04 Atomic Definition of Young's Modulus

Scott Ramsay
16 Sept 201613:45

Summary

TLDR本视频讲解了弹性行为和弹性变形的概念。通过弹性带的例子,说明了材料在弹性区域内加载后卸载能够恢复原状的特性。视频中探讨了原子层面的解释,将原子模拟为硬球体并通过弹簧连接,展示了原子间的净力与原子间距的关系。强调了杨氏模量与原子间力-间距曲线在平衡间距处的一阶导数成正比,表明杨氏模量仅取决于原子类型,与材料结构无关,是材料固有的属性。

Takeaways

  • 🔍 弹性行为指的是材料在外力作用下发生形变,移除外力后能够恢复到原始形状的特性。
  • 📏 胡克定律描述了材料在弹性范围内,应力与应变之间的线性关系。
  • 🔵 弹性带是一个展示弹性行为的直观例子,它在被拉伸后能够恢复到原始形状。
  • 🔬 弹性变形可以被理解为材料在卸载后能够恢复到原始几何形状的现象。
  • 🧠 弹性应变也被称为可恢复应变,因为材料在弹性区域内卸载后应变会恢复到零。
  • 🌐 原子层面上,弹性行为意味着当外力移除后,原子能够回到它们原始的位置。
  • 🎾 通过将原子模拟为硬球体,并用弹簧连接,可以建立一个机械模型来模拟原子间的相互作用。
  • 📉 原子间的净力可以通过绘制原子间力与原子间距的关系曲线来表示,其中包括吸引力和排斥力。
  • 🔄 当原子处于平衡状态时,净力为零,此时的原子间距被称为平衡原子间距。
  • 🔗 杨氏模量与原子间力-间距曲线在平衡原子间距处的一阶导数成正比,表明它仅取决于原子类型,与材料的结构无关。

Q & A

  • 什么是弹性行为?

    -弹性行为指的是材料在外力作用下发生形变,当外力移除后,材料能够恢复到原始几何形状的特性。

  • 胡克定律是什么?

    -胡克定律是描述材料在弹性范围内,应力与应变成正比关系的定律。

  • 弹性变形和弹性区域在材料科学中意味着什么?

    -弹性变形是指材料在卸载后能够恢复到原始几何形状的变形。弹性区域是指材料在受到应力作用时,应力与应变呈线性关系,且卸载后能够完全恢复的区域。

  • 什么是可恢复应变?

    -可恢复应变,也称为弹性应变,是指材料在卸载后能够恢复到原始形状的应变,通常与弹性行为相关联。

  • 原子层面上,弹性变形意味着什么?

    -在原子层面上,弹性变形意味着当外力移除后,原子能够回到它们原始的位置。

  • 如何用机械模型来模拟原子间的相互作用?

    -可以通过将原子视为硬球体,并在它们之间放置一个代表原子间净力的弹簧来模拟原子间的相互作用。

  • 什么是原子间的平衡距离?

    -原子间的平衡距离是指在没有外力作用下,原子之间自然保持的距离,也称为平衡原子间距。

  • 原子间的净力与原子间距有什么关系?

    -原子间的净力与原子间距的关系可以通过一个曲线来描述,其中净力是吸引力和排斥力的总和,且在平衡间距附近近似为线性关系。

  • 杨氏模量与原子间力-分离曲线有什么关系?

    -杨氏模量与原子间力-分离曲线的关系是直接成比例的,具体来说,杨氏模量是该曲线在平衡原子间距处的一阶导数。

  • 为什么说杨氏模量是结构独立的?

    -杨氏模量是结构独立的,因为它只取决于材料中原子的类型,而与材料的宏观结构、化学组成或微观结构无关。

  • 材料的弹性行为如何影响其杨氏模量?

    -材料的弹性行为直接影响其杨氏模量,因为杨氏模量是描述材料在弹性范围内应力与应变关系的物理量。

Outlines

00:00

🔍 弹性行为与弹性变形

第一段主要探讨了弹性行为和弹性变形的概念。通过弹性带的例子,说明了物体在外力作用下形变后能够恢复原状的特性。引入了应力-应变曲线,解释了材料在弹性区域内的线性行为,并提出了弹性变形即物体在卸载后能够恢复到原始几何形状的观点。进一步探讨了弹性变形的原子层面解释,即原子在外力作用下移动后能够在卸载后返回到原始位置。最后,通过简化模型,将原子视为硬球并通过弹簧连接,来模拟原子间的相互作用力,为后续深入探讨弹性行为的微观机制奠定了基础。

