Boom and Bust

fishbulb4F18
10 Aug 201119:39

Summary

TLDR1919年のニューヨークを舞台に、欧州からの移民たちが自由と豊かな生活を求めてアメリカにやって来る。アメリカは1920年代に世界最大の産業国として発展し、鉄鋼業、農業、南の州では黒人が重労働を続けていた。しかし、ストライキやデモが起こり、社会不安が蔓延。1920年に無実の移民が逮捕され、電気椅子にのる。1920年代には自動車が普及し、消費財が急成長。しかし、農業不景気と失業者が増加。禁酒法が失敗し、ギャングが台頭。1929年の恐慌で経済は大打撃を受け、多くの人々が財産を失い、大蕩波が世界に波及した。

Takeaways

  • 🌟 1919年のニューヨークでは、年間100万人の新移民がヨーロッパ各地、ロシア、スカンディナビア諸国、ギリシャ、ユーゴスラビア、イタリアから来ていました。彼らはアメリカが自由で、良い生活を送れると聞いたからです。
  • 🏭 1920年代初頭には、アメリカは世界最大の産業国となりました。東北部では鉄鋼業、中西部では豊かな穀物生産、南部では黒人が重労働を続けていました。
  • 🕊️ 第一次世界大戦後の1919年、アメリカ人はドイツを打ち破った兵士たちを迎え帰り、ウッドロウ・ウィルソン大統領はリーグ・オブ・ネイションへの参加を望んでいましたが、アメリカはヨーロッパからの隔離を選びました。
  • 👨‍💼 1920年代初頭にはストライキとデモが頻発し、アメリカでは共産主義者や無政府主義者による革命を恐れていました。
  • 👨‍⚖️ 1920年に無実のサッコーとヴァンゼッティが強盗殺人事件で逮捕され、無政府主義者であることが理由で有罪判決を言い渡されました。
  • 🍻 ハーディング大統領は1920年に就任し、アメリカ第一を約束しましたが、彼の時代には政府部門での汚職が蔓延し、彼の友人も石油会社への政府の土地売却で有罪判決を受けました。
  • 🏭 ハードイング大統領は勤勉ではありませんでしたが、コオリッジ副大統領は誠実で、アメリカビジネスを守ることに重点を置きました。
  • 🚗 1920年代は消費者産業の成長とブーム、大量生産、新しいガジェット、ファッション、そしてタワービルの時代でした。
  • 🎬 1920年代はサイレント映画の黄金時代でもありました。映画館は音楽ホールや劇場を置き換え、映画広告も盛んになりました。
  • 🚂 1920年代後半には、農民の退去、失業者の移動、都市の貧困層が増加し、禁酒法の失敗とギャングの台頭が見られました。
  • 🎉 1929年にはバブルが崩れ、株式市場は恐慌に陥り、多くの人々は財産を失いました。これにより経済デpressionが始まり、世界中に波及しました。

Q & A

  • 1919年のアメリカにはどのような人々が集まっていたと記載されていますか?

    -1919年のアメリカには、ヨーロッパ、ロシア、スカンディナビア諸国、ギリシャ、ユーゴスラビア、イタリアなどからの新しい移民が集まっており、彼らはアメリカが自分たちと家族に良い生活を提供する自由な土地であると聞いて来たとされています。

  • 1920年代初頭のアメリカはどのような状況でしたか?

    -1920年代初頭には、アメリカは世界最大の産業国であり、東北部の州では鉄と鋼、中西部では豊かな穀物、南部では黒人が重労働を行っていました。また、アメリカは戦争でドイツを打ち破った兵士たちを迎え帰り、ウッディ・ウィルソン大統領は連合国とのリーグ・オブ・ネイションへの加盟を望んでいましたが、実現しませんでした。

  • SaccoとVanzettiという人物について何が書かれていますか?

    -SaccoとVanzettiは1920年に薄弱な証拠に基づいて強盗殺人事件で逮捕され、彼らはアナキストとして知られていたため、陪審団は彼らに有罪判決を下し、電椅に処しました。

  • 1920年代のアメリカにおけるアルコールの禁止についてどう説明されていますか?

