Sejarah Perkembangan TEORI MANAJEMEN

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22 Oct 202017:58

Summary

TLDRThis video explores the history and development of management theories, highlighting the significance of management in all fields. It discusses the classical, neoclassical, and modern schools of management, featuring key figures like Adam Smith, Frederick Winslow Taylor, and Abraham Maslow, and their contributions to the field.

Takeaways

😀 Management is a practice that has been present in all fields, at all times, and is often done without our awareness.
🏛️ The construction of ancient structures like the pyramids in Egypt and Borobudur in Indonesia demonstrates the existence of management practices in the past, emphasizing the importance of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
📚 The development of management theory has been rapid, with three main schools of thought identified: classical, neoclassical, and modern management.
🔬 The classical school of management is divided into scientific management and classical organizational theory, with early pioneers like Adam Smith advocating for the division of labor to increase productivity.
🏭 The Industrial Revolution in England was a significant event that led to the development of management science, as managers needed theories to predict demand and manage resources efficiently.
👨‍🏫 Pioneers like Robert Owen, Charles Babbage, Frederick Winslow Taylor, and Henry Gantt contributed to the field of scientific management, focusing on the efficient use of machinery and labor.
👥 The neoclassical school of management incorporated sociological and psychological perspectives, with figures like Elton Mayo conducting experiments that showed financial incentives and social interactions could improve productivity.
🌟 Modern management theory has evolved through two veins: the development of human relations known as organizational behavior and the continuation of scientific management known as operations research.
🧩 Key contributors to modern management theory include Abraham Maslow, who proposed a hierarchy of needs, and Frederick Herzberg, who developed the two-factor theory of motivation.
🤝 The modern management approach emphasizes the need for a motivational approach that fosters employee commitment to organizational goals, highlighting the importance of a systematic and careful approach to management.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the video script?
-The main topic of the video script is the history and development of management theories.
What are the three main schools of management thought mentioned in the script?
-The three main schools of management thought mentioned are the Classical School, the Neoclassical School, and the Modern School of Management.
What is the significance of the Industrial Revolution in the context of management theory development?
-The Industrial Revolution is significant as it was a catalyst for the development of management theories, particularly within the Classical School, due to the need for efficient production and workforce management.
Who is considered the father of scientific management and what are his four principles?
-Frederick Winslow Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. His four principles are: 1) Replace the rule-of-thumb system with scientific methods, 2) Scientifically select the work to be done, 3) Train workers in the most effective methods, and 4) Cooperate with workers to ensure the implementation of scientific principles.
What is the contribution of Robert Owen to the field of management?
-Robert Owen contributed to the field of management by emphasizing the importance of good machine maintenance and the welfare of workers, which he believed would lead to increased productivity and profits for the company.
What is the significance of the Pyramids of Egypt and Borobudur Temple in Indonesia in the context of ancient management practices?
-The Pyramids of Egypt and Borobudur Temple in Indonesia signify the existence of management practices in ancient times, as the successful construction of these structures would have required planning, organization, leadership, and control.
What are the five functions of management as defined by Henri Fayol?
-Henri Fayol defined management with five functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
What is the Hawthorne effect mentioned in the script, and who is Elton Mayo known for discovering it?
-The Hawthorne effect is a phenomenon where workers increase or decrease their performance in response to their awareness of being observed. Elton Mayo is known for discovering this effect through his experiments on human behavior in the workplace.
What is the significance of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in understanding human motivation?
-Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs is significant in understanding human motivation as it provides a framework for understanding how different levels of needs influence an individual's behavior and motivation in an organization.
What is the difference between the Classical and Neoclassical Schools of management thought?
-The Classical School focuses on efficiency and scientific management principles, while the Neoclassical School incorporates insights from sociology and psychology to understand human behavior and social dynamics within organizations.
What are some key principles of modern management thought?
-Key principles of modern management thought include viewing management not as a strict technique, the need for systematic approaches, considering the organization as a whole, and the importance of motivational approaches that foster commitment to organizational goals.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Management History and Theories

The script begins with a greeting and an introduction to the topic of management, emphasizing its presence in all fields and times, whether consciously or unconsciously. It discusses the importance of management in the success of activities and work, and how it has been practiced since ancient times, as evidenced by the construction of the pyramids in Egypt and Borobudur in Indonesia. The script mentions the acronym MPO, which stands for planning, organizing, and controlling, as fundamental functions of management. It also introduces the three main schools of management thought: classical, neoclassical, and modern, and briefly touches on the pre-modern era's management practices.

05:00

🏭 The Industrial Revolution and Classical Management Theories

This paragraph delves into the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the development of management theories. It highlights the significant changes in production methods and the emergence of classical management schools, including scientific management and organizational theory. Key figures such as Adam Smith, Robert Owen, Charles Babbage, and Frederick Winslow Taylor are discussed for their contributions to the field. Taylor's scientific management principles and the importance of efficiency and worker welfare are emphasized, along with the introduction of systems like the Gantt chart by Henry Lawrence.

10:04

🤔 Neoclassical and Behavioral Approaches to Management

The third paragraph explores the neoclassical school of management, which integrates sociological and psychological perspectives into organizational theory. It discusses the contributions of figures like Max Weber, Elton Mayo, and the Hawthorne experiments, which revealed the importance of social factors and financial incentives in worker productivity. The paragraph also introduces the human relations movement and its focus on understanding and improving workplace behavior and motivation.

