Weather Routeing Services - Marine Meteorology
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into weather routing for ocean voyages, emphasizing its role in optimizing routes based on sea conditions and ship characteristics. It outlines the benefits, such as time and cost savings, increased safety, and comfort for passengers and crew. The script explains the difference between climatological and weather routing, highlighting the use of real-time weather data and forecasts. It also discusses the importance of considering various factors like currents, winds, and vessel performance in wave conditions. The video touches on the evolution of weather routing services, the significance of accurate advice for safety, and the role of modern shipboard systems in providing real-time routing services.
Takeaways
- 🌐 Weather routing is a procedure to determine an optimal track for ocean voyages based on sea conditions and a ship's response to waves.
- 💰 The benefits of weather routing services include time and cost reductions, increased safety, and avoidance of severe weather conditions.
- 🚢 Weather routing helps in reducing the probability of vessel damage due to heavy weather, cargo shifting, and motion sickness among passengers and crew.
- 🔍 Weather routing differs from climatological routing, which is based on average weather conditions and does not account for real-time weather changes.
- 📈 The process involves using weather observations and forecasts to modify the route as needed, considering the quickest path and environmental factors.
- 📉 Weather routing can result in savings from reduced transit time, lower fuel consumption, and more efficient scheduling of dockside activities.
- 🛳️ The selection of an optimum route takes into account the shortest distance, prevailing currents, and winds, as well as the ship's performance in various wave conditions.
- 📊 Performance curves for ships help predict speed reduction in different sea conditions, which is crucial for effective weather routing.
- ⚓ Other factors for route selection include avoiding iceberg-infested waters, considering ice accumulation, and planning for foggy or foamy conditions.
- 🔄 Weather routing services have evolved with advancements in meteorological forecasting and communications, improving the accuracy and reliability of route advice.
- 👨✈️ The final decision on route adherence lies with the ship's master, who may deviate from weather routing advice based on their professional judgment and the ship's current conditions.
Q & A
What is the primary purpose of weather routing for ocean voyages?
-The primary purpose of weather routing is to determine an optimal track for ocean voyages based on sea conditions and a ship's individual response characteristics in waves, which can lead to time and cost reductions, increased safety, and avoidance of severe weather conditions.
How does weather routing benefit the vessel and its crew?
-Weather routing benefits the vessel and its crew by reducing the probability of vessel damage in heavy weather, ensuring cargo stability, enhancing comfort for passengers and crew, and improving the efficiency and performance of the crew, which can result in better maintenance of the ship.
What are the main factors considered in selecting an optimum route for weather routing?
-The main factors considered in selecting an optimum route include the shortest distance (great circle route), prevailing currents, wind conditions, the ship's performance in various wave conditions, and any special requirements or constraints relevant to the vessel.
How does weather routing differ from climatological routing?
-Weather routing differs from climatological routing in that it uses actual weather conditions and forecasts in the vicinity of the planned route, allowing for modifications as the voyage proceeds. In contrast, climatological routing is based on average weather experienced by a ship in a particular season, using average current and wind directions.
What is the significance of the wave height formula mentioned in the script?
-The wave height formula provided in the script is significant as it relates the wave height to the wind speed, helping to predict the impact of wind on wave formation. However, it's noted that the formula may overestimate wave height and should be adjusted based on the duration of the wind and other factors.
Why is it important to know a vessel's performance in various wave conditions before weather routing?
-Knowing a vessel's performance in various wave conditions is important because it helps in constructing performance curves for different loading conditions. These curves are essential for predicting the ship's speed and behavior under specific wave heights and sea conditions, which is crucial for effective weather routing.
What are some additional factors that should be considered when selecting an optimum route?
-Additional factors include avoiding iceberg-infested waters, considering ice accumulation, anticipating foggy conditions, reducing speed in foamy conditions to reduce collision risk, and considering any special requirements of the vessel, such as avoiding very low temperatures for timber carriers.
How does weather routing change in response to a sudden hazard or emergency on board?
-In case of a sudden hazard or emergency, weather routing advice must consider the changing maneuvering and propulsion capabilities of the vessel. The advice should be adapted to the new situation, which may include seeking the nearest port of refuge and adjusting the route accordingly.
What are the minimum standards required for weather routing services?
