Super Humanity | Transhumanism
Summary
TLDR这段视频脚本探讨了大脑的无限潜能和神经科学领域的未来。它描述了人类对于控制大脑功能以增强学习、记忆和感知能力的愿望,以及与人工智能建立共生关系的可能性。视频中提到了大脑与网络连接可能对我们决策自主性的影响,以及通过神经影像技术如功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)对大脑进行非侵入性研究的进展。此外,还讨论了脑机接口(BCI)技术在治疗瘫痪和其他神经性疾病中的应用,以及这些技术可能对社会结构和人类认知能力的影响。最后,强调了制定伦理指南以保护个人免受神经技术滥用的重要性,并对未来人类与人工智能共存的世界进行了展望。
Takeaways
- 🧠 大脑的潜力:未来可能实现对大脑更深层次的控制,从而增强我们的感知能力,比如看到紫外线或听到超声波。
- 📈 记忆增强:未来技术可能允许我们记住比正常情况下更多的事情,增强记忆力。
- 🤖 人工智能合作:实现人机共生关系,模糊物理、数字和生物世界的界限,形成一体化的人类有机体。
- 🧪 决策与网络:探讨了当大脑连接到网络和计算机云时,决策的自主性问题。
- 🧬 大脑的复杂性:强调了大脑的复杂性,拥有约100亿个神经元和数万亿的连接,是一个动态变化的复杂网络。
- 🌐 虚拟现实假说:大脑可能一直在生成虚拟现实,即我们头脑中的世界模型。
- 🔬 神经科学的进步:通过神经影像技术,我们对大脑的了解在过去15年中超过了整个人类历史。
- 💡 光遗传学:使用光遗传学技术,可以控制神经元的活动,这是当前神经科学研究中的一项重要技术。
- 🚀 脑机接口(BCI):BCI技术允许大脑与机器直接交流,正在治疗瘫痪和其他神经系统疾病中取得进展。
- 🌟 神经技术公司:新兴的神经技术公司正在开发新的方法来干预心理过程,并可能在未来改变我们的日常生活。
- ⚖️ 伦理和神经权利:强调了制定伦理指导方针以保护个人免受神经技术和人工智能滥用的重要性。
Q & A
为什么我们想要更多地控制大脑的能力?
-我们想要更多地控制大脑的能力,因为这样可以让我们有更多的选择权,决定我们学习的内容、学习的方向,以及如何利用学到的知识。此外,我们也希望大脑能体验到目前无法感知的事物,比如感知紫外线或听到超声波,或者提高记忆力。
什么是人本智能?
-人本智能是由已故的马文·明斯基提出的一个概念,指的是创造一个与人工智能共生的环境,我们的身体、数字和生物世界将不再作为独立的部分存在,而是成为整合的、一体化的人类有机体的无缝部分。
如果我们的大脑连接到网络,那么决策是由谁做出的?
-如果我们的大脑连接到网络,并且有算法参与我们的决策过程,那么决策的主体将变得模糊。这涉及到一个哲学问题,即自由意志与决定论的辩论,以及技术如何影响我们的自主性和个人决策。
为什么理解大脑的工作原理对我们来说很重要?
-理解大脑的工作原理对我们来说很重要,首先,它关系到我们作为人类的定义,因为我们是由我们的思想定义的,而不是我们的身体。其次,对于临床患者来说,理解大脑的工作机制是帮助他们解决精神和神经疾病的关键。最后,这对技术和经济也至关重要,因为大脑的计算方式可能比我们现在使用的数字计算机更有效和强大。
大脑的复杂性表现在哪些方面?
-大脑的复杂性表现在其拥有大约1000亿个神经元和数万亿的连接,这些神经元在一个不断变化的动态网络中运作。大脑是我们所知的宇宙中最复杂和最神秘的地方,是情感、思想和记忆产生的地方,也是我们不懈寻求自我理解的地方。
神经影像技术如何帮助我们更好地理解大脑?
-神经影像技术,如功能性磁共振成像(fMRI),允许我们在非侵入性的方式下观察大脑内部的活动。这些技术使我们能够看到大脑在体验感觉和情感时的内在功能,发现不同大脑区域之间的相互作用,以及在执行特定任务时哪些大脑区域的活动会增加。
脑机接口(BCI)是什么,它如何帮助治疗瘫痪等疾病?
-脑机接口(BCI)是指在大脑内部处理过程和机器或其他设备之间建立连接的任何技术。BCI技术可以帮助解码大脑信号,并将其转换为机器可以理解的命令。在治疗瘫痪等疾病方面,BCI技术允许患者通过脑电波控制机器人外骨骼或其他辅助设备,从而恢复运动能力。
神经技术公司正在开发哪些类型的项目,它们将如何影响我们的日常生活?
-神经技术公司正在开发的项目主要集中在帮助患有不同类型的脑损伤或神经疾病的患者。然而,未来这些技术的进步很可能会转化为我们的日常生活中,从而根本改变我们彼此互动的方式,甚至我们理解世界的方式。
为什么我们需要对神经技术和人工智能的发展设立伦理指导原则?