    -1920年代にはアルコールの販売と購入が禁止された18番目の改正が導入されましたが、多くのアメリカ人はそれを迂闊に見ており、バーやサロンは違法になったにもかかわらず、スピーカーシーがあちこちに現れ、ギャングがその禁止を利用して大きなビジネスを築いていくようになりました。

  • ウォーレン・ハーディング大統領について何が書かれていますか?

    -ウォーレン・ハーディングは1920年に大統領に就任し、アメリカ第一を約束しましたが、彼は勤勉ではありませんでした。彼のもと州オハイオ州の友人たちが政府部門で役職を持ち、広範な汚職事件が報道され、彼の友人の1人は政府の土地を石油会社に売って税金を支払うために有罪判決を受けました。

  • 1920年代のアメリカの経済状況はどうでしたか?

    -1920年代は成長と繁栄の時代で、消費財業界が急成長し、大量生産と新しい製品、ファッション、ラジオ、冷蔵庫、電気掃除機、洗濯機、電話、タイプライターなどが登場しました。また、大企業を収容するためビルが建てられ、アメリカ人はより多くのものを買うよう促されました。

  • ハーバート・フーバー大統領は経済危機にどう対処しましたか?

    -ハーバート・フーバーは1928年に大統領に選出され、人々への信頼回復を試みましたが、経済危機は止まらず、多くの人々が失業し、多くの企業が倒産しました。

  • 1920年代のアメリカにおける若者の生活様式はどうでしたか?

    -1920年代は若者たちにとってジャズ時代で、彼らは車を持ってダンスホールやナイトクラブを訪れ、ラギタイムやジャズ音楽を楽しみました。新しいダンスブームも全国に広がりました。

  • 1929年の株式市場の崩壊について何が書かれていますか?

    -1929年10月24日に多くの企業が破綻し、株式市場はパニックに陥り、人々は株式を売り始め、価格は床に落ちました。それはアメリカ経済の基礎に衝撃を与え、世界中で影響を及ぼしました。

  • 1920年代のアメリカにおける貧困と不安定な雇用についてどう説明されていますか?

    -1920年代には貧困と不安定な雇用が続き、特に中西部と南部の貧しい農民や佃農民、黒人、そして都市部でも不安定な雇用や低賃金で苦しむ労働者がいました。彼らは土地を追われ、西部や北部の産業都市で働くために移動し始めました。

Outlines

00:00

🌆 大統領の夢とアメリカの孤立政策

1919年のニューヨークを背景に、欧州各地からの移民が自由と豊かな生活を求めてアメリカに渡り来る様子が描かれています。しかし、彼らの中には東サイドの混雑したテナメントに滞在する人々もおり、失望を味わう者もいました。アメリカは1920年代初頭には世界最大の産業国となり、鉄鋼業や農業、南部州でのブラック労働者の状況などが触れられています。また、第一次世界大戦後のアメリカの政治状況についても述べられており、ウィルソン大統領は国連の加盟を目指していたものの、アメリカの孤立政策により実現しませんでした。

05:01

🚗 1920年代のアメリカの繁栄と社会問題

1920年代のアメリカは自動車の普及と共に急速な産業成長を遂げ、国民の生活水準が向上しました。自国民への優先的な政策を提唱したハーディング大統領の登場や、禁酒法の導入などが大きな影響を与えています。しかしながら、政府関係者への腐敗の疑い、貧困と格差、農業における苦境、そしてブラック人に対する差別やKKKの脅威など、社会問題も同時に存在していました。

10:17

🎷 音楽と文化の変化、そして禁酒法の失敗

1920年代後半には音楽文化が変革され、ジャズ音楽が流行しました。若者の間でダンスホールやナイトクラブでの集まりが盛んになり、新鮮な楽しさを求める動きが広がっていました。しかし、禁酒法が社会に与える影響も顕在で、アルコールの密売やギャングの台頭が問題視されていました。特にアル・カポネが象徴するギャングが禁酒法を背景に勢力を拡大していました。

15:18

📉 大恐慌の到来とその後の影響

1929年には経済バブルが崩壊し、大恐慌が到来しました。株式市場の急落とそれに伴う企業の倒産、失業の大台、世界的に経済への影響が広がりました。ハーブート・フーバー大統領は危機を打ち克すための対策を講じましたが、経済は深刻な状況を脱することはできませんでした。多くの人々が生活苦に陥り、社会の不安定さが増しました。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡移民