-Minimum standards for weather routing services include providing meteorological information prior to departure, indicating the source of data and its accuracy, including sea and swell data, considering the individual vessel's speed and handling characteristics, and providing clear communication channels and regular updates.
How have advancements in technology and meteorological forecasting impacted weather routing services since the loss of the Derbyshire in 1980?
-Advancements in technology and meteorological forecasting have significantly improved the quality and accuracy of weather routing services since the Derbyshire incident. Modern systems use sophisticated computers and sensors to provide real-time routing services and take into account a wider range of data, including satellite information, for more accurate predictions.
Outlines
🌊 Weather Routing for Optimal Ocean Voyages
This paragraph introduces the concept of weather routing, which is a systematic approach to planning the most efficient and safe path for ships across the ocean by considering sea conditions and the ship's response to waves. It highlights the benefits of weather routing, such as reduced time and costs, increased safety, and avoidance of severe weather that can damage the vessel or cause discomfort to passengers and crew. The paragraph also contrasts weather routing with climatological routing, which relies on average weather data, and emphasizes the importance of using real-time weather conditions and forecasts for more accurate routing.
📊 Factors Influencing Weather Routing Decisions
The second paragraph delves into the various factors that must be considered when making weather routing decisions. It discusses the importance of understanding a ship's performance in different wave conditions and the creation of performance curves for both light and loaded conditions. The paragraph also addresses other considerations such as avoiding iceberg-infested waters, dealing with fog and foamy conditions, and the unique requirements of certain vessels like timber carriers. It stresses the dynamic nature of weather routing, which must adapt to changing conditions and potential hazards at sea.
🛳️ Implementing Weather Routing Aboard Ships
This paragraph outlines the practical steps involved in implementing weather routing on a ship. It describes the process of plotting alternative courses, calculating relative wind and wave directions, and selecting the optimal route based on the nearest point to the destination on the locus. The paragraph also touches on the advancements in automation that have enabled the development of minimum time tracks and the use of sophisticated navigation systems to compute routes, taking into account environmental constraints and the ship's speed characteristics. It concludes by mentioning the two types of weather routing services available and the importance of the service in light of historical maritime incidents.
⚓️ Regulatory and Commercial Aspects of Weather Routing
The fourth paragraph explores the regulatory and commercial aspects of weather routing services. It discusses the lack of regulation and the commercial nature of these services, as well as the importance of providing accurate and adequate weather routing information to ships. The paragraph references the case of the Derbyshire, a bulk carrier lost in a typhoon, and how improved weather routing could have potentially averted the disaster. It also covers the minimum standards required for weather routing services, including the provision of meteorological information, sea and swell data, and the need for an interactive system that allows masters to request advice and provide feedback.
🌐 Advanced Weather Routing Technologies and Services
The final paragraph discusses the advanced technologies used in modern weather routing systems, including the use of independent sensors and sophisticated computers to provide real-time routing services. It mentions the types of sensors used to monitor the ship's movement and weather conditions and how this data is processed to assist in safe navigation. The paragraph also touches on joint proposals for ship routing systems between governments with common interests in particular areas and the companies that provide weather routing services. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of weather routing in ensuring the safety and efficiency of maritime voyages.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Weather Routing
💡Optimum Route
💡Climatological Routing
💡Vessel Performance
💡Wave Height
💡Sea Conditions
💡Safety
💡Cost Reductions
💡Ship's Response Characteristics
💡Weather Forecasts
💡Navigation Systems
Highlights
Weather routing is a procedure to determine an optimal track for ocean voyages based on sea conditions and a ship's response characteristics in waves.
The benefits of weather routing services include time and cost reductions, increased safety, and avoidance of severe weather conditions.
Weather routing reduces the probability of vessel damage in heavy weather and cargo shifting due to avoiding heavy rolling and pitching.
Weather routing enhances comfort for passengers and crew, particularly important for passenger ships and modern automated ships with reduced crew.
Operating cost savings come from reduced transit time, fewer heavy weather encounters, and more efficient scheduling of dockside activities.
Weather routing maximizes safety by minimizing the risk of severe or catastrophic damage to the ship and injury to crew members.
Weather routing differs from climatological routing, which is based on average weather experienced in a particular season.
Weather routing uses actual weather conditions and forecasts to modify the route as the voyage proceeds.
