How do Magnets Work - PHYSICS!
Summary
TLDRThis video explores the mystery of magnetism, starting with the historical discovery of magnetic minerals in Magnesia, Greece. It explains how magnetized iron has aligned magnetic domains, which can be manipulated to create or destroy magnetism. The role of electrons' spin in magnetism is highlighted, with iron, nickel, and cobalt being unique due to their paired electrons with parallel spins. The video concludes by emphasizing the quantum mechanical phenomenon of electron spin alignment in everyday magnets.
Takeaways
- 🧲 Magnets are naturally occurring minerals found in Magnesia, Greece, that can attract or repel each other.
- 🔍 Unmagnetized iron is made up of randomly oriented tiny crystal magnets called domains.
- 📚 Magnetization aligns the domains in iron, creating a north and south side, thus making it a magnet.
- 🔊 The flipping of magnetic domains can be made audible through a coil of wire and a speaker.
- 🌐 The magnetism in metals like iron, cobalt, and nickel is related to electron movement.
- 🔬 Electrons have a property called spin, which, when aligned, contributes to the magnetic properties of certain elements.
- 📊 The alignment of electron spins in iron, nickel, and cobalt is due to an unusual pairing of valence electrons with parallel spins.
- 🔥 Heating can disrupt the magnetic domains in a magnet, causing the loss of magnetism.
- 🔋 A coil of wire with a looping current acts like a bar magnet, influencing the direction of compasses.
- 🧬 Magnetism is a quantum mechanical effect that is observable in everyday life, particularly in iron, nickel, and cobalt.
Q & A
What is the origin of the term 'magnet'?
-The term 'magnet' originates from the ancient Greek region of Magnesia, where naturally occurring minerals that attracted iron were found.
How are magnetic domains related to magnetism?
-Magnetic domains are tiny crystal magnets within unmagnetized iron metal that are randomly oriented. In magnetized iron, these domains align, giving the metal a north and south side, which allows it to become a magnet.
What happens to the magnetic domains during the magnetization process?
-During the magnetization process, the magnetic domains in iron flip their orientation, aligning in a specific direction, which results in the material becoming a magnet.
How can the flipping of magnetic domains be made audible?
-The flipping of magnetic domains can be made audible by placing a small piece of nickel inside a coil of wire and bringing a strong magnet close to it, causing any rapid changes in the magnetic field to sound on a speaker.
Which elements are known to be magnetic besides iron?
-Besides iron, cobalt and nickel are also magnetic elements, and their proximity on the periodic table indicates that magnetism is a result of electron behavior.
How does heating affect the magnetic domains in a magnet?
-Heating can destroy the alignment of magnetic domains in a magnet, causing the magnet to lose its magnetism.
What property of electrons is responsible for magnetism?
-Electron spin, the intrinsic angular momentum of electrons, is responsible for magnetism. The alignment of these electron spins results in the magnetic properties of certain materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt.
Why do iron, nickel, and cobalt exhibit magnetism?
-Iron, nickel, and cobalt exhibit magnetism because they have an unusual double veence (valence) electron configuration where their two valence electrons have parallel spins, which is a rare circumstance.
What was the outcome of the experiment conducted by Albert Einstein and vonder deas to test the cause of magnetism?
-The experiment conducted by Albert Einstein and vonder deas to test whether orbiting electrons caused magnetism resulted in negative findings, leading to further investigation and the later discovery of electron spin.
How do the magnetic properties of a bar magnet compare to a coil of wire with a looping current?
-A coil of wire with a looping current acts just like a bar magnet, causing compasses to align with the magnetic field created by the current, pointing out of North and into South.
What is the significance of quantum mechanical effects in everyday life as it relates to magnetism?
-Quantum mechanical effects, such as the alignment of electron spins, are significant in everyday life as they are the fundamental reason behind the existence of magnets, which have numerous applications in technology and industry.
Outlines
🧲 The Mystery of Magnets
Magnets have the ability to either attract or repel each other, but the reason behind this phenomenon remains unknown. The term 'magnet' originates from the ancient Greek region of Magnesia, where naturally occurring minerals that attracted iron were discovered. These minerals could either attract or repel one another, providing the basis for understanding magnetic properties.
🧑🔬 Magnetic Domains in Unmagnetized and Magnetized Iron
Iron in its unmagnetized form is made up of tiny magnetic crystals, known as domains, which are oriented in random directions. In a magnetized state, all the domains align in a single direction, creating a north and south pole. This alignment of domains transforms the material into a magnet. During magnetization, the domains flip, a process that can be detected audibly with the right equipment.
🎧 Audible Domain Flipping
In a demonstration, a piece of nickel placed inside a coil of wire is exposed to a strong magnet. The flipping of magnetic domains inside the nickel produces a sound, making the invisible process of magnetization audible. This experiment highlights how even a small metal object can be turned into a magnet and shows how heat can destroy the magnetic properties by disorganizing the domains.