05:02

📏 原子间距与原子间力的关系

第二段深入讨论了原子间距(R)的概念,即原子核之间的距离,并引入了原子间力的概念。通过简化模型,展示了原子间的吸引力和排斥力,并解释了这两种力的合力如何影响原子间的平衡状态。重点介绍了净原子间力的概念,并指出在平衡状态下,净原子间力为零。此外,还讨论了在平衡点附近,原子间力与原子间距的关系近似为线性,从而引出了原子间的弹簧常数概念。这一部分为理解材料的弹性行为提供了微观层面的解释,并为后续讨论材料的宏观力学性质打下了基础。

10:02

🔗 杨氏模量与原子间力分离曲线的关系

第三段进一步探讨了杨氏模量与原子间力分离曲线之间的关系。通过分析小扰动下的原子位移与所施加的力之间的关系,得出了杨氏模量与原子间力分离曲线在平衡间距处的一阶导数成正比的结论。强调了杨氏模量仅依赖于原子类型,而与材料的结构无关,即它是结构独立的。这一发现对于理解不同材料的弹性特性具有重要意义,因为它表明改变材料的微观结构,如合金成分或强化处理,不会改变其杨氏模量,除非改变了原子类型。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡弹性行为

弹性行为是指材料在受到外力作用时发生形变,当外力移除后能够恢复到原始形状和尺寸的性质。在视频中,通过拉伸橡皮筋的例子来说明这一点,当橡皮筋被拉伸并释放时,它能够回到其原始的几何形状。这与材料的弹性模量和应力-应变曲线有关,是理解材料力学性质的基础。

💡胡克定律

胡克定律是描述材料弹性行为的一个基本定律,它指出在弹性范围内,材料的应力与应变成正比。视频中提到了胡克定律,并用它来解释材料在初始线性区域内的弹性行为,即在这一区域内,应力与应变之间的关系是线性的。

💡应力-应变曲线

应力-应变曲线是描述材料在受力过程中应力与应变之间关系的图形。视频中通过这个曲线来探讨材料的弹性区域,即在曲线的初始线性部分,材料表现出弹性行为,应力与应变成正比。

💡弹性变形

弹性变形是指材料在受到外力作用下发生的可逆形变,即当外力移除后,材料能够恢复到其原始状态。视频中提到,弹性变形是可恢复的,因为材料在卸载后能够回到零应力和零应变的状态。

💡原子解释

原子解释是指从原子层面来解释材料的性质和行为。在视频中,通过将原子视为硬球体并用弹簧连接来模拟原子间的相互作用,来解释弹性变形的原子机制。当外力作用于材料时,原子间的距离会发生变化,但一旦外力移除,原子会回到其原始位置,从而恢复材料的原始几何形状。

💡原子间距离

原子间距离,也称为原子间距,是指原子核之间的平均距离。在视频中,这个概念用来描述原子在不受力时的平衡位置。当材料发生弹性变形时,原子间距离会发生变化,但当外力移除后,原子会回到其平衡位置,即原始的原子间距离。

💡吸引力与排斥力

吸引力与排斥力是原子间相互作用的两种基本力。在视频中,通过机械模型来说明这两种力如何共同作用,维持原子间的平衡状态。吸引力使原子相互靠近,而当原子非常接近时,电子云的排斥力会显著增加,防止原子无限靠近。

💡净原子间力

净原子间力是指吸引力和排斥力的合力,它决定了原子间的实际相互作用。在视频中,净原子间力与原子间距离的关系被用来模拟材料的弹性行为,特别是在原子间距离接近平衡距离时,净原子间力的变化可以用来预测材料的弹性响应。

💡杨氏模量

杨氏模量是描述材料弹性的一个物理量,它定义为应力与应变比值的物理量,反映了材料抵抗形变的能力。视频中提到,杨氏模量与原子间力-分离曲线在平衡原子间距离处的一阶导数成正比,表明杨氏模量仅取决于原子的类型,与材料的结构无关。

💡结构独立性

结构独立性是指某些材料性质不依赖于材料的具体结构或形态,而只与材料的组成原子有关。在视频中,杨氏模量被描述为结构独立的,意味着无论材料的微观结构如何变化,只要组成原子不变,杨氏模量就不会改变。这对于理解和预测材料的宏观力学行为非常重要。