The selection of an optimum route considers the shortest distance, prevailing currents, and winds to increase the vessel's speed.
Vessel performance in various wave conditions is essential for weather routing, requiring performance curves for different conditions.
Weather routing must consider additional factors such as iceberg-infested waters, ice accumulation, fog, and special vessel requirements.
Weather routing services have evolved with advancements in meteorological forecasting and communications since the 1980s.
The importance of weather routing is underscored by investigations into ship losses, such as the Derbyshire, which concluded that accurate routing could have prevented the disaster.
Weather routing services are relatively unregulated and mainly commercial, with various nations and private firms offering these services.
There are two types of routing services: one that broadcasts routing recommendations and another that transmits data for onboard processing.
Weather routing advice should be provided at regular intervals, appropriate to weather conditions, and should be interactive with the master.
Masters have the right to deviate from weather routing advice based on their professional judgment, and weather routing protects them from being sued.
Advanced shipboard weather routing systems use independent sensors and sophisticated computers to provide real-time routing services.
Joint proposals for ship routing systems with integrated measures are formulated by governments with common interests in particular areas.
Few companies provide weather routing services, and the availability of these services depends on the ship owner's subscription.
Transcripts
today's video focuses on weather routine
which is nothing but a procedure to
determine an optimal track for ocean
voyages based on sea conditions and a
ship's individual response
characteristics in waves the weather
routing has many benefits of course and
the benefits of a ship weather routing
services are primarily in time and cost
reductions and increased safety if you
think about it then severe weather
conditions are can be avoided using the
process of weather routing and following
an optimum route I talked about optimum
routing later on so there's less
probability of vessel getting damaged in
heavy weather
if vessels passage plan is based on a
weather routing then there is less
chances of cargo shifting as heavy
weather is avoided vessel does not
experience any kind of heavy rolling
pitching or similar motions it's more
comfortable for persons on board and
it's particularly important for
passenger ships where you have
passengers who are not used to rolling
pitching and experiencing such movements
on ships it's also more comfortable for
crew on board which will result in their
better performance and ships better
maintenance the savings in operating
cost are derived from reductions in
transit time heavy weather encounters
fuel consumption cargo and how damaged
and more efficient scheduling of
dockside activities the savings are
further increased by fewer emergency
repairs more efficient use of personnel
improved topside working conditions
lower insurance rates as preferred risks
under weather routing and ultimate it
extended ship operating life and
effective routing service maximizes
safety by greatly reducing the
probability of severe or catastrophic
damage to the ship and injury of crew
members the efficiency in health of the
crew is also enhanced by avoiding the
heavy weather this is especially
important on modern automated ships with
reduced crew and smaller craft
fishing vessels in yours in terms of
principle of weather routing it is
different from climatological routing
climatological routing of vessel is
given in various books and charts such
as ocean passages of the world pilot
charts etc climatological routing is
based on the average weather experienced
by a ship in a particular season in an
ocean the current and wind directions
are of average value for the season and
based on these average values a route is
selected and recommended in these books
if oversell sales on this route it is
100 percent that she will not experience
severe weather
however weather routing has been made
possible by frequent weather
observations including progress charts
prognosis charts which are available to
seafarers in the ocean and the
facilities are quite good in not a
planting in North Pacific where weather
routing is possible with greater
accuracy however these facilities are
not satisfactory in Southland click in
South Pacific and therefore weather
routing is not satisfactory on those key
areas weather routing makes use of
actual weather conditions as well as
weather forecasts in the vicinity of the
route being planned the route is
modified if necessary as the voyage
proceeds the route is selected with due
consideration to quickest route that is
the base circle route or the fastest
route between two points sometimes our
strategy route is planned which not only
takes into account the shortest road
combined with other considerations like
expected heavy weather damage or other
requirements which are special to that
vessel finally a vessel has to select an
optimum route in which following
concentrations are taken into account
firstly is the shortest distance which
is the grave circle distance but it is
not necessary that the shortest distance
will also be the quickest distance then
you have take into account the currents
the prevailing currents in the area and
the advantage of foreign currency should
be taken into account because that will
add to the speed of the vessel
increasing the speed of the vessel helps
to reach the poor set time then the
prevailing winds of the season have to
be an
as well and that is Vince from I had
reduced the ship's speak considerably as
high waves are built up against the ship
