CREAN y NACEN EN CHINA LOS PRIMEROS HUMANOS MODIFICADOS GENÉTICAMENTE ¿UNA NUEVA ESPECIE?
Summary
TLDREl script explora la posibilidad de crear humanos genéticamente modificados, destacando el caso de tres niñas en China alteradas genéticamente cuando eran embriones, lo que está prohibido mundialmente. He Jiankui, el científico encarcelado por la manipulación genética, buscaba hacer a los niños inmunes al VIH, utilizando la tecnología CRISPR. El video también comenta sobre la evolución de la tecnología genética y el desarrollo de 'Prime Editing', lo que podría llevar a la creación de super humanos en el futuro, planteando preguntas éticas y el potencial impacto en la humanidad.
Takeaways
- 🌏 La humanidad a veces tiene sueños que parecen horribles desde lejos pero que parecen inevitables, como la creación de una especie humana diferente a los sapiens actuales.
- 🧬 Ya existen seres humanos genéticamente modificados, aunque sea en un grado sutil y por desacuerdo con las regulaciones mundiales, incluyendo China.
- 👨🔬 El científico Jiankui, quien está en prisión por realizar una alteración genética en embriones, es un ejemplo de alguien dispuesto a romper las reglas en el campo de la genética.
- 🚫 La modificación genética humana es un tema controvertido y está prohibida en muchos lugares, lo que refleja la preocupación por las consecuencias éticas y potenciales peligros.
- 👶 Tres niñas nacieron en China como resultado de una alteración genética con el objetivo de hacerlas inmunes al VIH, una condición estigmatizada en el país.
- 🧬 La genética humana es un campo en constante evolución, y las modificaciones genéticas naturales ocurren a través de la selección natural y la variación genética.
- 🔬 El experimento de Jiankui consistió en la inserción del gen CCR5 en embriones para proteger a las niñas contra el VIH, pero el método CRISPR no es perfecto y puede causar errores inesperados.
- 💉 CRISPR es una técnica avanzada de manipulación genética, pero tiene limitaciones, como la posibilidad de introducir cambios adicionales en el genoma o no editar todas las células de manera uniforme.
- 🔮 Las consecuencias a largo plazo de la modificación genética en las niñas son desconocidas y podrían incluir problemas de salud graves o incluso fallo de órganos.
- 🌐 Existen otras personas, como el investigador ruso Denis Rebrikov, que expresan la intención de realizar experimentos similares, lo que indica que la genética humana es un campo en rápida evolución.
- 🛠️ Se están desarrollando tecnologías más precisas que CRISPR, como Prime Editing, lo que podría permitir la creación de seres humanos genéticamente modificados sin errores en el futuro.
Q & A
¿Qué es el canal 'Nutshell' y qué trata de explicar en este video?
-El canal 'Nutshell' es un medio donde se presentan temas de interés general de manera concisa. En este video, se aborda el tema de la modificación genética humana, específicamente la historia de tres niñas en China que sufrieron una alteración genética cuando eran embriones.
¿Por qué podría ser considerada una buena idea la modificación genética de seres humanos?
-Según el guion, la modificación genética puede ser vista como una buena idea para prevenir enfermedades o trastornos genéticos. En el caso de las niñas mencionadas, el objetivo era hacerlas inmunes al VIH.
¿Quién es Jiankui y por qué está en la cárcel?
-Jiankui es un científico chino que realizó una modificación genética en embriones, lo cual es una práctica prohibida en muchos lugares, incluida China. Está en la cárcel y ha sido prohibido trabajar en medicina y genoma por el resto de su vida debido a estas acciones.
¿Qué es el gen CCR5 y por qué es importante en el contexto de esta historia?
-El gen CCR5 es el que sufre el ataque del virus del VIH a través de las células sanguíneas. Jiankui intentó modificar este gen en los embriones para hacer que fueran inmunes a la infección por el VIH.
¿Cuál es el problema con la tecnología CRISPR según el guion?
-La tecnología CRISPR, aunque avanzada, no es perfecta y puede causar cambios adicionales en los genes más allá de lo que se pretendía modificar, y no siempre edita todas las células, lo que puede causar consecuencias impredecibles.