Highlights

弹性行为的基本概念,即物体在受到拉伸后释放能够恢复原状。

胡克定律的介绍,即材料在弹性区域内的应力与应变成正比。

弹性带的非线性弹性行为示例。

弹性变形的定义,即样品在卸载后能够恢复到原始几何形状。

弹性应变与可恢复应变的等同性。

原子层面上弹性变形的解释,即原子在卸载后返回到原始位置。

硬球模型用于模拟原子间的相互作用。

原子间净力的概念,包括吸引和排斥力。

平衡状态下原子间的净力为零,定义了平衡原子间距R。

原子间力-位移关系的微观解释,与宏观的弹簧常数类比。

杨氏模量与原子间力-位移曲线一阶导数的关系。

杨氏模量仅取决于原子类型,与材料结构无关。

材料的微观结构变化不影响杨氏模量。

杨氏模量与材料强度的关系,即强度可以改变但杨氏模量不变。

原子间相互作用力的曲线图解释,包括吸引和排斥力的平衡。

弹性变形的微观机制,即原子间距的微小变化。

弹性带的弹性行为与原子间力-位移曲线的联系。

Transcripts

play00:00

okay so last CL uh last lecture or video

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I mean we had uh looked at um elastic

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behavior and you know we said that you

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stretch something out and you let it go

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it goes back in fact what we had looked

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at was hooks law um and what I want to

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explore a little B it's more what that

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elasticity means so in fact this elastic

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band is a good example you stretch it

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out and you let it go and it returns to

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its original geometry

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so what we had seen was this we looked

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at a stress strin

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curve and we said that most

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materials have a linear region initially

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now this elastic band we'll explore

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later is actually more nonlinear but it

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it illustrates the point of elasticity

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so what I want to explore is what

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elasticity really

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means

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Okay so so what

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is elastic

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deformation and I think that the

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explanation that we had right here is

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pretty reasonable it's intuitive we

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could say that the

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sample returns to its original

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geometry uh when we unload it

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right uh upon

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unloading that's fairly intuitive the

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other thing we could do is we could look

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at this uh stress Trin behavior and say

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well if we load the sample up to a point

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and it's still in the elastic region if

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we then unload we would expect to get

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back to zero stress and zero strain so

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we could say then that

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the

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strain is recovered in fact you know

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what I'm going to do I'm going to write

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that in Orange

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tell you why in a second

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recoverable because often elastic strain

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is referred to as recoverable strain

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they're used synonymously okay so that's

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a fairly good explanation I think it's

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intuitive the final thing I want to look

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at though

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is could we give an atomic explanation

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for this we got a couple of atoms you

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know what does it mean if we apply a

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stress to um this this paper CL

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right and I you know I bend it or I I I

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put this paper clip onto some paper and

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I take it off and it looks to be the

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same geometry as when it started what

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does that tell us that has happened to

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the atoms inside that

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paperclip I think that it's not a large

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stretch of the imagination to to say

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that it must mean the

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atoms also return to their original

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positions

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upon

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unloading uh upon unloading there we

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go and in fact it's that explanation

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there that I'd like to explore in a

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little bit more detail and i' like to do

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that

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by considering we could modeling atoms

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as um a couple of hard spheres so what

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I'm trying my best to uh do here is to

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sketch out a sphere so I'm going to try

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to shade this in as you know I like to

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do so it looks like it's popping over

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the page so there you go that's not too

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shabby he I'm not an artist but that's

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uh looks like it you could believe

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perhaps that's a a circle I mean a

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sphere not a circle it's a sphere and so

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I'll duplicate that and there we go

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we've now

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got um

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a couple of hard spheres and I'm going

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to draw a little spring between them so

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that is a

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spring holding together these

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two hard

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spheres and so what this is of course is

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it's a model it's a mechanical model of

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it's a mechanical

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model give myself a little bit of space

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here a mechanical model of oops I leave

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that um a mechanical model of the atoms

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undergoing

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elastic uh Behavior elastic

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Behavior okay so this the mechanical

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model and

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and what the spring is doing is it's

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modeling whatever the net force

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is between atoms

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okay the last thing I'm going to do with

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this little sketch is I'm going to

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actually Dimension

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here the space between the

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atoms and that is going to be called for

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historical reasons R okay that is the

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I'll give you the formal name it's

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called the interatomic spacing

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I appreciate it can be frustrating

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because we're using an R here for

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spacing between two atoms and the atoms

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have a rad have their own radi right so

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you might get confused between radius

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and interatomic spacing but remember

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from Context if you know we're talking

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about interatomic spacing R is going to

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refer to the distance between the nuclei

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and it's it's an unfortunate bit of

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History I guess um it comes from from

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physics so you know blame the physicists

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but don't blame the physicists my

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father's a physicist but that's what's

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used and so we got to deal with it um

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for this course I'm gonna I'm gonna

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promise you or try my very best to use

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capital r for radius but from Context I

