MATERI SEJARAH XII : PERJUANGAN PEMBEBASAN IRIAN BARAT

susanti endah

22 Nov 202006:30

Summary

TLDRThe video discusses Indonesia's struggle to reclaim West Irian (Irian Barat) from Dutch control after the 1949 Round Table Conference. It covers diplomatic efforts, including international negotiations and support from the UN and Asian-African countries, as well as Indonesia's economic and military confrontations with the Netherlands. The decisive moment came with President Soekarno's Trikora campaign in 1961, leading to the formation of a military command. The conflict culminated in the 1962 New York Agreement, transferring West Irian to UN control, and later, a 1969 referendum officially integrated the region into Indonesia.

Takeaways

📜 Indonesia fought to reclaim West Irian after the 1949 Round Table Conference (KMB) agreement, which had promised to transfer the territory to Indonesia within a year.
🤝 Diplomatic efforts were made, including addressing the issue at the United Nations General Assembly, though Indonesia felt the UN was not firm in resolving the matter.
🌍 Indonesia received support from countries at the Asian-African Conference for its stance on West Irian.
🗓️ On August 17, 1945, President Soekarno declared West Irian as part of Indonesia and established it as one of the provinces, with its capital in Tidore.
💼 In February 1958, the Indonesian government formed the National Front for the Liberation of West Irian.
💸 Economic confrontations included voiding economic activities with the Dutch and nationalizing Dutch-owned companies in Indonesia.
⚔️ Indonesia prepared for military conflict, purchasing weapons from the Soviet Union, while the Dutch sent their warship Karel Doorman.
📢 On December 19, 1961, President Soekarno launched the 'Trikora' or 'People’s Triple Command,' calling for the failure of the Dutch plan to create a puppet state in Papua.
🔄 The New York Agreement on August 15, 1962, transferred control of West Irian to the United Nations Temporary Authority (UNTEA), leading to an eventual referendum.
🎌 On May 1, 1963, West Irian was officially handed over to Indonesia, with the UN Security Forces overseeing the transition and referendum, which ultimately showed West Irian's desire to stay with Indonesia.

Q & A

What was the result of the Round Table Conference regarding West Irian?
-The Round Table Conference in 1949 determined that West Irian should be handed over to Indonesia within a year of the conference. However, this did not happen by the deadline, leading to further actions by the Indonesian government.
What diplomatic efforts did Indonesia make to resolve the West Irian issue?
-Indonesia brought the West Irian issue to the United Nations General Assembly and received support from countries in the Asian-African Conference. Diplomatic efforts included discussions with the U.S. and suggestions for the Netherlands to hand over West Irian to Indonesia through the UN.
Why was Indonesia disappointed with the United Nations' approach to the West Irian issue?
-Indonesia was disappointed because the UN did not take a decisive stance, and the proposed two-year period for the Netherlands to hand over West Irian to Indonesia was seen as too lenient.
How did Indonesia receive support for its claim to West Irian?
-Indonesia gained strong support from the countries present at the Asian-African Conference for its efforts to claim West Irian.
What were Indonesia's economic actions against the Netherlands regarding West Irian?
-Indonesia initiated an economic confrontation, which involved halting economic activities related to the Netherlands and nationalizing various Dutch companies in Indonesia.
What was the significance of President Sukarno's Trikora declaration?
-Trikora, or the People's Triple Command, was declared by President Sukarno in 1961. It aimed to thwart the creation of a Dutch puppet state in Papua, raise the Indonesian flag in West Irian, and prepare for a general mobilization.
What were the three phases of Indonesia's military operations to liberate West Irian?
-The military operations were carried out in three phases: infiltration (sending troops covertly to West Irian), exploitation (open attacks on Dutch positions), and consolidation (establishing Indonesian sovereignty over West Irian).
What was the outcome of the New York Agreement regarding West Irian?
-The New York Agreement, signed on August 15, 1962, stipulated that West Irian would be handed over to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA), and a referendum, known as the Act of Free Choice, would be held before the end of 1969.
When was West Irian officially handed over to Indonesia?
-West Irian was officially handed over to Indonesia on May 1, 1963, following the United Nations' administration under UNTEA.
What was the outcome of the Act of Free Choice in West Irian?
-The Act of Free Choice, held between July 14 and August 2, 1969, resulted in the majority of the West Irian population voting to remain part of Indonesia. The United Nations recognized this result on September 19, 1969.

Outlines

00:00

🇮🇩 The Struggle for Irian Barat: Diplomacy and Conflict

This paragraph discusses Indonesia's efforts to reclaim Irian Barat (Western New Guinea) following the 1949 Round Table Conference (Konferensi Meja Bundar). Although the agreement stipulated that Irian Barat should be transferred to Indonesia within a year, diplomatic and political struggles persisted. Indonesia brought the issue to the United Nations General Assembly but was disappointed by the lack of firm support. The country received backing from the Bandung Conference (Asia-Africa Conference), and on August 17, 1945, President Soekarno declared Irian Barat as an official province of Indonesia. Subsequent efforts included economic and military confrontations, such as nationalizing Dutch companies and preparing for potential military conflict with the Netherlands by securing Soviet military support. The paragraph culminates with President Soekarno’s declaration of Trikora (Three Commands of the People) in 1961 to block the establishment of a Dutch puppet state in Papua and mobilize military action.