¿Por qué es preocupante que las niñas modificados genéticamente estén bajo el cuidado del estado chino y en anonimato?
-Esto es preocupante porque, según expertos, podrían sufrir problemas de salud graves en el futuro debido a la modificación genética. La falta de información y el anonimato dificultan el seguimiento y la comprensión de las consecuencias a largo plazo de estas modificaciones.
¿Qué es la tecnología de edición genética Prime Editing y cómo difiere de CRISPR?
-Prime Editing es una tecnología de edición genética más reciente y precisa que CRISPR, desarrollada por David Liu. Se acerca a niveles de fiabilidad del 85% y puede ser más confiable para la modificación genética.
¿Qué es el eugenics y cómo se menciona en el guion?
-El eugenics es el intento de mejorar la raza humana a través de la selección de características genéticas deseadas. En el guion, se menciona como un intento histórico de modificación genética, citando el ejemplo de la Alemania nazi y el proyecto del milliardario estadounidense Robert Graham.
¿Qué es la stigmatización del VIH en China y cómo influye en el argumento de Jiankui para su experimento?
-La stigmatización del VIH en China es un estigma social significativo que afecta a las personas infectadas y a sus familias. Jiankui utilizó esto para justificar su experimento, argumentando que sus modificaciones genéticas podrían prevenir que los niños se infectaran con el VIH.
¿Qué es la modificación genética natural y cómo se menciona en el guion?
-La modificación genética natural se refiere a los cambios genéticos que ocurren a lo largo del tiempo y a través de la evolución. En el guion, se menciona que los seres humanos y los alimentos que consumimos son ejemplos de modificación genética natural a través de la selección natural.
¿Qué es la comunidad científica preocupada por no recibir información sobre el experimento de Jiankui?
-La comunidad científica está preocupada porque la falta de información sobre el experimento de Jiankui impide el análisis de datos y la toma de decisiones informadas sobre cómo proceder en futuras investigaciones y aplicaciones de la modificación genética humana.
Outlines
🧬 La creación de seres humanos genéticamente modificados
El primer párrafo introduce el tema de la creación de seres humanos a través de la modificación genética, mencionando la posibilidad de que ya existen individuos modificados en China, a pesar de que estas prácticas están prohibidas. Se relata la historia de tres niñas que sufrieron una alteración genética cuando eran embriones, dirigido por Jiankui, quien actualmente está en prisión por sus acciones. Además, se menciona la posibilidad de que esto abra la puerta a la creación de 'super humanos' y se hace referencia a intentos históricos de eugenesia y seleccion genética, como el caso del multimillonario estadounidense Robert Graham y su banco de esperma para 'super humanos'.
🛡️ La manipulación genética para inmunidad al VIH
Este párrafo se enfoca en el experimento de Jiankui, quien buscó crear niños sanos e inmunizados al VIH. Seleccionó a siete parejas en las que el hombre tenía el virus, con el objetivo de modificar el gen CCR5 para hacer que las células fueran inmunes a la infección por VIH. Jiankui manipuló los embriones con CRISPR, una tecnología de edición genética que aún tiene imperfecciones y puede causar cambios adicionales en el genoma, lo que lleva a consecuencias impredecibles. Se destaca que este proceso fue realizado en secreto y que, aunque Jiankui afirma haber actuado en beneficio de las parejas, los resultados a largo plazo para las niñas son desconocidos y potencialmente peligrosos.
⚠️ Consecuencias y el futuro de la modificación genética humana
El último párrafo aborda las posibles consecuencias de la modificación genética en las niñas, que incluyen problemas de salud graves o incluso fallo de órganos que pueda llevar a la muerte. Se menciona que, aunque las niñas están vivas a los 3 años, su futuro es incierto. Además, se discute la falta de información por parte de China sobre el experimento y la frustración de la comunidad científica, que considera importante compartir datos para mejorar futuras prácticas. Se señala que, a pesar de las prohibiciones y el escándalo, hay otros científicos, como Denis Rebrikov en Rusia, que desean seguir por este camino. Finalmente, se introduce la tecnología de edición genética 'Prime Editing' de David Liu, que ofrece una alternativa más precisa y fiable a CRISPR, sugiriendo que la creación de seres humanos genéticamente modificados sin daños biológicos puede estar cerca.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡modificación genética
💡CRISPR
💡He Jiankui
💡CCR5
💡virus del VIH
💡embrión
💡superhumanos
💡Selección natural
💡David Liu
💡ética científica
Highlights
La creación de una especie humana diferente a los sapiens actuales es una posibilidad debatida por algunos científicos.