移民是指从其他国家迁移到另一个国家居住的人。在视频中,提到了每年有数以百万计的移民从欧洲各地、俄罗斯、斯堪的纳维亚国家、希腊和意大利来到美国,因为他们听说美国是一个充满机遇的土地,可以自由工作并获得良好的生活。这与视频的主题紧密相关,即探索20世纪初美国的多元文化和社会变革。

💡工业化

工业化是指一个国家或地区经济和社会结构从以农业为主转向以工业生产为主的转变过程。视频中提到,到1920年代初,美国已经成为世界上最大的工业国,东北部的州份以钢铁产业为主,这表明了工业化对美国经济和社会结构的深远影响。

💡种族歧视

种族歧视是指基于种族差异而对某些群体进行不公平对待的行为。视频中提到了黑人在美国南部仍然从事重体力劳动,这反映了种族歧视在美国社会中的根深蒂固。此外,还提到了三K党对黑人、犹太人、天主教徒和外国人的仇恨,这些都是种族歧视的具体表现。

💡禁酒令

禁酒令是指美国宪法第十八修正案,禁止酒精饮料的生产、运输和销售。视频中提到了禁酒令的实施,以及随之而来的非法酒吧(speakeasies)的兴起,这表明了法律与社会实际需求之间的矛盾,以及禁酒令在实际执行中的困难。

💡大众媒体

大众媒体是指通过广播、电视、电影、报纸等渠道向广大公众传播信息和娱乐内容的媒介。视频中提到了20世纪20年代是无声电影的黄金时代,电影院取代了音乐厅和剧院,这显示了大众媒体在社会文化传播中的重要作用。

💡消费主义

消费主义是指一种以消费和购买商品为生活中心的社会和经济秩序。视频中提到了20世纪20年代是消费行业的增长和繁荣时期,广告商和销售人员不断鼓励人们购买更多商品,这反映了消费主义在20世纪美国社会中的盛行。

💡经济大萧条

经济大萧条是指1929年股市崩盘后,美国和全球经济陷入的一段长期的经济衰退。视频中描述了1929年10月24日股市崩盘,人们开始恐慌性抛售股票,导致股价暴跌,这标志着经济大萧条的开始,对美国乃至全球经济产生了深远的影响。

💡爵士乐

爵士乐是一种起源于20世纪初的美国非裔美国人社区的音乐风格,以其即兴演奏和独特的节奏而闻名。视频中提到了爵士乐和拉格泰姆音乐在20世纪20年代的流行,这反映了音乐在社会文化变迁中的作用,以及爵士乐在年轻人中的广泛影响力。

💡政治腐败

政治腐败是指政府官员利用职权进行非法或不正当的行为,如贪污、受贿等。视频中提到了哈定总统时期的政治腐败,包括其亲信阿尔伯特·福尔因出售政府土地给石油公司而被判有罪,这揭示了政治腐败对社会信任和政府形象的破坏。

💡社会不平等

社会不平等是指社会资源、权力和机会在不同社会群体之间的不平等分配。视频中提到了中西部和深南部的贫困农民、佃农和黑人在社会经济地位上的不利处境,以及他们面临的高租金、低农作物价格和缺乏机械等问题,这反映了20世纪初美国社会存在的严重不平等现象。

Highlights

A million new arrivals from Europe to the United States each year seeking opportunity and freedom.

By 1920, the United States was the world's largest industrial power with thriving iron and steel industries in the Northeast.

President Woodrow Wilson's vision for a League of Nations to prevent future wars was not realized due to America's desire for isolation.

Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian Americans and anarchists, were controversially convicted for robbery and manslaughter in 1920.

Warren Harding's presidency marked by scandals and corruption within his administration.

The 18th Amendment brought Prohibition, significantly impacting American society and leading to the rise of speakeasies.

The 1920s saw a boom in consumer industries with mass production of new gadgets and the rise of skyscrapers.

Advertising and consumer culture flourished, with businesses urging Americans to spend more.

The automobile became a symbol of America's growing industry and a source of pleasure and adventure for families.

The Jazz Age brought significant social changes, with young Americans embracing new music and dance trends.

The stock market crash of 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression, leading to widespread economic collapse.