-由于神经技术和人工智能的强大潜力,它们可能会被滥用,从而侵犯个人的隐私和自由意志。因此,我们需要设立伦理指导原则来保护个人的心理健康、身份认同和自主权,确保这些技术被用于促进人类福祉,而不是被用于伤害或控制人们。
什么是“神经权利”?
-“神经权利”是指保护个人免受神经技术和人工智能滥用的新权利。这包括保护人们的心理隐私,即我们的思想、甚至我们自己都未察觉的潜意识思想,以及当我们通过脑机接口与计算机连接时的自我感和代理感。
为什么说我们正处于神经科学的新时代?
-我们正处于神经科学的新时代,因为当前的技术进步使我们能够以前所未有的方式探索和理解大脑。这些技术不仅有望治疗神经疾病,还可能增强人类的认知能力,甚至改变我们体验和感受世界的方式。
Outlines
🧠 大脑控制与感知扩展
第一段讨论了人类对大脑控制力的渴望,以及我们希望大脑能做到的事情,比如选择性地学习、记忆提升,甚至是感知平常无法感知的事物,如紫外线或超声波。此外,还提到了与人工智能共生的未来愿景,即人机融合,以及未来可能实现的大脑读取和信息转换技术。
🧐 大脑的虚拟世界与计算能力
第二段提出了大脑可能一直在生成虚拟现实的假设,并探讨了哲学家康德关于世界由我们心智所创造的理论。同时,提到了大脑的惊人计算能力和复杂的神经网络,以及我们对大脑工作机制理解的局限性。
💡 神经科学的进步与挑战
第三段强调了理解大脑工作机制的重要性,包括对人类自我定义的深入、帮助神经疾病患者以及可能对计算机科学和经济带来的革命性影响。同时,指出了神经科学面临的挑战,包括缺乏研究大脑复杂系统的正确方法。
🌟 神经成像技术与光遗传学
第四段介绍了神经成像技术,特别是功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)对神经科学的影响,以及光遗传学等先进方法如何帮助我们更深入地了解大脑功能。
🤖 脑机接口与治疗应用
第五段讨论了脑机接口(BCI)技术的发展,以及它在治疗瘫痪和其他神经性疾病方面的应用。还提到了通过意念控制的设备,如机器人外骨骼,以及如何通过训练和算法来解码大脑信号。
🎮 脑控游戏与神经治疗
第六段探讨了脑控游戏在治疗抑郁症、多动症等神经性疾病中的潜力。介绍了如何使用闭环视频游戏来个性化挑战玩家,并针对不同的神经网络进行治疗。
🚀 神经技术的未来与伦理
第七段展望了神经技术的未来,包括帮助中风患者康复的设备和结合人工智能的认知芯片。同时,提出了关于增强人类智能和与人工智能合作的愿景,以及伴随这些技术进步可能出现的社会和伦理问题。
🌐 脑科学全球项目与人类未来
第八段描述了全球范围内的脑科学研究项目,如美国大脑计划和欧洲的人类大脑项目,以及这些项目如何推动科学发展和改善人类生活。强调了脑机通信的进步和人类智能的增强潜力。
🧑🤝🧑 人类与技术的共生未来
第九段讨论了人类与技术共生的未来,包括通过植入物增强认知能力的可能性,以及未来可能出现的直接脑间通信和情感、记忆传输技术。同时,提出了关于这些技术对社会影响的思考。
🧪 神经科技的伦理与社会影响
第十段强调了神经科技的伦理问题,提出了保护个体免受神经科技和人工智能滥用的“神经权利”。讨论了这些技术对社会的深远影响,以及确保技术用于提升人类福祉的重要性。
🌟 神经科学的新时代
第十一段总结了神经科学新时代的到来,以及科技进步如何改变世界和人类体验。强调了科学发展方向的重要性,并以乐观的态度期待科技带来的积极变化。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡神经科学
💡人工智能
💡脑机接口
💡神经可塑性
💡认知能力
💡神经影像技术
💡神经编码
💡虚拟现实
💡神经伦理学
💡神经权利
💡神经经济学
Highlights
未来最令人兴奋的部分是实现人文智能的潜力,这是已故的马文·明斯基所谈论的,即创造一个我们与人工智能共生关系的环境。
我们可能会有可能读取大脑内部的信息,将其翻译成我们能理解的东西,甚至可能将其放回大脑中,用于教学。
如果我们的大脑连接到网络或计算机云,并且那里的算法被用于我们的决策制定,那么究竟是谁在做决定?