El primer caso mundial de seres humanos genéticamente modificados ya existe, con tres niñas en China que sufrieron una alteración genética cuando eran embriones.
La modificación genética en humanos es una práctica prohibida en todo el mundo, incluyendo China.
He Jiankui, el científico que realizó la modificación genética, está en prisión y prohibido de trabajar en medicina y genoma.
La modificación genética buscaba hacer a los embriones inmunes al VIH, no crear superhombres o características especiales.
El gene CCR5 fue el objetivo de la manipulación genética para evitar la infección por el VIH.
He Jiankui manipuló embriones sin el consentimiento adecuado y bajo condiciones secretas.
La tecnología CRISPR, utilizada en la modificación genética, tiene limitaciones y puede causar cambios genéticos no deseados.
Las niñas resultantes de la modificación genética viven bajo el control del estado chino y su futuro es incierto.
La comunidad científica está preocupada por la falta de información sobre el experimento y las consecuencias a largo plazo.
Otros científicos, como Denis Rebrikov en Rusia, han expresado el deseo de realizar experimentos similares.
La tecnología de edición genética Prime Editing, desarrollada por David Liu, ofrece una alternativa más precisa a CRISPR.
La creación de seres humanos genéticamente modificados puede conducir a una nueva raza de humanos con consecuencias desconocidas.
El experimento de He Jiankui y las consecuencias para las niñas involucradas son un ejemplo de la ciencia actual y no de la ficción.
La comunidad internacional está dividida sobre la modificación genética en humanos, y algunos intentos parecen inevitables.
El futuro de la modificación genética humana y sus posibles aplicaciones está lleno de preguntas y desafíos éticos.
Transcripts
What's up, dear friends. Welcome to
our channel, welcome to a
new journey in the Nutshell.
Sometimes humanity has dreams that
seen from a distance may seem
horrible, but at the same time it
seem unstoppable and it seems like science
fiction. And it seems even exaggerated but
there are more reputable voices in the
world that speak of
scientists who at some point will create
a species of human different from the sapiens
that we know today.
Maybe will not have three eyes or
lizard head or anything like that, it's
changes much more subtle at first, and
we don't know how far they'll go.
But truly, the first
genetically modified human beings
are already here because
there's always someone willing
to break the rules, someone
willing to go further. And in this
video I'm going to explain to you the
100% true story of the three girls who
grow up hidden somewhere in China under the
supervision of the state after
suffered a genetic alteration when they
were simply embryos. A genetic
modification absolutely banned
throughout the world and also in
China. Let's not think this is something
that's done in China because due a
lack of control. It has been perpetrated by a
man named Jiankui, who is in prison
right now and who has been
banned from working in the world of
medicine and genomics wherever
he live the rest of his life. But
the experiment has already done, and in
this video I'm going to explain to you exactly
what he was looking for, how he
hasn't even regretted it and why, and
what we can expect in the
future from all this: a door to
genetically modified human beings
and also -why not- a door to
super humans has just been opened.