whereas being bins or following winds
will not reduce the ship's speed
considerably if you look into the books
there is a relationship provided between
surface wind speed and wave height which
is as follows where H which is the wave
height in meters equals to a constant
0.02 one four multiplied by this square
of the wind speed in meters per second
so V naught is the wind speed in meters
per second now this formula has an error
on the higher side and wave height shall
be lowered if lower rather if duration
of the wind and fetch our water and the
whistle speed is reduced due to the wind
as follows because as the wind increases
the wave resistance to ship's progress
also increases the pitching and rolling
reduces the ship's speed and also causes
severe stresses on the ship the
propeller will keep coming out of the
water frequently causing more sleep of
the main engine and less speed and wind
can produce direct resistance on the
hull especially the superstructure but I
have continued with the factors that
should be taken into account but before
that if you think about it because we
are on the topic of winds and waves here
as waves are an important factor in
reducing the vessel speed it is
important that a vessels performance in
various wave conditions be known before
attempting to weather route a particular
vessel for this performance curve the
vessel should be constructed by
inspecting vessel speed from the
previous voyages for the various wind
and wave conditions separate performance
curves should be drawn for light and
loaded conditions and these curves
should be extrapolated witness say so
what you see on your screen here is an
example of a cargo ships performance
curve in a light by last condition where
you can see that the ship's speed is on
the y-axis and the wave height is on the
x-axis and the wave height can be
plotted against the
condition the Seas with it the seas are
following on the beam or EDC's and then
once the wave height is plotted against
the Seas you can then trace it to the
ship's speed or the ship's speed
expected under the following conditions
so for example if you have a wave height
of 12 meters draw a vertical line from
200 meters and depending on whether you
have head seas beam season following
seas connect the vertical line to one of
them whichever you're following and then
draw a horizontal line going towards the
ship speed and you will get an idea of
what kind of speed will your ship be
doing under a certain wave height and
the prevailing wave or sea conditions
alright so these curves are drawn
assuming that the ship is doing full rpm
even for very high waves coming from
light if not actually done and then same
can be extrapolated but I keep on
continuing with the factors that should
be considered when deciding on or
selecting on an optimum route so the
other factors are I said see where
vessel has to plan a route which keeps
her out of the iceberg infested waters
as well as speck ice vessel has also to
consider ice accumulation on main deck
on road then vessel should also consider
whether passing through the areas where
fog is expected in foamy conditions
vessel has to reduce your speed and
vessel is at higher risk of collision
with other ships in the vicinity and
finally it also must consider any
special requirements of the vessel for
example the timber carrier should not
pass through the areas of very low
temperatures which can cause ice
accretion on day and that would mean ice
accretion on the cargo itself which
leads to impact on its stability now
weather routing is considered because a
situation on board changes dramatically
and most often very suddenly in case of
a hazard so be it damage or fall order
for technical device of component or an
average like collision or grounding the
demands on weather routing and route
recommendations changes a vessel healing
or with damaging the order engine
behaves different in sea as the intact
one and needs therefore adapted
maneuvering
true dat was the destination would order
as well because you might need to seek a
nearest port of refuse whether it wills
can be carried out so provision of
optimum route advice for ships
integrated condition therefore has to
consider additional changing maneuvering
and propulsion capability in difference
to the situation for optimum weather
routing this information is not static
and not predefined able for all cases
such a routing advice tool therefore
depends strongly on this situation
assessment so the current situation your
ship is in and that is what it will be
depending on all right so for formal for
the weather routine to be carried on
onboard vessel the vessel must be
equipped with a weather facsimile
recorder for the master to carry out
whether routine master has to first
select the optimum route as I explained
earlier and this route takes into
account the main objective of selecting
the route as well as environmental
conditions likely to be encountered now
the synoptic and prognostic charts are
required at frequent intervals during
the entire weather routing process now
just imagine your ship is supposed to be
going from part a to port B a is the
port of destination and B is the port of
arrival once you have determined the
initial route then what you can do for
weather routing is that you draw it on
the chart and then draw alternate
courses from the initial point a I'd say
about 10 degree intervals and plot it on
the either side of the main course or
the original course now from the 24
hours weather prognosis chart the
relative wind and wave direction on
these courses is calculated and 24 hour
distances is thus plotted the line
joining these points is called the locus
one as you can see on the chart the line
from the locus one each of these points
alternative courses are again plotted at
about say 10 degree interval however the