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do hope that you will know the

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difference so that's interatomic spacing

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and what we can now do that we've got

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this little crude mechanical model is we

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can we can

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plot

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now the

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Force the interatomic force I'll write

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that in so it's clear interatomic

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force and we can plot that against the

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interatomic spacing

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R and what we'll find is there's there's

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some force that has to hold things

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together we're going to explore later in

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the course what that is but the curve

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for that looks something like this and

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so this is the attractive

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Force so attract is positive

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here and this is repulsive pushing them

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apart so you know there has to be

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something that opposes that otherwise

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everything would just collapse down

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infinitely close so there has to be

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something that's pushing them apart and

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thankfully there is and it's this force

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that picks up very rapidly at really

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close spacing when the atoms get really

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close together they get close enough

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that the electrons around the atom start

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to see each other and repel so what

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we're actually most interested in is the

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sum of the attractive and the repulsive

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forces let me label that

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repulsive so what we are interested in

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here is the sum of these two and the sum

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of these two looks something like this

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try my best to sketch

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this follows that fa closely so that is

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the net interatomic

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force which is of course what we are

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most interested in because that's what's

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telling us really what the atoms are

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feeling in this little model here right

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these two atoms at rest the net force

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should be zero in fact let's look at

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that right here when they're at rest or

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they're at

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equilibrium the net

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force equals zero right that force is

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zero well what does that also tell us

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well it tells us there must be a special

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value of R in fact that value of R has

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to be the distance between the atoms at

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rest or at equilibrium and so we in fact

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define r r as this special value of r r

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KN which we call the U

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equilibrium interatomic

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spacing okay now why is all this

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important well here it is this is all

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important because you can

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see now

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that if we look closely at the curve

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here in this region here very close to r

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equal to R

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KN the curve looks almost like a

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straight line so if we take the tangent

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to that

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curve or the slope there close to r

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equal R KN we can also write that

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mathematically as the first derivative

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of that curve DF by

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Dr well that slope is something that

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should be kind of familiar to us

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it's essentially we're looking at the

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relationship between force and

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displacement and we did that

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macroscopically and then we came up with

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the spring constant so it's almost like

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we've now got a little a tiny little

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spring constant for these hard spheres

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connected by a spring so that makes a

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bit of sense but what we're also doing

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is we're saying well this was our model

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for how a material behaves we know if I

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stretch this elastic

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band this not elastic this paperclip if

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I if I deform this a little bit and move

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it just a little bit I must be moving

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atoms in there okay we're just talking

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about small disturbances we're not

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talking about you know I take it and I

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put it on a book and you know it that

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that's something else we're going to

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explore that in another video but right

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now we're just talking about little

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disturbances when it's still

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elastic

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so when they're still elastic there's

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some kind of a relationship between

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force in fact we could apply a certain

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Force force and observe the resulting

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displacement so the conclusion which I

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hope is not a big stretch of your your

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imagination or your understanding is

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that in fact there is a relationship

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then between the Young's

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modulus this is the Young's

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modulus okay

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and this interatomic Force separation

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curve and the relationship is in fact

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this it's that yung's modulus is

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directly proportional to the first

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derivative of the interatomic force

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separation curve at R equals to R KN and

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that is actually an important

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result why because I'm going to give it

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a little box because it's kind of an

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important conclusion that is important

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because it tells

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us it tells us that the Young's modulus

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then depends only on the type of

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atoms okay it depends only on the type

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of atoms you have not what you've done

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to the

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material only

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on type of atoms there's another way of

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stating that that you you may come

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across and it's this that the Young's

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modulus is structure independent

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structure in fact if you can permit me

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I'm GNA because it's so commonly used

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I'm actually going to write it out in

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this my orange color so you realize this

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is very specific usage um oh my let me

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correct this structure independent I got

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excited

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independent let me tell you just what

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that means so it's structure independent

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and that

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means we can make changes to the

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um

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ex example um small

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changes to say the even the chemistry or

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the

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composition okay of an

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alloy what you would probably in high

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school call concentration which is

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really equivalent

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here do not change the Young's

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modulus nor does other stuff that we'll

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talk about later like strengthening so

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we'll see that you can dramatically

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increase the strength of of a metal

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alloy but you will not change the

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Young's modulus why because it's

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structure independent because at the end

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of the day the Young's modulus only

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depends on the type of atoms that you

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have and if you haven't changed the type

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of atoms you won't change the young

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mindist oh it's so beautiful all right

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thank you very much

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弹性行为原子结构材料科学弹性变形杨氏模量应力应变力学模型原子间距结构独立力学性质
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