But what we can say about
genetic modifications? Human beings
are a pure modification
over time and through
evolution. Food we eat
is completely genetically
modified through a natural
selection that humans have
applied to it over time, and everything
is modified and even has
genetic alterations throughout its
life, so do we, but it's
caused in a absolutely
biologically way. What hadn't happened
to date is that someone in a
predetermined and calculated way vary the
embryonic phase, that's, affect
the development of a future human being
to vary a characteristic of a human
being. And I say that this has happened
throughout history. We can speak, for
example, of tried to applied
eugenics among many other things
in those times of German
National Socialism or in more recent
times. Quite shocking things perhaps
you don't know and that are worthy
of a story in the Nutshell, such
as the project of the rich
American billionaire Robert
Graham, a deeply racist man
who in 1980 no less had the
idea of creating a sperm
bank to try to create a race of super
intelligent humans. That sperm bank
in theory could only be fed by
nobel laureates, gifted
people, men and women who
had a high IQ
at that time. And Graham managed to
convince up to three nobel prize
winners, but obviously it was a secret
who was the people who fed that
bank. And only one person
dared to say he was going to
participate in that experiment, which is neither
more nor less than Shockley, creator of the
transistor and one of the fathers
of Silicon Valley, a true deep
racist who defended the superiority of
the white man's intelligence and
who gladly signed up for this
experiment, to this attempt to create a
super white human race, because
Graham and Shockley and the
followers of this "intellectual"
trend considered that the different
social aids of the state
in which people got
ahead in the 80s was making us
less and less intelligent
and that got ahead who shouldn't
get ahead, who in turn
were mixing and were procreating. Well,
perhaps in the future it'll be subject
of a new video in the
Nutshell, but the experiment was
finally carried out, which was a great
scandal. Many people who had said
they were going to participate
didn't donate their semen and Graham
had to settle for elite athletes
and another level of people not as
famous as Shockley because it was a
real shock -worth the word- to
express it. The point: they were
born about 30 children, and not many years ago
a journalist did an investigation
trying to find out what had become of
these people, and he found everything
like in a pharmacy but nothing
extraordinary, but we leave it
parked for a future video. But well,
this is a way to create a
natural selection directly, without
influencing genetics but rather a
natural genetic selection. The
experiment by scientist He Jiankui is
something completely different
because he sought modify genetically
human beings, and from this experiment
three girls have been born, two twins and
a third girl by another couple.
What did Jiankui made? Basically, looking for
seven couples, seven marriages with
a very important characteristic
in common and something that's a deep
stigma in China and he uses to
defend his experiment; one of
the two people, in this case is always
the man, have the acquired
immunodeficiency virus. Jiankui
with his experiment try to
create healthy children and who
were immune to HIV virus, i.e.,
the goal of this
genetic manipulation wasn't to create a super
soldier or a person with a special
characteristic, but directly that these
girls -in this case, because the three are
girls- would not have the possibility
of becoming infected with HIV
in the future when they became adults.
Jiankui directly enter
into the embryos a very
specific gene called CCR5, which is the one
that suffers the attack of the HIV virus
through the white blood cells, and
trying to make these cells
completely immune to HIV attack,
and have no chance to thrive. For that
he didn't hesitate to deceive couples what
it was necessary, to falsify data and
to carry out the experiment in a
completely secret way, without going back
until the girls had been born. In
fact, in some of the experiments he
did, in some of embryos modifications,
as I'm going to explain to you later,
he knew they had made mistakes
and that things had gotten out of
hand; and instead of eliminating the
experiment, he fecund the mothers by in vitro
fertilization, who would later pro-
create these girls. But how is it
possible to do all this on the sidelines, in a
clandestine way? Well, for that
we have to understand very well
how the genome works and also what
CRISPR technology is. But we're going to start
at the beginning, each cell, every
single one of the thousands of cells
that our body has is a complete
copy of our genome which, to
put it comprehensibly, is
made up of 6 billion letters,
is like a kind of biological
instruction manual that
we all carry imprinted in our cells, and
there are up to 75 thousand possibilities of
genetic variants that can cause
different types of problems of greater or
lesser importance and also diseases
in our body. There are erratums in our
genetic code that can end up
causing diseases, and that's
why some people are more likely
to have a disease than others.
Well, Jiankui provoke a
beneficial typo and for this he remove 39
letters from that CCR5 gene so that
the HIV virus could never infect
our white blood cells, and therefore,
these girls would be immune to
the AIDS disease. But what's
happens? Technology method
used, CRISPR, although it's a
very advanced method of
genetic manipulation is still far from
perfect. There are two main problems;
first, it can add erratums or
additional changes in the genes
beyond what we wanted to
touch or intervene; and in second place, it doesn't
have to edit all the cells, it
may only edit one, in short,
there's a part of randomness in
genetic repairs that can
cause chain unforeseen consequences
and that we can't
control. This would be as a
simile of war, like we drop a
bomb and we know where we're
launching it and where it'll falling,
but we can't fully know the
consequences that it's going to cause in
places where we don't want to impact
and that it's going to impact. And this is
exactly what happened to this
scientist. There is a human right now,
rather three humans who have two
types of genomes different: his own, the
original, and the modified one. And in how much
quantity the unnatural part has been
modified we have no idea, because
this is another key issue. All this has
been carried out with tremendous secrecy, and
in fact, we found out because this
person has a lot of ego and he didn't only
announced it at professional congresses
but even on his YouTube channel
explaining that he was doing it
for the good of science, for the good
of humanity, and that his action only
had one idea, which was to benefit
these couples who had lost
hope of being able to have children without their
children having the HIV virus; which
is also something that suffers from
a very serious stigma in the country.
