to improved crop yield and quality.

Explanation of cell division, including mitosis and meiosis, and their roles in growth, repair, and sexual reproduction.

Mendelian laws of inheritance and how they govern the transmission of traits across generations.

The concept of genes and alleles as the basic units of inheritance and their role in sexual and asexual reproduction.

Exploration of deviations from Mendelian laws, including epistasis and other phenomena that introduce complexity in inheritance patterns.

Mutations as changes in genetic material that can be spontaneous or induced by environmental factors, and their impact on evolution.

Population genetics principles, including allele and genotype frequencies, and how they change over generations.

Hardy-Weinberg principle and the factors that affect allele frequencies in a population.

Quantitative genetics and the study of traits influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

DNA as the primary genetic material in all living organisms and its structure and function.

Applications of DNA in forensics for identifying individuals.

The beauty and adaptability of phenotypic variation in the natural world, such as human skin color and animal fur patterns.

Breeding and its application in agriculture, creating new plant varieties resistant to drought, disease, or with higher yield.

Case study on crossbreeding experiments, revealing new phenotypic variations and inheritance patterns.

The importance of understanding genetic mechanisms and phenotypic variation for addressing future challenges in selection and breeding.

The role of genetics in innovation across various fields, from food production to human gene therapy.

Conclusion on the importance of understanding genetic variation for adaptation, evolution, and practical applications in agriculture and biotechnology.

Transcripts

play00:00

ya asalamualaikum warahmatullahi

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wabarakatuh perkenalkan nama saya

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Muhammad Sultan alam dengan NIM 122316

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tri09 Eh pada kesempatan ini saya akan

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membahas tentang variasi fenotip eh

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pemahaman mekanisme genetik dan

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aplikasinya dalam pemuliaan nah eh ini

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saya ambil dan saya rangkum dari buku

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ajar genetika olehunis

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eendi oke ya yang pertama pendahuluan ee

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yang akan membahas tentang fenotip ee

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penggambaran awal

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kehidupan fenotip adalah cermin dari

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kehidupan itu sendiri ya mencakup segala

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hal yang kita lihat pada organisme ini

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adalah hasil akhir dari instruksi

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genetik yang tertulis dalam DNA yang

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EE kemudian dipengaruhi oleh faktor

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lingkungan ya untuk ee Mengapa variasi

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ptifp itu penting karena bayangkan kita

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berada di sebuah taman yang hanya satu

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jenis bunga tanpa variasi atau warna

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atau

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bentuk jadi alam yang monoton tidak

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hanya membosankan tetapi juga e rentan

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terhadap penyakit dan perubahan iklim

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atau perubahan suatu lingkungan jadi

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ketika Ee Kita di sebuah taman dan e

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satu dia hanya memiliki satu warna bunga

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yang sama dengan e bunga yang monoton

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itu ee akan terlihat sangat membesankan

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ya Tapi ketika kita menuju ke sebuah

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taman dengan bunga yang banyak ya dengan

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variasi warna yang bagus dan e beberapa

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pohon-pohon yang cantik dan unik itu

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ee taman itu seperti hidup rasanya e

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taman itu seperti bergembira Pak taman

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itu seperti menggambarkan e suasana hati

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kita yang buruk ya tapi diwarnai dengan

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warna-warna yang indah sehingga kita

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dapat merasa senang walaupun suasana

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hati kita sedang buruk ya kita lanjut

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ee mekanisme genetik jadi gen ee buku

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panduan kehidupan gen diibaratkan

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sebagai paragraf dalam e buku panduan

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kehidupan yang masing-masing menuliskan

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instruksi untuk membentuk bagian-bagian

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tertentu dari

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organisme setiap individu e memiliki

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buku sedikit berbeda itulah yang

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menciptakan variasi di antara kita ya

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terus untuk hereditas warisan yang

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menakjubkan ee proses pewarisan genetik

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adalah seperti e menerima perpaduan unik

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dari karakteristik orang tua fenotip

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yang muncul bisa menjadi campuran atau

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bahkan e ekspresi sifat yang sama sekali

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baru menjadi setiap individu yang sangat

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unik jadi di sini Saya

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menaruh bunga ya dan juga contoh jagung

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yang telah mengalami perubahan gen ya

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Sehingga Eh ini dia masuk ke dalam eh

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apa ya Eh gen yang telah dimodifikasi

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sehingga dia menghasilkan ee jagung yang

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berkualitas dengan buah tongkol yang

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banyak dan besar sehingga ee

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meningkatkan hasil panen dan produksi ya