🧲 The Magnetic Properties of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel
In addition to iron, cobalt and nickel are also magnetic, a property that is due to their proximity on the periodic table. The magnetic behavior of these elements is a result of electron behavior, specifically the alignment of electron spins. Magnetic fields can be created not only by permanent magnets but also by electric currents, as seen with a coil of wire carrying current.
🌀 Electron Orbit and Spin in Magnetism
Early theories proposed that orbiting electrons caused magnetism, but experiments in 1915, including one by Albert Einstein, disproved this idea. It was later discovered that electron spin, not orbital motion, is responsible for magnetism. The alignment of electron spins within atoms, particularly in iron, nickel, and cobalt, generates their magnetic properties. These elements have a unique electron configuration where two valence electrons are paired with parallel spins, making them naturally magnetic.
🔍 The Quantum Mechanism Behind Magnets
In conclusion, magnetism arises from the alignment of electron spins in the microscopic domains of metals like iron, nickel, and cobalt. This quantum mechanical effect is due to the unusual pairing of valence electrons with parallel spins. This phenomenon occurs naturally in certain elements, making magnets an everyday example of quantum mechanics at work.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Magnet
💡Magnetic domains
💡Magnetization
💡Electron spin
💡Ferromagnetism
💡Orbiting electrons
💡Parallel spins
💡Magnetic field
💡Cobalt
💡Quantum mechanical effect
💡Valence electrons
Highlights
Magnets can either repel or attract another magnet, and the reason behind this phenomenon is explained in the video.
Natural magnets were named after the region of Magnesia in ancient Greece where they were first discovered.
Unmagnetized iron metal consists of randomly oriented tiny crystal magnets called domains.
Magnetization involves aligning the domains in iron, creating a north and south side.
The alignment of domains can be heard as they flip, demonstrated by a nickel piece inside a coil of wire.
A magnet can induce magnetism in an iron paper clip by aligning its magnetic domains.
Magnetism can be lost by heating, which destroys the alignment of magnetic domains.
Besides iron, cobalt and nickel are also magnetic materials.
Magnetism is a result of electron movement, as indicated by the proximity of magnetic elements on the periodic table.
A coil of wire with a looping current acts like a bar magnet, influencing compass directions.
Electrons orbiting iron atoms might be the cause of magnetism, as suggested by the alignment of their movement.
Albert Einstein and vonder deas' experiment in 1915 aimed to confirm the role of orbiting electrons in magnetism.
Electrons possess a property called spin, which was later discovered to contribute to magnetism.
The alignment of electron spins is responsible for the magnetic properties of iron, nickel, and cobalt.
Iron, nickel, and cobalt have an unusual double veence with paired electrons spinning in parallel, a rare occurrence.
Magnets are a collection of microscopic crystal domains with aligned electron spins, particularly in iron, nickel, and cobalt.
The quantum mechanical effect of aligned electron spins is evident in everyday life through magnetism.
Transcripts
magnets one magnet either
repels or attracts another and nobody
knows
why except you after watching today's
video naturally occurring minerals were
found to attract iron in the ancient
Greek region of magnesia and so were
aptly named for the
area and these rocks were found to
either attract or repel one another one
way to understand magnets is through
magnetic domains you see unmagnetized
iron metal is composed of a whole bunch
of tiny little Crystal magnets called
domains and they're randomly oriented
pointing in all different directions but
magnetized iron has all the domains
aligned that is is it has a north side
and a south side and that orientation is
what allows it to become a
magnet during the magnetization process
the domains flip
suddenly this flipping can be made
audible I have here a small piece of
nickel which I'm placing inside of this
coil of wire any rapid changes in magne
IC field will sound on this speaker here
I also have a very strong magnet which I
placed on the north end of this little
magnet when I bring it close to the
nickel
listen do you hear the domains
flipping and there you have it a new
magnet this iron paper clip can be
magnetized by this
magnet the magnetic domains in the paper
clip can be destroyed by
Heating and the magnetism is
lost besides iron Cobalt and nickel are
also magnetic their proximity on the
periodic table lets you know that
magnetism is a result of electron veence
that is all magnetism is caused by
electrons this coil of wire with a
looping current is acting just like a
bar
magnet causing compasses to point out of
North and into South out of North and
into
South could it be that the electrons
orbiting the iron atoms are the net
cause of magnetism that is could it be
that circling electrons are causing the
magnetic field in 1915 Albert Einstein
and vonder deas ran an experiment to
check that it was the orbiting electrons
that caused magnetism the results were
negative later on it was discovered that
electrons had a property called spin
that is the electron was spinning as it
circled the
nucleus it's the alignment of these
electrons spins that results in the
magnetic properties of iron and this
only occurs naturally for iron nickel
and Cobalt because these atoms have an
unusual double veence in which their two
veence electrons are paired with
parallel spins a very rare circumstance
indeed in summary a magnet is a
collection of microscopic Crystal
domains that have their electron spins
aligned this is particularly prevalent
in iron nickel and Cobalt in which there
is a pair of veence electrons with their
spins aligned a quantum mechanical
effect evident in our everyday lives
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