courses which will take this ship away
from the original course are discarded
and ignored then 48 as promised this
chart is consulted and locus 2 is
protect the same way this method is
repeated several times and subsequent
locus is plotted finally a point is
selected which is nearest on the locus
near to the destination
and hence the route is planned backwards
from point B to a through the point that
is nearest to the original course once
the track has been chosen its usefulness
should be reviewed during the voyage by
checking on the latest weather reports
and prognostic situations all right now
automation has enabled ship routing
agencies to develop a realistic minimum
time tracks now computation of minimum
time tracks make use of a navigation
system to compute the route distance
time and route ETA is and to provide six
early D our synoptic positions that is
the dead reckoning positions for the
range of the dynamic forecast for the
ship's current track so what kind of
waves wind currents the ship will be
facing a surveillance system to survey
wind seas for when ocean currents
obtained from the dynamic and climate or
little fields then an environmental
constraints system imposed as part of
the route selection and surveillances
constraints are the upper limits of the
wind and sea is desired for the transit
they are determined by the ship's
loading speed capability and
vulnerability the constraint system is
an important part of the route selection
process and acts as a warning system
when the weather and sea forecasts along
the Brazil tag exceeds predetermined
limits ship speed characteristics are
also used to approximate ship speed of
advance while transiting the forecast
sea States criteria for route selection
reflect a balance between the Masters
desired levels of speed safety comfort
and concentration of operations such as
fleet maneuvers fishing doing etc and
also the ETA ship weather routing
services are being offered by many
nations and these include Japan UK
Russia
Netherlands Germany and the United
States also several private firms
provide routing services to shipping
industry plants several pc-based
software applications have also become
available marking weather routing or
making rather routine available to
virtually everybody it's
there are generally two types of routing
services available the first users
techniques similar to the Navy's OTS our
systems to forecast conditions and
compute routing recommendations which
are then broadcast to the vessel then
the OTS are if you don't know what OTS
are is OTS R stands for the optimum
track ship routing that is the ship
routing service of the US Navy which
utilizes short-range and extended range
forecasting techniques in route
selection and surveillance procedures
the short range dynamic forecasts of
three to five days are derived from
meterological equations these forecasts
are computed at least twice daily from a
database of northern hemisphere surface
and upper air observations and include
surface pressure upper air constant
pressure Heights and the spectral wave
values a significant increase in data
input particularly from satellite
information over ocean areas is also
available the second type of weather
routing assembles and processes weather
and sea condition data and transmits
this to the ships at sea for onboard
processing and generation of route
recommendation the OTS er system allows
for greater computer power to be applied
to the routing task because powerful
computers are available ashore the
second system allows greater flexibility
to the ships master in changing
parameters evaluating various scenarios
selecting routes and displaying data
we've talked about the benefits of the
weather routing systems I will not go
back to the game but let me tell you
about this why this weather routing
system is important now I don't know
whether you've heard about the case of
the Derbyshire the investigation into
the loss of the bulk carrier Derbyshire
in a typhoon actually concluded that the
weather routing information provided to
the ship could have helped it to avoid
the typhoon that eventually caused its
loss had it been accurate or adequate
now meteorological forecasting and
communications have advanced
considerably since the loss of that ship
in 1980
however weather routing services remain
relatively unregulated and
mainly a commercial tour now following
the presentation of new evidence from
the service of the wreck of the carrier
Derbyshire which was lost of Okinawa in
1980 the government of the United
Kingdom reopened the formal
investigation into the loss of the ship
the investigation from the Derbyshire
had been lost him trial from orchid
despite having been supplied with with a
routine advice the court actually
concluded that the information provided
to the master was insufficient to assist
him in effectively avoiding the worst
weather associated with the typhoon
however of course like I said before the
quality of weather routing services has
undoubtedly improved since this incident
now so logic
wize be subjected to a voice plan and it
mainly states that all known navigation
hazards and weather conditions should be
accounted for should be taken into
account when planning a voyage it
basically safeguards the Masters right
to deviate from advice given that might
conflict with his or her professional
judgment commercial pressures can force
masters to follow routes that take
unacceptably high risk and weather
routing actually protects the master
from being sue and provides the master
with some protection towards keeping the
ship safe now advice weather weather
routine services formulated remotely
from the ship but it may be regarded by
some owners or charters as providing
better information their forecast now
this means that the weather routing
advice is given by people who are