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yang awalnya dia eh tanaman vegetatif

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yang EE kecil dan kurus e berbunga dan

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menghasilkan buah yang besar itu ee dia

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harus melalui beberapa perkawinan e

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beberapa eh apa modifikasi gen sehingga

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dia menghasilkan buah yang besar nah ini

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eh warisan-warisan yang menakjubkan dari

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alam gitu jadi alam ee memproduksi

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banyak tanaman yang dengan berbagai

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jenis tanaman bunga-bunga ya

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tanaman-tanaman yang bisa kita makan dan

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banyak hal

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lainnya untuk bab 1 pembelahan

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sel pembelahan sel sendiri ee Pada bab

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ini membahas proses pembelahan sel yang

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EE merupakan dasar dari ee reproduksi

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dan pertumbuhan makhluk hidup ada dua

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jenis pembelahan sel yang EE utama yang

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akan dibahas yaitu mitosis dan

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miosis untuk ee mitosis sendiri

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pembelahan sel ee yang menghasilkan dua

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sel anak yang identik secara e genetis

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dengan sel induk ini penting untuk

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pertumbuhan perbaikan jaringan dan EE

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reproduksi aseksual Nah kita bisa lihat

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di sini di mana ee propase menjadi

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metapase ya dia

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bermetapase setelah itu dia memisahkan

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diri anapase dan eh ketika dia

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memisahkan diri dia membentuk Eh propase

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lagi yang baru jadi menjadi telopase ya

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dia membentuk hal yang baru terbagi dua

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ya jadi setiap titik-titik yang bintik

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kitab ini ini yang EE menarik sehingga

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dia memisalkan i sehingga dia membentuk

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pembelahan yang baru terus untuk

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meosis pembelahan sel yang terjadi pada

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selsel e reproduksi atau gamet dan

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menghasilkan empat sel anak ee dengan

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jumlah kromosom e setengah dari sel

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induk meosis penting dalam menghasilkan

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eh variasi gen ya kita lihat di sini eh

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interface ya meosis 1 dan meosis 2 di

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mana ketika dia meosis 1 ee dia

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mengalami eh seperti mitosis ya dia

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profase 1 metafase 1

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anafase 1 dan telopase 1 tapi ketika dia

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telah menjadi telopase ya dia melakukan

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eh pembelahan lagi jadi eh dua kali

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pembelahan ya Sehingga di sini ada

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profase 2 metafase 2 anafase 2 dan

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telofase 2 inilah pembelahan eh meosis

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yang terjadi pada sel-sel reproduksi Usi

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atau gamet dan menghasilkan empat sel

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anakan ya ini 1 2 3 4 Oke kita

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lanjut untuk BAB du eh prinsip dasar

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pewarisan sifat bab ini menjelaskan e

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konsep pewarisan sifat berdasarkan hukum

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Mendel dan e perkembangan genetika

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modern beberapa poin penting yang

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dibahas adalah eh yang pertama Hukum

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Mendel di mana prinsip pewarisan yang

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mengatur bagaimana sifat-sifat

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diwariskan dari e generasi ke generasi

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ya kita lihat di sini ada hukum Mendel

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dua ya ini misalnya kita biji kuning ee

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bulat dan e biji hijau kiriput jadi biji

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kuning bulat ini kita YR ya disilangkan

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dengan ee YR besar ya E biji hijau

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keriput yaitu YR kecil yang menghasilkan

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y besar y kecil dan R besar R kecil

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menghasilkan biji kuning dan bulat nah

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persilangan ini antara eh is e berbiji

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kuning bentuk bulat dengan is berbiji

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hijau dengan bentuk yang keriput ya Nah

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ini dia hasil-hasil dari hukum Mendel

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dari e e apa kuning bulat dan hijau

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keriput

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ya dia akan menghasilkan perbandingan 9

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berbanding untuk kuning 9 berbanding 16

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untuk hijau 3 berbanding 16 untuk kuning

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yang keriput ya dia menghasilkan 3 b 16

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dan untuk hijau yang keriput dia hanya

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menghasilkan satu jadi persilangan ini

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berhasil di mana kita menghasilkan

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ee apa biji yang berkualitas dengan

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perbandingan 9/10 di mana ketika kita

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ingin dia berwarna hijau kuning dan

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bulat dan mulus ya itu menghasilkan 9/10

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tapi kita ketika kita ingin menghasilkan

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biji yang hijau bulat dan berkualitas

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dan mulus itu 3 ee berbanding 16 jadi

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ini kita bisa AMB anakannya terus tapi

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tapi Adapun ee yang dihasilkan juga