Herbert Hoover's presidency faced the monumental challenge of the Great Depression, with efforts to restore confidence.

High tariffs imposed by America led to a decrease in overseas trade and retaliation from foreign countries.

The rise of the Ku Klux Klan spread fear and hate against minorities and foreigners in the South and Midwest.

The exploitation of Prohibition by gangsters like Al Capone led to the thriving illegal alcohol trade.

The Great Depression resulted in massive unemployment, with many losing their jobs and facing poverty.

The transcript reflects the social, economic, and political landscape of the United States during the 1920s.

Transcripts

play00:35

New York 1919 every year a million new

play00:42

arrivals came from all over Europe from

play00:44

Russia from the Scandinavian countries

play00:46

from Greece and Yugoslavia and Italy

play00:51

they came because they'd heard that the

play00:54

United States was a land of opportunity

play00:56

where they'd be free to work and to earn

play00:58

a good livelihood for themselves and

play01:00

their families many was some

play01:02

disappointed especially those who got no

play01:04

further than the overcrowded tenements

play01:06

of the East Side in New York by the

play01:11

beginning of the 1920s the United States

play01:14

of America was already the world's

play01:16

largest industrial power here in the

play01:19

northeastern states people earn their

play01:21

living from iron and steel

play01:31

across the Middle West stretched the

play01:34

prairies good farmland producing an

play01:38

abundance of grain

play01:59

down in the southern states blacks still

play02:02

did the heavy manual work as they'd

play02:04

always done since the days of slavery

play02:22

in 1919 Americans welcome back their

play02:26

troops who'd help to beat the Germans

play02:27

over there in Europe

play02:36

President Woodrow Wilson returned from

play02:38

the peace conferences eager to win his

play02:40

people's approval of the Versailles

play02:42

Treaty he wanted America to join with

play02:45

the European and other nations into a

play02:47

great League of Nations to avoid future

play02:50

war the president set out to speak to

play02:52

the people in towns and cities all over

play02:55

the USA and seek their support for his

play02:57

policy but Wilson was never a robust man

play03:05

he was living on his nerves and he broke

play03:07

down under the strain of the tour

play03:09

Wilson's dream that America would become

play03:12

a member of the League of Nations was

play03:14

never realized America wanted isolation

play03:17

from Europe the president ended his term

play03:20

of office as an invalid the American

play03:23

Congress rejected membership of the

play03:25

League of Nations America desired no

play03:27

part in the affairs of Europe

play03:41

in the early 20s a wave of strikes and

play03:45

demonstrations threatened to disturb the

play03:47

public peace many Americans were

play03:54

convinced that Communists and anarchists

play03:55

were plotting a revolution in America

play03:58

these two Italian Americans Sacco and

play04:01

Vanzetti were arrested in 1920 on

play04:03

slender evidence for robbery and

play04:05

manslaughter

play04:06

however they were known to be anarchists

play04:08

sound the jury found them guilty

play04:10

both men were sentenced to the electric

play04:12

chair in this atmosphere of violence and

play04:17

tension thousands of newcomers most of

play04:20

them blameless were forced to leave the

play04:21

country

play04:25

Warren Harding became president in 1920

play04:29

he promised to put America first Harding

play04:32

had owned a newspaper in the small town

play04:34

of Marion Ohio the thinking of American

play04:37

small towns is always exerted a great

play04:39

influence on American politicians it was

play04:45

pressure from the small towns especially

play04:47

from the women that brought in the

play04:48

famous eighteenth Amendment to the

play04:50

American Constitution prohibition of the

play04:53

selling and buying of alcoholic drink

play04:57

the saloon is well-named the poor man's

play05:00

club it keeps its members and their

play05:02

families always poor if you believe that

play05:08

the traffic in alcohol does more harm

play05:09

than good help stop it

play05:12

close the saloons chrome Edition posters

play05:16

set out to convince Americans that sin

play05:17

like gin could be poured away in spite

play05:24

of prohibition for many Americans the

play05:25

good times were beginning the country

play05:28

already had more cars than the rest of

play05:30

the world put together and the motorcar

play05:32

came to be the symbol of fast growing

play05:34