我们对大脑的了解不足,这是一个巨大的挑战,但也是我非常享受承担的任务。
人类大脑中有大约3百万公里长的纤维连接,足以绕月球几圈。
大脑是宇宙中最复杂和神秘的地方,是情感、思想和记忆产生的地方。
大脑生成虚拟现实的假设,即我们的大脑一直在运行的世界模型。
大脑比超级计算机能进行更复杂的计算,尽管它重量不足3磅,消耗的功率仅有20或30瓦特。
神经突触大约有100万亿个,它们的大小相当于细菌,是接收电脉冲后释放化学物质的化学机器。
尽管经过100年的神经科学研究,我们仍然没有完全理解大脑的工作方式。
理解大脑的工作对于我们作为人类的定义至关重要,因为我们是由我们的思想定义的,而不是我们的身体。
了解大脑的工作对于帮助患有精神和神经系统疾病的患者是紧急且必要的。
如果我们能理解大脑的计算方式,可能会彻底改变计算机科学、计算机技术和经济。
深度理解人类大脑的运作可能会为伟大的哲学问题,如意识是什么,以及自由意志是否存在,带来答案。
我们正在打开一扇门,通过思想直接与计算机通信,分享我们的思想和情感。
神经影像技术的出现,如功能性磁共振成像,使我们能够以非侵入性的方式观察大脑内部的功能。
光遗传学等光学方法使我们能够同时测量整个神经回路的活动,这是神经科学研究的一个突破。
脑机接口(BCI)技术正在帮助瘫痪患者通过思维控制机器外骨骼,恢复行走或移动手臂的能力。
神经科技公司正在开发基于思维控制视频游戏的技术,以学习调节大脑活动,治疗抑郁症或儿童多动症等疾病。
神经技术初创公司的兴起正在彻底改变我们干预心理过程的方式,未来这些技术的进步将转移到我们的日常生活中。
神经技术可能是引发未来经济革命的关键,就像人类基因组项目对生物技术的影响一样。
奥巴马在2013年宣布的大脑计划是一个研究大型项目,旨在揭开大脑的奥秘,类似于人类基因组项目对遗传学的影响。
增强认知能力,如通过植入物提高儿童的数值能力,将通过神经技术实现。
未来,强大的合成心灵感应技术将不仅能读取他人的思想,还能操纵它们。
我们必须确保这些强大的技术不被滥用,并制定伦理框架以保护个人免受神经技术和人工智能滥用的影响。
神经权利将保护人们的思想和潜意识思想的隐私,这是最终的人类权利。
科学可以改变世界,可以改变社会,可以改变历史的进程,而这取决于我们确保它朝着正确的方向发展。
Transcripts
[Music]
there are all kinds of situations where
we would love to have more control over
what the brain can do so that you have
these choices of what exactly you're
taking in what you're learning and and
where you're going with that and there
are also situations where we simply wish
that we could experience more say for
example that you would like to be able
to perceive things that we currently
can't perceive you want to be able to
see in the ultraviolet or you want to be
able to hear ultrasound or what if you
wanted to be able to uh remember more
things than you normally can
remember the most exciting part of the
future to me is the potential to achieve
humanistic intelligence this idea that
uh the late Marvin Minsky talked about
which is being able to create a an
environment where we have a symbiotic
relationship with artificial
intelligence uh and we will see a
blurring of our physical digital and
biolog iCal worlds uh not so much being
separate parts but as being seamless
parts of one integrated uh human
organism it probably will be possible to
read out what's inside a person's brain
to understand what's there by
translating it into something you can
understand and maybe even putting it
back giving it to someone
teaching when we make a decision now we
are under the impression that we are the
ones who making the decision and we make
it because we want to make it but if our
brains are connected to the net to a
computer Cloud um and there algorithms
there that are used in our decision
making well who's
deciding
[Music]
we are curious to understand who we are
and why we think the way we think and
what is what is uh the the reason of our
thoughts our memories our imagination
our
[Music]
feelings understanding this incredibly
complex organ that gives rise to
everything that makes us human
everything we see feel hear our sense of
identity and so given the vast
complexity of the brain you know 100
billion neurons you know hundreds of
trillions of connections um operating in
a dynamic Network that's constantly
changing it's just really uh uh very
very complicated system for for us to
study with science so it's a it's a big
challenge but one that's I really enjoy
undertaking in the human brain you have
about 3 million kilomet is a fibers is
connecting it so it's enough to go
around the Moon a couple of times just
in one
brain the place in the universe that is
likely the most complex and
mysterious the place where emotions
thoughts and memories
arise that place in the universe that
tries tireless ly to understand itself
an unsolved
Enigma we don't know and we cannot build
today anything that is even as closely
connected to as what we see in the in
the human
[Music]
brain there's one hypothesis that
suggests
that what brains are doing or what our
brain is doing is generating a virtual
reality a model of the world that is
running in our heads all the time this
has to do with ideas that have been
floating around in Philosophy for a few
centuries in particular with a
suggestion by Emmanuel Kant the German
philosopher that the reason why the
world and our minds our views of the
world
agree is not because our minds reflect
the world this is no no it's the
opposite is that the world is created by
our minds in other words that what we
perceive is not out there it's in
here it weighs less than 3 lb it
consumes scarcely 20 or 30 WTS of power
and nevertheless it's able to make
calculations more complex than a
supercomputer there are 100 to a,
trillion
synapses they about the size of a
bacteria they basically are chemical
machines they receive an electric pulse
and then they release chemicals they hit
receptors very complex Machinery is
triggered this uh results in a change in
the behavior of the neurons it causes
genes to express new proteins to come in
the Cascade of biochemical and
biophysical processes is enormously
complex if you would try to describe how
the networks of cells is working uh I
would say um that imagine that you are
having phone calls with 10,000 people at
one and the same time and the same what
you are doing everybody is doing who is
living on our planet planet on the earth
about 7 billion people and when you then
try to describe all this communication
that is going on of all the 7 billion
people and then you imagine that this is
only one1 perhaps um of the capacity and
everything is only within your skull is
restricted to 1 and a half kilogram and
this is complexity in my
view
[Music]
in spite of a 100 Years of uh
Neuroscience we still don't understand
how the brain works we still don't have
a general theory of the function of the
[Music]
brain the first reason why I would argue
is critical to to understand how the
brain works has to do with our own
definition as human beings we are a
mental species we are defined by our
minds not by our bodies so we are a very
special type of animal we don't
understand the organ that generates our
minds so when we understand how the
brain works we will be able to
understand how our mind is from the
inside and we'll understand ourselves
for the first
[Music]
time the second reason has to do with a
clinic with patients humankind should
understand how the brain works because
we need uh it's urgent that we help
these patient that have mental and
neurological diseases and we have to