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ketika dia

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ee menghasilkan ee apa kuning dan juga

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keriput ya perbandingannya 3 perbanding

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16 dan juga e hijau dan keriput dari

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sini itu dia cuma 1/16

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Oke untuk gen dan alel konsep dasar

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mengenai gen e sebagai unit pewarisan

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dan Alil eh sebagai variasi genetik

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untuk tiga ee pewarisan seksual dan

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aseksual perbedaan mendasar antara

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pewarisan sifat melalui reproduksi

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seksual melibatkan miosis dan aseksual

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ya yang bab

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pola-pola

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pewarisan bab ini ee mengeksplorasi

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pola-pola pewarisan yang EE menyimpang

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dari hukum Mendel termasuk konsep-konsep

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seperti epistasis ya dan penyimpangan

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dari hukum Mendel epistasis itu

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interaksi antara gen di mana satu gen

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dapat mempengaruhi ekspresi gen lain

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untuk pen penyimpangan dari hukum Mendel

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beberapa pola pewarisan yang tidak

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sesuai dengan prediksi Mendel seperti

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adanya pautan gen penentuan jenis

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kelamin dan Beberapa fenomena lainnya

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Nah ini dia penyimpangan sebbu Hukum

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Mendel ya atavisme atau interaksi again

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jadi di sini untuk eh fotipnya

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ada R Besar 2 R besar dan 2 P kecil

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terus 2 R kecil dan 2P besar

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oke terus menghasilkan F1 R R kecil p p

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kecil interaksi antara gen r dengan gen

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P menimbulkan karakter baru yang berbeda

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dengan karakter induk jika f1

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disilangkan ya r r besar dan R kecil dan

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P dan kecil disilang kan waln Ya akan

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menghasilkan genotip Rp besar R bes P

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kecil R kecil P bes dan Rp kecil ya Nah

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untuk rasio fenotipnya walnut Ros pe dan

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single 9 3 3 b s Nah ini dia hukumnya ya

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Ini dia yang dihasilkan dari

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penyimpangan semu Hukum

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Mendel ya bab keemp yaitu mutasi bab ini

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membahas tentang mutasi yaitu perubahan

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pada materi genetik yang bisa terjadi ee

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secara spontan atau akibat pengaruh

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lingkungan poin-poin utama ee dalam bab

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ini meliputi yang pertama definisi

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mutasi ya mutasi adalah perubahan dalam

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ee urutan DNA yang dapat mempengaruhi

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gen mutasi dapat bersifat e genetik atau

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kromosom ada ada pula jenis-jenis mutasi

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yaitu yang pertama mutasien perubahan

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pada ee satu atau lebih basa dalam DNA

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ini dapat menghasilkan perubahan dalam

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protein yang dikodekan oleh gen tersebut

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yang kedua mutasi kromosom perubahan

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dalam e struktur atau jumlah kromosom

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yang dapat mempengaruhi banyak e gen

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sekaligus penyebab mutasi faktor-faktor

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yang menyebabkan mutasi termasuk radiasi

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bahan kimia m mutagenik dan

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eh kesalahan selama e replikasi DNA

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untuk dampak mutasi mutasi dapat

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bersifat netral meruguikan atau

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menguntungkan

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ya mereka ada untuk berpelan dalam

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evolusi dengan menghasilkan variasi

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genetik yang baru Nah kemampuan adaptasi

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terhadap lingkungan yang e beragam pula

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oke kita

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lanjut bab 5 genetika populasi ee bab

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ini mengeksplorasi prinsip-prinsip

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genetik populasi yang mengkaji

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distribusi dan dan perubahan frekuensi

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alel ee dalam populasi poin-poin utama

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meliputi frekuensi alel dan genotip

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menjelaskan Bagaimana frekuensi alel dan

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genotip dalam populasi dapat dihitung

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dan bagaimana e mereka berubah dari

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generasi ke generasi

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Eh ada pula hukum Hardy weberg ya Eh

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prinsip ini eh menyatakan bahwa

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frekuensi alel dan genotip dalam

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populasi yang besar dan tidak

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dipengaruhi oleh seleksi mutas atau

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aliran gen akan dapat konstan dari

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generasi ke generasi eh keseimbangan

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Hardy

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weberg Terus faktor-faktor yang

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mempengaruhi frekuensi alel yang pertama

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seleksi alam proses di mana alel yang

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meningkatkan keberlangsungan hidup dan

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reproduksi menjadi lebih utama dalam

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populasi terus ada defrit genetick di

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mana perubahan acak dalam frekuensi alel