industry the owner of a family car not

play05:37

only gained respect in the eyes of his

play05:39

neighbors he also found a new source of

play05:41

pleasure and adventure for the whole

play05:43

family

play05:44

Americans began to discover what lay

play05:46

beyond their own backyards

play06:00

Warren Harding was never a hard-working

play06:03

president most of all he enjoyed

play06:05

relaxing with his old cronies from Ohio

play06:08

many members of this Ohio gang now held

play06:12

office in government departments by 1923

play06:17

there were widespread stories of

play06:19

corruption in Washington Albert fall a

play06:23

personal friend of the President was

play06:25

found guilty of selling government land

play06:27

that teapot dome Wyoming he'd sell did

play06:29

to oil companies in return for money to

play06:31

pay his own arrears of tax other cronies

play06:34

of the President were accused of graft

play06:36

and some were jailed though Harding

play06:38

himself was never accused on a trip to

play06:41

Alaska in 1923 the president collapsed

play06:44

and died Calvin Coolidge the vice

play06:49

president took over at the White House

play06:51

Coolidge was an honest homespun

play06:54

president the business of America he

play06:56

said his business and he soared every

play06:59

reason to protect American business from

play07:01

foreign competition so America put high

play07:04

tariffs or taxes on all goods coming

play07:07

from abroad and in reply foreign

play07:09

countries raised their tariffs against

play07:11

American goods depriving America of much

play07:14

of its overseas trade still as long as

play07:17

Americans had the money to buy goods at

play07:19

home all would be well

play07:21

wages were certainly good car maker

play07:24

Henry Ford was paying five dollars a day

play07:26

excellent for that time

play07:29

there with ya

play07:38

we get on this RV the motorcar industry

play07:42

was by far the largest in the country

play07:43

and it stimulated other trades to rubber

play07:47

glass steel Henry Ford's Detroit

play07:50

factories with their acres of assembly

play07:52

lines poured out Model T Fords at the

play07:55

astonishing rate of one every three

play07:57

minutes

play08:11

the twenties were the years of growth

play08:13

and boom in all consumer industries this

play08:17

was the era of mass production of new

play08:19

gadgets and new fashions radios

play08:22

refrigerators electric cleaners washing

play08:24

machines telephones typewriters and it

play08:29

was the era of the skyscrapers

play08:31

mushrooming to house giant and expanding

play08:33

businesses

play08:40

the American public was being

play08:42

pressurized to spend more and more in

play08:44

the shop that flaming you the twenties

play09:02

was the great age of silent movies as

play09:04

cinemas replaced music halls and

play09:06

theaters and it was the Golden Age of

play09:18

comedy and the slapstick antics of

play09:19

Harold Lloyd

play09:44

Cecil B DeMille Ten Commandments was a

play09:47

typically lavish spectacular of these

play09:49

years

play09:54

commercial advertisers were quick to use

play09:56

the new medium of cinema a do programs

play10:17

put out regular commercials to reach

play10:19

people in their own houses and salesmen

play10:21

called to demonstrate their wares vert

play10:34

eise's were constantly trying to

play10:35

persuade people to buy more by flooding

play10:38

them with advertisements in magazines or

play10:40

billboards of newspapers and mail-order

play10:42

catalogs but it was pointless for

play11:00

advertisers to appeal to those people

play11:02

who could scarcely afford to fill the

play11:04

hungry mouths of their families let

play11:06

alone buy radios telephones or motorcars

play11:13

the poor tenant farmers or sharecroppers

play11:16

of the Middle West and deep south were

play11:18

caught up in a vicious circle of high

play11:20

rents low prices for their crops and a

play11:23

lack of machinery there were thousands

play11:29

of evictions poor people were being

play11:31

forced to leave the land and set off to

play11:34

find work out west or up north in the

play11:36

industrial cities

play11:45

Black's continued to be at the bottom of

play11:48

the heap the black had made little or no

play11:50

progress up the social scale since

play11:52

slavery had ended in 1865 in the South

play11:56

and Midwest the sinister Ku Klux Klan

play11:59

was still putting fear into people's

play12:01

hearts they spread hate against blacks

play12:03

Jews Catholics and foreigners the KKK

play12:07

were making sure no outsider would

play12:09

threaten their property or livelihood

play12:18