sitting ashore and they all although
they have advanced computer systems and
technology available to them and they
are not there see with you on the ship
so of course the advice is provided to
the master but it is the Masters
decision at the end of the day and
master main deviate from the weather
routine although if tomorrow something
happens you might have to justify why
you did so but the final decision
remains with the master on whether they
want to follow the weather routing
advice or not depending on what the
Masters feels is more safe for his or
her ship now masters confidence in the
advice being offered may be diminished
if that advice does not reflect the
conditions and that are evident at the
ship's location because people advising
you are sitting ashore so sometimes that
can be a bit Charlie minimum standards
required for weather routing services is
that the mid meteorological information
should when possible be provided prior
to departure to enable voice training in
adjusting the master should be provided
with the source of the data we are
possible and level of accuracy and
probability of changes in weather
patterns indicated information should
include sea and swell data
the form of significant height of waves
and if possible direction of swells the
advice should take into account full
account of the speed and handling
characteristics of the individual vessel
and consider the ability of the vessel
to avoid with the systems that are
moving faster than the ship prior to
departure clear instructions should be
provided to the master for communication
channels available between the ship and
those who are providing the weather
routing service the weather routing
service or weather routing advice should
be provided at a regular intervals
appropriate to weather conditions at
ship's position end of his projected
route so for example if the ship is
going towards an area where there is
equal TRS or these TRS or there is a low
pressure that might turn into a TRS and
of course the more frequent advice
should be provided to the master the
interval should vary according to the
rate of change of conditions service
should enable masters to make request
for advice at interim periods the system
should be interactive so all submissions
of advice from W called weather routing
service should require a response by
master minimum response should at least
include the ship's position course and
speed they should also encourage master
to provide feedback information
regarding the weather conditions masters
should also be encouraged to indicate
their preferred route taking into
consideration his or her own
professional judgment the weather
routing advice should take into account
of the ship's routing systems to be
encountered the weather sufficiency room
is available for the vessel or no
navigational hazards need to operate in
interest of the environmental protection
and need to operate within load length
invention and need for essential
maintenance that effects safe operation
so weather routing advice should take
into account of relevant routing systems
to be encountered during the voyage
sufficient zero for the ship to make
safe passage through the voice our new
navigation has as conditions the need
for ship to operate within constraints
resulting from compliance with the
International Convention and the need
for essential maintenance that affects
the ship's safe operation that may be
compromised by environment
conditions the weather routing service
should include a once a daily report
owners or operators giving the master
masters report now latest systems
onboard vessels these days have the
conventional hub response monitoring
systems rarely making use of the
shipboard measured data whereas more
advanced shipboard weather routing
systems process weather data comprising
wind and CV information to continuously
compute the ship's at response during
the voyage the independent sensors are
installed on the ship for computing
information example for a container ship
six degrees of freedom of gyro a
vertical accelerometer at the bow and
two strain gauges mounted on decks
ranges are mounted on a ship now they
have these essential sensors which which
sense the vessels movement and they also
sense the weather conditions experience
the wind the weather the waves these
sensors are fitted externally on the
hull as well and they using a very
advanced and sophisticated computers
they actually compute and they assess
the kind of the motion that the vessel
is experiencing under particular weather
conditions and they provide a routine
service or instant of real-time routing
services to the vessel onboard the ship
itself where two or more governments
have a common interest in a particular
area they also formulate a joint
proposal for the ship routing system
with integrated measures and procedures
for cooperation between the jurisdiction
of the proposing governess if any
bilateral or multilateral agreements
have been reached pertaining to the
joint proposal then reference should be
made to such agreements companies that
provide such services are weather
routing incorporated ami CMAP s MH i s
POS severe weather news there are so few
companies which are there that provide
these services and depending of course
on your ship's owner and whether they
have subscribed to the services then
your ships may be able to obtain
information which is required for safe
navigation of the vessel from these
comments and that's pretty much it guys
sorry about the long length of the video
but it's so much to talk about with the
routing and
try to keep this video short for you to
hold interest so I hope this was good
enough for you to be able to answer
questions in the exam whether it's
written or oral I'll see you soon with
my next video bye for now
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