understand the the the system in order
to fix
it
we estimate that possibly one person out
of two to one person out of three in
Europe have some kind of uh disorder
that is related to the brain altogether
it's maybe up to more than 200 million
person in Europe who have one of those
disorder and it's also associated with a
huge cost for the society the cost of
all disease affecting the brain more
than the cost of all cancer plus all
cardiovascular disease plus
diabetes and then the third reason has
to do with technology and the economy
and it is very likely that brains not
just of humans but brains of all animals
have discovered through hundreds of
millions of years of
evolution ways to compute that could be
much more efficient I and powerful than
what we're doing currently with our
digital computers so if this is the case
if we understood if we were able to
break this neural code and understand
how the brain computes what are the
algorithms that are present in our
nervous systems we will likely
revolutionize uh computer science
computer technology and I would say the
economy at the same
time
the holy grof of this will be to create
a much more symbiotic relationship with
artificial intelligence as we can see
today artificial intelligence is moving
forward in Leaps and Bounds offering us
a a myriad of new ways of being more
productive and more efficient in how we
conduct our businesses and how we manage
our daily lives with the introduction of
more and more devices that actually
understand the human and help humans
optimize their own performance we will
have a way to create a much more a
different type of intelligence what I
would call humanistic intelligence the
distinction between the biological world
the physical world and the digital
worlds will just blur and we will
intergate seamlessly across all of these
dimensions a deep understanding of the
functioning of the human brain could
bring answers to Great philosophical
questions such as what Consciousness is
and how it is built or if there is Free
Will Concepts such as the inner self
guilt or even reality could change
forever we are opening the door to a
world where we will communicate directly
with a computer through thought a world
where we will be able to share our
thoughts and our emotions through the
internet we can Envision a future in
which we are able to read the thoughts
of others and even to to manipulate
them we're building technology to read
the activity of all the neurons in these
brains and to write activity to control
and manipulate the activity of these
Nears in the brain and these
Technologies are necessary to be able to
cure human
patients but the same technology
technology is neutral it could be used
for good or for bad the same
Technologies to read and write activity
into brains can be used to
decipher what people are thinking or to
influence the uh activity of the minds
of of people so you say well this is
science fiction well not
really in the middle of the '90s the
last decade of the 20 20th century and
the second Millennium a whole revolution
in the world of Neuroscience occurred
the neuroimaging techniques
appeared so neuroimaging techniques are
important for this um revolution in how
to learn and explore the brain because
it's a nice noninvasive way to get
inside the brain one of the Imaging
techniques that had the greatest impact
was magnetic resonance imaging
for the first time ever we could see the
inner functioning of the brain while it
experiences Sensations and
emotions in fact functional magnetic
resonance imaging able to detect the
presence of oxygen in the blood in the
brain has allowed us to discover
something unimaginable years ago how
different areas in the brain interact
while the patient talks season image
listens to a sound or simply
thinks but if you ask him to focus on
one task like listening to a sound only
the region from this specific task the
auditory cortex for example will have
more conception of oxygen and this
region will pop out in the contrast if
you analyze the data you're listening to
sound against non listening to
sound the reason why we don't understand
how the brain works is not because of
its complexity but because we've been
lacking methods to stud it at the right
level now if you think about it trying
to understand a system as complex as the
brain that has a 100 billion neurons by
recording from one neuron it's a little
bit like trying to watch a movie in a TV
screen that has a million pixels by
looking at a single Pixel so no matter
for how long you study a single Pixel or
just study single neon you will be
missing the figures in the screen and
the shapes of the images because they
are an emerging property of the
correlations in space and time between
the individual
[Music]
pixels that we think that Neuroscience
should embark on this period of new
technology to develop the method so that
neuroscientists and clinicians will be
able to see for the first time in the
future the activity of complete neural
circuits and be able to decipher the
functional meaning of this
pattern how can one measure the activity
of each and every one of the neurons in
a brain at the same time the methods
that we and many other people are using
are Optical methods we use light because
light can penetrate the tissue in a
non-invasive fashion in particular the
method that I Pioneer is called calcium
Imaging that we used it for the first
time to measure the activity of neural
circuits every time a neuron fires every
time it's activated calcium comes into
the neuron so that means if you have
these little calcium indicators these
fluorescent molecules in all the neurons
you can directly see who is firing who's
being activated in the entire group at
once because you see this as changes in
fluorescent that are happening in
different earons at different
times thanks to neuroimaging techniques
we have learned more about the brain in
the last 15 years than in the whole
history of hum
kind the advances already made allow us
to think that in the near future we will
be able to solve neurological damage
diseases like Parkinson's or Alzheimer's
depression or schizophrenia yeah I think
that the revolution we're experiencing
now is first the the birth and the
success of human Neuroscience we now