The point is that these girls since
the problem was discovered
have been totally managed
and are being protected by the
Chinese state, they live in absolute
anonymity, and according to experts
in genetic manipulation, they may suffer
in the future serious physical problems of
all kinds, serious changes in their health
caused by this genetic change, and
even at some point, a multiple
organ failure that ends up
causing death. Truly, as far as
we know, the girls are 3 years-old right
now and all three are alive but it's not
known how long they'll be able to live,
if they're going to have a full life or not.
If can happen at any time, in
adolescence when there are many
changes. All this is said by the
genetic experts who have been
consulted and equally also for
these experts, the scientific community,
apart from being a real attack on
international codes, is
equally recalcitrant that
China doesn't want to give any
information on how the experiment has worked.
And this also bothers
the scientific community a lot because they believe
that once it has been done it would be very
important for the data to be shared
to gather information, and that way to be
able to make conclusions and decisions
that in the future help to carry out
experiments. Many experiments of this
type are being carried out, but always
with animals, usually with rats, and it's
known that when failures occur in CRISPR
because it's normally not a
technique completely mastered,
animals dying prematurely.
So, what is going to happen to
these girls? Are they doomed to
disappear before their time? We have
no idea. We don't know what's going
to happen. Meanwhile, the
scientist is in prison
sentenced to 3 years and a fine of
just under U$400.000. And
there are two important things you
have to know. The first of all is
that these international conventions
aren't signed by all countries and
there are already other scientists
that want to do the same thing that
He Jiankui has done. For example, in Russia
there's an important genetic researcher
named Denis Rebrikov who
has stated he's going to try to do
similar things with human beings. In
second place, you also have to know
that this technology CRISPR it's not
the most advanced in genetic
modification and there are already new scientists
who are overcoming this stage of the
scientific evolution in terms of
genetics that dates back to the years
2015, 2016, 2017. And here is a
proper name, David Liu, a true
gifted person. As an anecdote I'll tell you
that he's prohibited from entering
casinos in certain areas of the USA,
because he's capable of counting cards and having
some profits that the bank doesn't like
at all. Well, David Liu has
developed a new tip of
much more precise technology to edit DNA,
to edit genomes, which is called
Prime Editing, i.e., a premium edition.
We could say, a much more
precise edition that's already approaching
levels of reliability above 85%.
All this means that the breeding
ground exists right now,
so perhaps during the next decade,
even much sooner, the human being will have
100% of
capacity, and therefore, be able to
create genetically modified human beings
without any type of
subsequent alteration that could
cause serious biological damage
during all his life. And with that also the
entire scientific community knows it
and recognizes it, at some point, someone in
an interested way, will begin to
manipulate the genes of human beings
with any type of purpose that
you can imagine, from creating an
insurmountable athlete to create a
super soldier, or -why not?- as
techniques are perfected and
see the results they created
super intelligence humans.
In short, we would be
talking now, although at first it's
indescribable the difference with
normal humans result of
evolution, a new race of human beings;
that we'll see what consequences
it has and when. All this isn't science
fiction, although it may seem like it. This
is real. It's happening here and now. And
in the future, we'll see if we end up
knowing what has become of these
girls and also new
attempts, although condemned
by majority of
International community, at this point seem
unstoppable in the context of
humanity that we're currently in.
Nothing else, dear friends. I hope
you have found this video interesting.
Subscribe if so, it's the best
way to help the channel. And you know
we'll see us in a future trip here in
the Nutshell. Until the
next, bye!
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