15:05

🛠 Modern Management Theories and Approaches

The final paragraph summarizes the evolution of modern management theories, which include the development of behavioral organization and the scientific approach to management. It mentions the contributions of Abraham Maslow, Frederick Herzberg, and other theorists who have expanded on the understanding of human needs and motivation within organizations. The paragraph also touches on the contingency approach to leadership and the importance of considering the social and cultural aspects of organizations. It concludes by emphasizing the need for a systematic and situational approach to management and the significance of motivational strategies in achieving organizational goals.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Management

Management refers to the process of coordinating and overseeing activities in an organization or in the completion of a project. In the video, it is the central theme, highlighting the historical development and theoretical foundations of management practices. The script discusses how management has been present in various forms throughout history, such as in the construction of the pyramids and Borobudur, emphasizing its importance in successful endeavors.

💡Scientific Management

Scientific Management is a theory that emerged in the early 20th century, focusing on improving efficiency and productivity through scientific methods. The script mentions Frederick Winslow Taylor as a key figure in this movement, who advocated for the application of scientific methods to work processes, including the selection of the best workers and the standardization of tasks.

💡Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution refers to a period of significant technological, economic, and cultural change that began in the late 18th century. In the script, it is highlighted as a catalyst for the development of management theories, as new challenges in production and organization arose, necessitating new management practices.

💡Organizational Theory

Organizational Theory encompasses the study of how organizations function, how they are structured, and how they can be managed effectively. The script discusses Henry Fayol's contributions to this field, particularly his 14 principles of management, which include division of work, unity of direction, and scalar chain, among others.

💡Human Relations Movement

The Human Relations Movement emerged in the 20th century as a response to the limitations of classical management theories. It focused on the social and psychological aspects of work life. The script references Elton Mayo's experiments, such as the Hawthorne studies, which showed that worker satisfaction and productivity could be influenced by factors beyond just economic incentives.

💡Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a motivational theory proposed by Abraham Maslow, suggesting that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to higher-level needs. In the script, this theory is mentioned as part of the modern management theories that consider human behavior and motivation within organizations.

💡Contingency Theory

Contingency Theory in management suggests that there is no one best way to manage, and that the effectiveness of a management approach depends on the specific situation. The script refers to Fred Fiedler's work, which is a prominent example of contingency theory, arguing that leadership effectiveness is contingent on the match between the leader's style and the situational context.

💡Systems Theory

Systems Theory views organizations as complex systems made up of interrelated parts that can be understood by examining the interactions within and between these parts. The script mentions this theory in the context of modern management approaches, emphasizing the interconnectedness of organizational components.

💡Motivation

Motivation in the context of the video refers to the factors that drive individuals to perform and engage in activities within an organization. The script discusses various theories of motivation, such as Maslow's Hierarchy and McGregor's Theory X and Y, highlighting the importance of understanding and addressing employee motivations for effective management.

💡Leadership

Leadership is the ability to guide, influence, and inspire a group of people towards achieving a common goal. The script touches on different leadership styles and theories, such as the Managerial Grid by Blake and Mouton, which categorizes leadership behaviors along two dimensions: concern for people and concern for production.

💡Operational Research

Operational Research, also known as Operations Research, is a discipline that uses advanced analytical methods to improve decision-making and efficiency. The script mentions the development of this field during World War II, highlighting its role in solving complex industrial problems and contributing to the scientific management approach.

Highlights

Introduction to the history of management theories and their development through the video.

Management is present in all fields and is practiced daily, consciously or unconsciously.

The origin of management practices can be traced back to ancient times, such as the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.

The Candi Borobudur in Indonesia demonstrates the historical presence of management practices.

Management functions are encapsulated by the acronym MPO, standing for planning, organizing, and controlling.

The rapid development of management theories is generally agreed to have three main schools: classical, neoclassical, and modern management.

Adam Smith's 'The Wealth of Nations' introduced the concept of the division of labor to increase productivity.

The Industrial Revolution in England marked a significant shift in production methods and had wide-ranging impacts.

Robert Owen is known as the father of personnel management, emphasizing the importance of worker welfare.

Charles B., a significant contributor to scientific management, advocated for the application of scientific principles to work processes.

Frederick Winslow Taylor, known as the father of scientific management, introduced the principles of scientific management.

Henry Gantt introduced scheduling systems to improve worker efficiency and motivation.

The neoclassical school of management emerged, focusing on human relations and behavior in the workplace.

Elton Mayo's Hawthorne experiments highlighted the impact of social factors on worker productivity.

Modern management theories developed from the human relations movement and scientific management, introducing new perspectives on human behavior and social systems.

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs provided insights into human motivation and behavior.

Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory differentiated between hygiene and motivation factors affecting job satisfaction.

Robert Blake and Jane Mouton's Managerial Grid discussed five leadership styles based on concern for people and production.

Rensis Likert identified four systems of management and conducted extensive research on organizational behavior.

Fiedler's contingency approach to leadership suggested that leadership effectiveness depends on the situation.

Chris Argyris viewed organizations as social systems and cultures, emphasizing learning and adaptation.

Edgar Schein explored group dynamics within organizations and the impact on individual and team behavior.

David McClelland's research indicated a positive correlation between achievement motivation and success in business.

The video concludes with key principles from modern management thinkers, emphasizing the importance of systematic, situational, and motivational approaches in management.