have Fields like cognitive Neuroscience
where we use functional brain Imaging
and non-invasive brain stimulation to
study the functioning human brain and
that was I think the first
step
[Music]
from my perspective I've been doing neur
Neuroscience research for 30 years and
this is the the revolution now but now
is the time that Neuroscience is
starting to reach into people's lives
directly and to me that's what we need
uh to have a revolution we need to
advance from the lab into the real
world
this is a software application to be
able to control the puzzle box orbit
I'll first connect it to the emotive
Insight EEG
headset and that's now connected what we
have to do is train two patterns um the
first is a resting state so that we
understand when you want to control the
the orbit versus not and then the second
pattern is to control what you want to
apply for flying the
orbit
this leap from the lab to the real world
can already be seen in the form of the
perfecting of what belonged to the realm
of Science Fiction just a few years ago
brain computer
Association the so-called brain machine
interfaces have solidified this
revolution in the world of the
Neuroscience well BCI really just means
brain computer interface so anything
that makes a connection between
processing going on inside your brain
and a machine uh some other
device brain computer interfaces can be
grouped as a group of technologies that
can help both from a hardware and
software perspective able to both decode
process and
activate the interf interactions between
humans and machines decoding the brain
of course typical definition would be a
platform that can help us interact from
the brain to the world
the brain machine interfaces are
bringing great advances in various
therapeutical
applications up to now one of the main
practical applications is the treatment
of different pathologies associated with
paralysis
at the federal Polytechnic School of
loan Switzerland Dr Jose Milan has been
working for years on an ambitious
Project based on the development of a
brain machine interface that allows
paralytics to control a robotic
exoskeleton with their minds thanks to
which they can walk again or move a
hand the patients wear an electrode
helmet that detects their cerebral
electrical
activity what we ask ask people to do at
the very beginning because they need to
go through a training in order to
acquire the capability to modulate
voluntarily their brain signals is to
imagine the movements that they want to
accomplish and this requires some
sometimes because it is not easy to do
that our algorithms are capable to
discover which are the areas the
specific areas that they are activating
and deactivating at which frequencies
this is happening and this is the input
to our machine learning algorithms that
will build the model of the decoder that
will differentiate a opening a closing
of the hand a right step a left step and
so on and so forth so during this
training people at the very beginning
need to imagine the movement of their
own body and in many cases people after
some training and because the fact that
as they imagine a movement of their body
this is executed via the exoskeleton
they don't need to think any longer
about their own body they think in terms
of the exoskeleton because the
exoskeleton has been integrated somehow
in people's uh body es schema that we
have in our
brain the possibilities that this
technique offers to these patients have
allowed to a quadriplegic p patient to
be able to drive a Formula 1 car just
with his
mind in
2017 Rodrigo hubner Mendes became the
first person to reach such a milestone
this opportunity to work with Rodrigo
was incredible globo um TV in Brazil
created a vehicle a Formula 1 vehicle
that was completely controlled just
using the power of thought so what they
used was our 14 channel epoch plus
headset uh measuring electrical
fluctuations from Rodrigo's brain he
spent a few months mapping and training
the algorithms to understand how he
Associated specific thoughts whether it
be drive forward right turn right left
or stop and then he was able to use
those commands to drive this car
completely just using his mind so no
steering wheel no pedals just him in
inside the
vehicle this was a very fatuous moment
when Lewis Hamilton who is obviously the
world's reigning F1 Champion was in the
same place as Rodrigo in the UAE Rodrigo
posed a very exciting challenge for
Lewis which is would you like to race me
surprisingly Lewis accepted the
challenge so I I'm not sure when we're
going to start seeing the two of them
start practicing but I know that Rodrigo
is very excited about the ability and
the the opportunity to race with the
reigning world champion just using his
mind around the world a wide variety of
projects based on brain machine
interfaces are currently being
developed in Boston the company
neuroelectrics has developed a
Technology based on the use of Mind
controlled video games to learn to
regulate brain
activity okay so uh today we are going
to measure your brain waves with this
device uh this device basically uses dry
electrodes to measure your brain waves
like this mhm and today we are going to
measure your specifically your Alpha
brain waves and you're going to be able
to control an object in this screen
going up and down so I'm going to put
put you the
cup
then we are first going to measure your
Baseline which is the Baseline of your
brain waves the level in which your
brain is right
now so the way we have developed our
brain computer interface is we are
collecting brain signals for example
alpha or beta or gamma which are
different frequencies right we are
coupling your brain or power Spectrum
your brain bands to Something in the
screen which is in this case a little
Avatar that goes up and down according
to if your brain waves are up or
down so this summering here this is
going up and down according to your
brain waves and you are controlling it
so you need to focus on it and keep
relaxed and try to control it moving it
up and
down
the mind-controlled video games are
proving to be an efficient treatment for
diseases like depression or
hyperactivity disorder in
children at neuroscape a
neurotechnological company based in San
Francisco they are using these video
games controlled by the mind for