drain poured from the American prairies

play12:21

but prices were disastrously low yet

play12:24

their own high tariffs stopped foreign

play12:26

governments from buying American

play12:28

projects

play12:43

evicted farmers unemployed men of all

play12:46

kinds roamed across the country these

play12:49

were the hobos the traveling men

play12:51

hitching free rides on the railroads

play12:53

searching for seasonal work and

play12:56

returning to spend winter in the cities

play13:05

there were still urban workers like

play13:08

miners and craftsmen fathers of families

play13:11

who were in unstable employment or

play13:14

sweated for low wages many faced squalor

play13:17

and poverty

play13:26

prohibition of the sale of alcohol was

play13:28

one of the most abused laws in American

play13:30

history bars and saloons were now

play13:33

illegal but speakeasies or drinking

play13:35

clubs sprang up everywhere

play13:38

federal agents confiscated what liquor

play13:40

they found but because these agents were

play13:43

badly played they could easily be bribed

play13:45

by gangsters who thrived on prohibition

play13:49

gangsters organized the illegal alcohol

play13:52

business on a large scale their

play13:54

underlings were sometimes arrested but

play13:56

never the big bosses Al Capone the

play14:03

Chicago gangster did more than 60

play14:05

million dollars worth of business in

play14:07

alcohol in the year 1927 Chicago was

play14:11

Capone's Manor in Chicago it was the

play14:14

gangster boss who paid and controlled

play14:16

the officials in City Hall as 1929

play14:19

approached businesses were still booming

play14:22

there seemed to be more luxury and more

play14:24

spending than ever

play14:27

the whole nation seemed to be wall

play14:30

street crazy everybody was buying on

play14:34

credit even stocks and shares small

play14:36

grocers and shoeshine boys bid for

play14:39

company shares and bought them from

play14:40

pavement stockbrokers on hire purchase

play14:42

for a few dollars down everything was on

play14:46

credit and everyone lived on the profits

play14:48

someone else was expected to make

play15:07

the Jazz Age saw great changes in the

play15:10

social habits of young Americans they

play15:13

had cars and they visited dance halls

play15:15

and nightclubs where the music of

play15:17

ragtime and jazz gave black musicians an

play15:20

escape route from poverty it was the age

play15:23

of crazies dances like the Charleston

play15:26

and the Black Bottom swept the country

play16:08

there were few danger signs people could

play16:12

see no reason why the stock market

play16:13

shouldn't go on producing higher and

play16:15

higher share prices and more and more

play16:17

profits for the shareholders but their

play16:19

confidence collapsed on the day that

play16:21

several companies went bankrupt the 24th

play16:24

of October 1929 panic set in and people

play16:29

started to sell their stocks and shares

play16:31

for whatever price they could get nearly

play16:33

13 million shares changed hands their

play16:35

first day but in the days that followed

play16:38

prices plummeted to rock-bottom

play16:44

Herbert Hoover elected president in 1928

play16:48

tried to restore people's confidence but

play16:51

the crisis was impossible to check rich

play16:54

men lost vast fortunes overnight and

play16:57

millions of small investors were left

play16:59

with nothing

play17:03

shops companies whole industries began

play17:07

to go out of business

play17:08

millions were soon to lose even their

play17:11

jobs the boom was over the Depression

play17:14

had come it shockwaves not only rocked

play17:18

the foundations of the American economy

play17:20

they were to be felt around the world I

play17:24

was building a dream and so I followed

play17:29

them when there was earth to plow or

play17:35

guns to bear I was always there right on

play17:40

the job

play17:43

they used to tell me I was building a

play17:47

dream with see some glory ahead why

play17:53

should I be standing once I built a

play18:07

railroad I made it one made it rain

play18:13

again now it's heavy ferret ah once I

play18:29

build a tower up to this song Creek and

play18:35

river him love one side of the power now

play18:42

it does brother can you spare a dollar

play18:49

one thing hacky to our TV looks well all

play18:56

of that yang he do little half a million

play19:01

booth went logging through hell and I

play19:06

was the kid with a draw hey don't you

play19:12

remember

play19:13

they call me out hey don't you remember

play19:23

I'm your pie

Rate This

5.0 / 5 (0 votes)

Связанные теги
1920年代アメリカ移民産業社会経済文化音楽歴史大蕩動
Вам нужно краткое изложение на английском?