05:00

🏳️ Transfer of Irian Barat to Indonesia: A Historic Moment

This paragraph details the formal transfer of Irian Barat to Indonesia on May 1, 1963, symbolized by the raising of both the United Nations and Indonesian flags. The United Nations sent a security force (UNSF) led by General Said Uddin from Pakistan to maintain peace. Between July 14 and August 2, 1969, the Act of Free Choice (Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat), or Pepera, was held in Jayapura, with the majority of Irian Barat’s population choosing to remain part of Indonesia. The result was ratified by the United Nations on September 19, 1969, marking a successful conclusion to the struggle for the region. The paragraph concludes with expressions of gratitude to viewers and hope that the lesson on Irian Barat's history was informative.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Irian Barat

Irian Barat, now known as Papua, was a region in dispute between Indonesia and the Netherlands after Indonesia's independence. It was supposed to be transferred to Indonesia after the 1949 Round Table Conference, but the Netherlands delayed. The struggle for control of Irian Barat is central to the video's theme, highlighting Indonesia's efforts through diplomacy, economic confrontation, and military actions to claim the region.

💡Konferensi Meja Bundar

The Konferensi Meja Bundar (Round Table Conference) was held in 1949, where the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty of Indonesia but retained control over Irian Barat. This agreement is mentioned as a key event that sparked the prolonged struggle between Indonesia and the Netherlands over the region.

💡Diplomasi

Diplomasi (diplomacy) refers to Indonesia's efforts to peacefully resolve the Irian Barat dispute through negotiations and international forums like the United Nations and the Asian-African Conference. Despite these efforts, the slow progress led Indonesia to pursue other strategies, including economic and military confrontation.

💡Trikora

Trikora, short for Tri Komando Rakyat (People's Three Commands), was a military and political campaign initiated by President Soekarno in 1961. Its objectives were to prevent the establishment of a Dutch-backed puppet state in Papua, raise the Indonesian flag in Irian Barat, and prepare for mobilization. Trikora marked the shift from diplomacy to military confrontation in the conflict.

💡Front Nasional Pembebasan Irian Barat

The Front Nasional Pembebasan Irian Barat (National Front for the Liberation of Irian Barat) was established by the Indonesian government in 1958 to unify efforts for the liberation of Irian Barat. This organization played a significant role in the national mobilization against the Netherlands and highlighted Indonesia's commitment to regaining control of the region.

💡Konfrontasi Ekonomi

Konfrontasi Ekonomi (economic confrontation) refers to Indonesia's strategy of disrupting Dutch economic activities in Indonesia, such as boycotting Dutch businesses and nationalizing their assets. This economic pressure was part of Indonesia's broader strategy to force the Netherlands to relinquish control of Irian Barat.

💡Komando Mandala

Komando Mandala (Mandala Command) was a military command created by President Soekarno in 1962 to oversee the liberation of Irian Barat. It was tasked with planning and executing military operations to infiltrate and take control of the region from Dutch forces. The command's operations were carried out in three phases: infiltration, exploitation, and consolidation.

💡Perjanjian New York

The Perjanjian New York (New York Agreement) was a pivotal treaty signed on August 15, 1962, between Indonesia and the Netherlands under the auspices of the United Nations. It established that Irian Barat would be handed over to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) before being transferred to Indonesia. The agreement marked a diplomatic victory for Indonesia and the beginning of formal control over the region.

💡Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat

Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat (Act of Free Choice) was the referendum held in 1969 under UN supervision, where the people of Irian Barat voted to remain part of Indonesia. The process has been controversial, but it was formally recognized by the UN, marking the end of the conflict over the region.

💡PBB

PBB (United Nations) played a mediating role in the Irian Barat conflict, particularly in facilitating diplomatic negotiations and overseeing the transition of power from the Netherlands to Indonesia through the UNTEA. The PBB also supervised the Act of Free Choice in 1969, where Irian Barat's inhabitants voted to remain with Indonesia.

Highlights

The Indonesian government initiated efforts to reclaim West Irian following the Round Table Conference of 1949.

Despite agreements, the issue of West Irian remained unresolved, prompting the Indonesian government to take further diplomatic actions.

One significant diplomatic effort involved the United Nations, where the United States played a mediating role.

A proposal from the United Nations suggested that West Irian be transferred to Indonesia within two years, which disappointed Indonesia.

The issue was discussed at the Asian-African Conference, where Indonesia received full support from attending nations.

On August 17, 1945, President Sukarno announced the formation of West Irian as a province, with Tidore as its capital.

In 1958, the Indonesian government formed the National Front for the Liberation of West Irian.

Economic confrontation began, targeting Dutch economic interests in Indonesia through nationalization and other measures.

Military confrontations were prepared, with Indonesia strengthening its military forces and acquiring arms from the Soviet Union.

President Sukarno issued the Trikora, or the Three People's Command, on December 19, 1961, to oppose Dutch control over Papua.

The Indonesian government initiated a three-phase military plan to infiltrate and gradually control West Irian by the end of 1962.

A major diplomatic breakthrough occurred with the signing of the New York Agreement on August 15, 1962.

The United Nations assumed temporary authority over West Irian, paving the way for a referendum by 1969.

On May 1, 1963, West Irian was officially transferred to Indonesia, symbolized by the raising of the Indonesian flag.

A referendum, the Act of Free Choice (Pepera), took place between July and August 1969, with the majority of West Irian's population voting to remain with Indonesia.