therapeutic
uses all of our research right now
relies on using the Clos Loop video
games that we've created uh so far just
using the performance not the cognitive
brain computer interface that's still
very much a research in the research
phase and then we apply these uh these
closed loop video game treatments to see
if they can improve attention abilities
in many different clinical populations
including ADHD which is attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder but also
post-traumatic stress disorder traumatic
brain injury depression and autism we
developed these closed loop video games
that record your performance and use
that data to challenge you in a very
personalized manner so if it's too hard
uh the game could back off if it's too
easy it could make it more challenging
just puts it right at that sweet spot
and then the game mechanics Target
different neural networks that we're
trying to improve so it could be a
prescribable treatment just like we
currently use stimulants to help improve
attention abilities in children that are
suffering
ADHD
[Music]
in the last few years there has been a
progressive blossoming of neurotech
startups that are revolutionizing the
way to intervene in our mental
processes nowadays most of them are
focused on helping patients with
different types of damage or
neurological disorders however in the
not so distant future these companies
will end up transferring all these
advances to our daily lives radically
modifying the way we interact with each
other and even understand the
world investing in novel neurot
technology today could be the best way
to generate an economic revolution in
the future by the development of this
new
technology which instead of
biotechnology in the case of the Human
Genome Project now it would be neurot
technology and this is something that's
starting to happen happen uh last year
uh Elon Musk created a NE Technology
Company New Link Brian Johnson another
billionaire has created a similar uh
company called kernel so we starting to
have some uh new companies that are
based on the promise that these new
neurot technologies are going to be
cause an economic
Revolution a is a neuroinformatics
company so what we do is we're a
platform that allows us to interface
directly with the brain today it's using
non-invasive methods so we start from
the sensor input so measuring the brain
activity itself through to the
translation of the electrical signals
from the brain and then we map those to
control and influence the environment
around us look at your brain
Kim so you're wearing a 14 channel EEG
and this is just picking up electrical
fluctuations that result from neurons
firing inside your brain the brain is
made up of billions of neurons and when
they interact the chemical reaction just
emits an electrical impulse that we can
pick up you can see that different parts
of your brain is lighting up depending
on what you might be thinking or whether
you're paying attention to what I'm
saying so what we're doing here is we're
mapping those electrical fluctuations
into a 3D uh model of what your brain is
doing and each of the colors represent a
different frequency band which indicates
how fast the information is traveling
one from one part of the brain to
[Music]
another located in Lon Switzerland in
the center of Europe is the head
quarters of Mind ma one of the largest
neurotechnological companies in the
world and our big goals are really to
disrupt um industries from Healthcare so
really improving quality of life after a
neurological injury all the way to being
able to help uh healthy individuals you
know enable the ability of their brain
to learn to play to and interact
entertain one of those Technologies
designed to help the rehabilitation of P
patients who have suffered stroke is
mind motion
Pro it's the first device a stroke or a
brain brain injury patient sees after
the injury you know the first two days
when they come out and they need to
recover it's one of the first devices
that's able to start training of both
the brain and the body way so it's about
neuroplasticity tricking the
brain so we're going to put markers on
you so that the
camera can see your arms while we do
some
activity so it's pretty intuitive you'll
just need to move your hand to the start
button and similarly if you move it in
the direction that isn't indicated
you'll see how to correct it so let's
say someone who has a stroke cannot move
the left hand and he can move the right
hand the camera in the mind motion Pro
Tracks the right right hand and puts it
on an avatar on the left side and then
the brain suddenly says oh something's
happening there so I should try more it
starts activating the pathways that used
to control that hand and slowly it
accelerates
recovery the latest and most ambitious
proposal of Mind Bas the cogn chip goes
one step further and merges
neurotechnology with artificial
intelligence
some entrepreneurs are looking into
augmenting our brains so that we can
develop super intelligence that allows
us to collaborate with artificial
intelligence it would be a way to reduce
the risk for human beings to become
irrelevant due to the rise of artificial
intelligence
it is the next Frontier neuroscience and
neurotechnology brain technology is
definitely the next Frontier now we
truly are at the frontier where we can
do some impactful things with the brain
so yeah neurotechnology is now really
going to kick
off ignition sequence start 6 5 4 3 2 1
zero all engine
running one of the greatest
technological and scientific milestones
in history was the arrival of man on the
[Music]
moon the Kennedy era was one of the
periods of the greatest scientific
Splendor the world has ever known as a
consequence an important economy grew
around it which led in a very short time
to unprecedented technological
development
ideas are what power our economy we do
Innovation better than anybody
else and that makes our economy stronger
we had had many interactions with um the
White House Office of Science and
Technology policy and they had explained
to us that they were interested in Grand
challenges for the US government to
pursue any different areas of science
that they thought could really be of the
same ilk as for instance the Apollo moon
landings a big project that really would