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yang lebih signifikan

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dalam populasi kecil terus ada migrasi

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dan mutasi di mana kedu faktor ini dapat

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mengintroduksi Alil baru ke dalam

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populasi atau mengubah frekuensi alel

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yang ada terus untuk genetika

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kuantitatif e studi tentang sifat-sifat

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yang dikontrol oleh banyak gen atau

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poligik dan dipengaruhi lingkungan

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seperti tinggi badan dan warna

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kulit

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ya DNA dan material genetik bab ini

play13:30

berfokus pada DNA sebagai material

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genetik utama dalam semua organisme

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hidup beberapa poin penting yang dibahas

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meliputi eksperimen transformasi grifit

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yang menunjukkan bahwa DNA adalah

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material genetik dengan menggunakan

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bakteri stptus

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E

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pneumonia yang kedua yaitu struktur DNA

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deskripsi

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struktur Helix ganda DNA yang terdiri

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dari dua

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untai nukleotida yang e saling melilit

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terus fungsi DNA di mana Per DNA dalam

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penyimpanan informasi genetik replikasi

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dan ekspresi gen Terus eh teknologi DNA

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dalam forensik aplikasi DNA dalam ilmu

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forensik ya untuk mengidentifikasi

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individu Contoh variasi fenotip ee dunia

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yang penuh warna contoh-contoh ini

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ee warna seperti manusia atau pola bulu

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pada hewan menyeroti keberagaman yang

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luar biasa yang menghasilkan atau yang

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dihasilkan oleh kombinasi sederhana dari

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Alil genetik variasi ini tidak hanya

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mencerminkan

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keindahan tetapi juga kemampuan adaptasi

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terhadap lingkungan yang

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beragam aplikasi dalam pemuliaan ee

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pemuliaan seni dan sains yang pertama

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yaitu pemuliaan adalah kombinasi antara

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e seni mengamati sifat-sifat yang

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diinginkan dan sains memahami mekanisme

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di balik pewarisan dengan mengendalikan

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proses seleksi kita dapat merancang

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tanaman atau hewan dengan karakteristik

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e unggul terus pemuliaan tanaman

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menciptakan masa depan yang lebih baik

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Misalnya eh dalam pemuliaan tanaman

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pemuli dapat e menghasilkan varietas

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baru yang tahan terhadap kekeringan

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penyakit atau ee memiliki hasil panen

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yang lebih tinggi untuk studi kasus

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eksperimen persilangan ee menemukan

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fenotip baru di mana dalam e studi kasus

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ini ditunjukkan Bagaimana persilangan

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dua tanaman dengan sifat berbeda

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menghasilkan keturunan dengan variasi

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variasi atau fenotipe yang menarik untuk

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generasi F1 dan f2-nya menyingkap e pola

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pewarisan ee di mana penjelasan mendalam

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mengenai Analisis hasil persilangan F1

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dan eh ee F2

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dapat memberikan wawasan tentang e

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dominasi alel dan pola pewarisan e

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mendian ya untuk

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kesimpulan genetik mengajarkan dasar

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pewarisan sifat melalui pembelahan sel

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teori kromosom dan hukum Mendel sambil

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mengeksplorasi pola pewarisan yang lebih

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kompleks mutasi berperan penting dalam

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evolusi dengan menciptakan variasi

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genetik bioteknologi memanfaatkan

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genetik untuk inovasi dalam ee kesehatan

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dan pertanian sementara biologi

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molekular e memperdalam pemahaman kita

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tentang DNA sebagai material genetik

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utama

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eh rangkuman intuitif

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Eh mengapa memahami variasi penetifp itu

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penting karena variasi ini adalah

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landasan dari adaptasi evolusi dan

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banyak aplikasi praktis dalam pertanian

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dan bioteknologi tanpa pemahaman ini

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banyak tantangan masa depan dalam

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pemilian tidak akan dapat bisa diatasi

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untuk aplikasi yang tak terbatas ee

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Jelaskan bagaimana pemahaman tentang

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mekanisme genetik dan variasi fenotip

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membuka pintu bagi inovasi di berbagai

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bidang dari peningkatan hasil e pangan

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hingga terapi genetik pada manusia ya

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Sekian presentasi dari saya mengenai eh

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pola pewarisan Terima kasih banyak

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wabillah taufik wal hidayah

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wasalamualaikum warahmatull wabarakatuh

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Related Tags
GeneticsPhenotypic VariationBreedingGenetic MechanismsMendelian LawsMutationPopulation GeneticsDNABiodiversityAdaptation