allow the entire us Community to get
behind something that would make a huge
impact in
science they found that great science
project in the brain initiative a
research Mega project that Obama
announced in 2013 with the goal of
unveiling the mysteries of the
brain it's a very exciting moment uh
there are many groups around the world
developing new methods and this is now
leading to a re-energizing of
Neuroscience and to the perception that
we can really do it that this is doable
that we can actually end up being able
to record the activity of every in a
brain and decipher it and this could
really revolutionize Neuroscience just
like the Human Genome Project
revolutionized
genetics very soon after the launching
of the brain and initiative the European
Union announced its own Mega project the
human brain
project it turns out that similar
initiatives have been created in
different countries so there is a a
brain initiative in Japan in Canada in
China in Australia South Korea and
Israel the development of all these
projects could change the scenario of
brain research and Lead Humanity to
unprecedented advances so this is very
exciting this is just happening and I
hope that this will provide the ability
to generate uh knowledge and send this
knowledge throughout the world into
different countries uh in a way in which
no one is Left Behind and we're all part
of the same exciting moment in in
history
we've started the path to a new world in
which a deeper knowledge of the brain
will radically transform our Human
[Music]
Condition
brain machine communication will grow
progressively more efficient and precise
and will open up a vast range of
possibilities for human beings to
benefit from the potential offered to us
by artificial
[Music]
intelligence with the um introduction of
more and more devices that actually
understand the human and help humans
optimize their own performance we will
have a way to create a much more a
different type of intelligence what I
would call humanistic intelligence the
idea is that you can create a a a myriad
of devices and sensors around us that
interface and interplay with artificial
intelligence in a way that makes humans
um much more symbiotic with their
environment so you know the distinction
between the biological world the
physical world and the digital worlds
will just blur and we will integrate
seamlessly across all of these
Dimensions so you know when you feel
confused your AI will recognize that and
will prompt you with commands if it
recognize that you're fatigued it'll
send a command to brew the coffee pot or
a message to your phone reminding you to
go out and take a short walk and stretch
your legs so you will become integrated
with your environment and your
environment becomes an extension of your
brain and I think that type of
humanistic intelligence is really where
we're going to see the future
go the cognitive capacities of human
beings will be
enhanced there are experiments by
colleagues um such as Roy Ken kados that
have shown that you can improve
numerical abilities uh in children um
that have U this culia people uh who
have difficulty in in um in doing
arithmetic and so on I think enhancement
via uh implants um and things like this
is definitely going to be possible
Technologies are going to enable humans
to augment ourselves mentally just like
holding an iPhone we can have access to
enormous amount of information if that
comes directly piped into our brains
we're going to be able to operate at the
cognitive level above what we operate
that normally so they're going to be
augmented humans so this uh uh could
cause
major difference in the society can
accentuate the difference between
different social groups of different
countries and we have to ensure that
there's equal access to all of that that
there's a principle of furnace that runs
across the application of these new
neurot technologies and artificial
intelligent
algorithms it gets more interesting when
you can think about neuroprosthesis in
the cognitive parts of the brain so
let's take for instance this hipocampal
prosthesis the patients who are going to
be the first ones to use these devices
are going to be the first people with
some kind of superhuman memory ability
the very first type of memory ability is
going to be that they can choose when
they do remember something and when they
don't because they can say okay the
stuff that I the experiences that were
coming through at 3:00 yesterday
I want those to be
[Music]
[Music]
enhanced brain computer communication
Will Make Way for brain computer brain
interfaces you take what this person has
learned you run it through the
translator and you give it to someone
else's brain or you just want to be able
to communicate through something like
telepathy you can read out what a person
is trying to say or what they're Imaging
what they're imagining and you can try
to give those imaginings or those sounds
to someone
else
you could try to detect what a person is
feeling and you can translate that in a
way and then give it to someone else so
you can imagine this as a as a
communication pathway that wouldn't just
work for words but it would work for
images it would work for feelings it
would work for anything that we share in
in a sense where we can say because
we're all humans we all have feelings of
happiness and of sadness and of pain and
we have smell and we have Vision so you
can you can transfer smells you can
transfer Vision you can transfer
auditory you can eventually with enough
translation even translate knowledge and
memory connecting brains is going to be
is going to be done um there are
definitely hurdles and it's going to
take very important technological
breakthroughs I think the in in the
future we will definitely have uh very
powerful synthetic telepathy
Technologies
it will be possible not only to read
others thoughts but also to manipulate
them let's think about it a little bit
more about the the impact and
repercussions of this new knowledge to
society to humanity
now we can uh using mice we cannot read
the activity of every near in the brain
of house but if you look at the visual
cortex you can actually read the
activity a few thousand neurons there
and we can uh deher some of the patterns
of activity as they relate to what the
animal is is seeing what the animal is
looking at and then we can go in with
Optical methods with optogenetics and
selectively change the patterns of
activity and fool the animal into
thinking that he's seeing one thing or
the other thing by essentially playing
the piano with this neural circuits in
the visual cortex of the of the brain
this is something we can do
today people could do this with uh with
humans not today we don't have the
methods to control to read the activity
of of uh of many neurons in the brain of
humans and to change that but this me
these methods are going to be developed
because we need them for the patients in
fact uh there's a project
supported by DARPA by the foundation of
of military research to build a
electronic chip to record the activity
of 1 million
neurons in a human in a human patient
and to stimulate a 100,000 neurons at
the same time and this is not science
fiction this is something that's been
built as we
speak in fact we're helping to build
them because they need to use this for
for patients and this could be in the
clinic in four
years A Whole New World of opportunities
is opening up before our eyes a world
where we will have the ability to
coevolve with artificial
intelligence there is even a hypothesis
that in the distant future we won't need
our biological structures if all we are
are our thoughts our memories our
emotions our whole self self can be
transferred into a computer our
biological bodies will no longer be
necessary so now we're getting into the
more far future science fiction aspect
of this whole Endeavor there is a
science fiction term called Mind
uploading what it means is that mind or
who we are is then no longer dependent
on the biological brain as such you
still need a brain of course there's no
such such thing as as no device running
your mind but it could be all sorts of
devices it could be a device that is
better suited for say for example living
in space or living on another planet or
living underwater or something like
that so when you get to a far future
where the technology of whole brain
emulation which is really the the more
scientific concept what is it you're
actually doing here you're trying to
emulate what's going on in the circus
when you have that then you can start
thinking about the personal and social
um consequences of doing that which is
really what mind uploading means it's a
it's a very philosophical term in a
sense it's like what happens if you can
take who I am my mind and move me to
something else so many things are then
potentially possible you could make
backups of your mind so that if
something happens you can restore and
it's not a you know it's not as
devastating
[Music]
the knowledge we have acquired in recent
years about the brain has given us
possibilities until recently considered
science fiction we're advancing at very
high speed we can't know where a deeper
knowledge of the brain will lead us but
it's in our hands to steer it in the
right
direction it's critical
to have uh guidelines ethical guidelines
for the development of these
Technologies we propose to add to the
human Universal Declaration of Human
Rights new uh rights to protect
individuals from the abuse of neurot
Technologies and artificial intelligence
so this is what we call the neural
rights and they have to do with
protecting uh the mental privacy of
people so this is our first one not just
the data privacy of our phon no no the
mental privacy our thoughts and even
worse our subconscious thoughts things
that we don't even know we're not aware
of of knowing them those should be
protected it should be a and this is the
ultimate human right the our mental
privacy we should also have protection
as we connect ourselves to uh computers
through brain computer interfaces look
at the effect that connecting us to the
net through our iPhones has had in our
culture well imagine if that connection
could be direct through some uh brain
computer interface that could be maybe
uh Wireless and uh and um non-invasive
that could happen in the future so uh so
this is going to affect our sense of
identity of who we are we need to to
protect the sense of of identity the ey
the self this is something that humans
never have to worry about in the past no
one ever had that problem
[Music]
before related to this is also our sense
of agency our free will it could be
someone who wants to actually change the
way you're you're operating so that's
another
fundamental right that has to be
protected so these are the the neurites
now we have to convince uh um the
leaders of the world and the leaders of
the society that this is a very
important issue we're discussing the
future of our society the future of
human humankind and that we have to make
sure that these Technologies which are
so powerful and they could uh cause so
much uh good uh not just imp patience
but in among ourselves we'll be able to
finally understand who we are it's like
a new Renaissance that these
Technologies are not used against us um
we have to be uh Vigilant and we just
have to put this ethical framework in
place so that this doesn't
happen this understanding is just going
to give us the tools to develop in many
different directions to explore in many
directions and also to be versatile and
adaptable so that maybe the human
species has a really long-term future
not the kind of future where you know it
works for a while and then we're not
adapted well enough and that's it but a
really long-term future that's what I'm
hoping that this could ultimately lead
to I hope it could provide us with the
tools to have basically what you might
call another Cambrian explosion where
the new species develop in all kinds of
directions except it's us it's uh the
human species deciding that we want to
try out this direction try out that
direction and so
forth
[Music]
science can change the world it can
change society it can change the course
of history and it can do that for good
or for bad it's up to us to make sure
that it it goes uh in the right
direction we've entered a new age the
age of Neuroscience in age in which the
way we experience and feel the world
will radically
change welcome
to the World of
[Music]
Tomorrow
[Music]
[Music]
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